Efnisyfirlit

• Front Matter
  • Preface
    • AUTHORS
    • EDITORS
    • EDITORIAL ADVISOR
    • EDITOR-IN-CHIEF
    • SERIES EDITORS
  • Acknowledgements
  • Reference values
    • FULL BLOOD COUNT
    • IRON PROFILE
    • B12 AND FOLATE
    • CLOTTING
    • U&E
    • OSMOLALITIES
    • LFTS
    • TFTS
    • CALCIUM & PHOSPHATE
    • SERUM CORTISOL
    • ABG
    • LIPID PROFILE
    • HDL CHOLESTEROL
  • List of abbreviations
  • An explanation of the text
    • MICRO-facts
    • MICRO-print
    • MICRO-case
    • MICRO-reference
  • Inside Front Cover
• Part I Emergency and acute medicine
  • 1 Emergency algorithms
    • 1.1 ASSESSING THE ACUTELY UNWELL PATIENT
      • The ABCDE approach
      • Procedure
        • Fig. 1.1 Assessing the unwell patient ABCDE algorithm.
        • Fig. 1.2 Cardiac arrest/advanced life support algorithm.
    • 1.2 ANAPHYLAXIS
      • Fig. 1.3 Management of anaphylaxis algorithm.
    • 1.3 ANALGESIA
      • Methods of pain relief
      • Analgesic drugs
      • Specific drug considerations
      • Analgesic ladder prescription algorithm
        • Fig. 1.4 Analgesia prescription algorithm.
  • 2 Clinical presentations
    • Fig. 2.1 Abdominal pain.
    • Fig. 2.2 Back pain.
    • Fig. 2.3 Chest pain.
    • Fig. 2.4 Confusion.
    • Fig. 2.5 Diarrhoea.
    • Fig. 2.6 Falls/collapse.
    • Fig. 2.7 Haematuria.
    • Fig. 2.8 Joint pain.
    • Fig. 2.9 Leg swelling.
    • Fig. 2.10 Low urine output.
    • Fig. 2.11 Rash.
    • Fig. 2.12 Rectal bleeding.
    • Fig. 2.13 Shortness of breath.
    • Fig. 2.14 Weakness.
  • 3 Cardiology
    • 3.1 CHEST PAIN
      • Aetiology
      • Clinical features
        • Table 3.1 Causes of chest pain
      • ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROMES
        • Definition
          • MICRO-reference
          • MICRO-print
        • Clinical features
        • Investigations
          • Fig. 3.1 ECG of STEMI.
          • Table 3.2 Comparison of STEMI and NSTEMI, unstable angina
          • MICRO-facts
        • Management
          • Fig. 3.2 Management of acute coronary syndromes.
        • Contraindications to thrombolysis
          • Table 3.3 Contraindications to thrombolysis
        • Secondary prevention
        • Complications of MI
      • PERICARDITIS
        • Definitions
        • Aetiology
          • MICRO-facts
        • Clinical features
        • Investigations
          • MICRO-print
        • Management
      • AORTIC DISSECTION
        • Definition
        • Clinical features
        • Investigation
        • Management
          • Fig. 3.3 Management of aortic dissection.
          • MICRO-case
    • 3.2 ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY (ECG)
      • Definition
        • Table 3.4 Area of the heart and its corresponding chest lead
        • Fig. 3.4 Normal ECG.
        • Table 3.5 ECG interpretation with normal values
        • MICRO-facts
    • 3.3 PALPITATIONS
      • Definition
      • Causes
      • Clinical features
      • Investigations
      • SINUS TACHYCARDIA
        • Definition
      • Causes
      • ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
        • Classification of AF
          • Table 3.6 Classification of AF
        • Causes
        • Clinical features
        • Investigations
          • Table 3.7 Investigations of AF
          • Fig. 3.5 ECG of atrial fibrillation.
        • Management
          • MICRO-facts
          • MICRO-facts
          • MICRO-reference
          • Fig. 3.6 Management of AF.
      • REGULAR NARROW-COMPLEX TACHYCARDIAS
        • Definition
        • Investigations
        • Management
          • Fig. 3.7 Management of narrow-complex tachycardia.
          • MICRO-reference
        • Long-term management
      • VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA
        • Definition
        • Causes
        • Clinical features
        • Investigations
          • Fig. 3.8 ECG of VT.
          • MICRO-facts
        • Management
        • Further management
          • Fig. 3.9 Management of VT.
          • MICRO-reference
    • 3.4 BRADYCARDIA
      • Definition
      • Causes
      • Investigations
        • Fig. 3.10 ECG of first degree HB.
      • Clinical features
      • Investigations
      • Management
        • MICRO-reference
        • Fig. 3.11 Management of bradycardia.
    • 3.5 ACUTE HEART FAILURE
      • Aetiology
        • Table 3.8 Causes of heart failure: comparison of low and high cardiac outputs
      • Clinical features
      • Investigations
        • MICRO-facts
        • Management
          • Fig. 3.12 Chest X-ray of acute heart failure.
      • Long-term management
        • MICRO-reference
        • MICRO-case
    • 3.6 SEVERE HYPERTENSION
      • Definition
      • Aetiology
      • Clinical features
      • Signs of end-organ damage
        • Table 3.9 Signs of end-organ damage
      • Management
      • Indications for admission
        • Fig. 3.13 Management of severe hypertension.
      • Indications to rapidly reduce BP
  • 4 Respiratory
    • 4.1 ARTERIAL BLOOD GASES (ABGs)
      • Definition
        • MICRO-facts
      • Respiratory indications
      • Contraindications
      • Interpretation
        • Fig. 4.1 ABG interpretation in a patient with suspected respiratory disease.
      • RESPIRATORY FAILURE
        • Table 4.1 Common causes of type I vs. type II respiratory failure
    • 4.2 OXYGEN PRESCRIPTION
      • Indications
      • Investigations
      • Management
        • MICRO-facts
        • Fig. 4.2 Adapted BTS oxygen therapy guidelines.
    • 4.3 ACUTE ASTHMA EXACERBATION: ‘ASTHMA ATTACK’
      • Definition
      • Clinical features
        • Fig. 4.3 Clinical features of asthma.
      • Investigations
        • MICRO-facts
      • Management
        • Fig. 4.4 Management of asthma.
    • 4.4 EXACERBATION OF COPD
      • Definition
      • Aetiology
        • MICRO-facts
      • Clinical features
      • Investigations
      • Management
        • Fig. 4.5 Management of COPD.
        • MICRO-case
    • 4.5 PNEUMONIA
      • Definition
      • Aetiology
      • Risk factors
      • Clinical features
      • Investigations
        • MICRO-facts
        • Fig. 4.6 Chest X-ray showing focal consolidation of right upper lobe pneumonia.
      • Management
        • Fig. 4.7 Management of pneumonia.
        • MICRO-case
    • 4.6 PNEUMOTHORAX
      • Definition
      • Clinical features
      • Investigations
      • Management
        • Fig. 4.8 Management of pneumothorax.
    • 4.7 DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS (DVT)
      • Definition
      • Risk factors
        • Fig. 4.9 Virchow triad.
      • Clinical features
      • Investigations
      • Management
        • Fig. 4.10 Wells criteria for DVT.
        • MICRO-facts
        • MICRO-print
    • 4.8 PULMONARY EMBOLISM (PE)
      • Definition
      • Aetiology
      • Clinical features
      • Investigations
        • MICRO-print
      • Clinical assessment
        • Fig. 4.11 Wells criteria for PE.
      • Management
        • MICRO-print
    • 4.9 PLEURAL EFFUSION
      • Definition
      • Aetiology
      • Clinical features
      • Investigations
        • Table 4.2 Diagnosis of pleural effusion
      • Management
        • MICRO-print
  • 5 Gastroenterology
    • 5.1 UPPER GASTRO INTESTINAL (GI) BLEED
      • Definition
      • Aetiology
      • Risk factors
      • Clinical features
        • MICRO-facts
        • Table 5.1 Clinical features of upper GI bleed according to cause
      • Assessing severity
      • Investigations
      • Management of acute upper GI bleed
      • Further management
        • MICRO-facts
      • Signs of re-bleed
        • MICRO-reference
        • Fig. 5.1 Management of upper GI bleeds.
        • Table 5.2 Rockall scoring
    • 5.2 OESOPHAGEAL VARICES
      • Definition
      • Clinical features
      • Management
        • MICRO-facts
        • MICRO-case
    • 5.3 LOWER GI BLEED
      • Definition
      • Aetiology
        • Table 5.3 Causes and clinical features of lower GI bleeds
      • Investigations
      • Management
        • Table 5.4 Management of lower GI bleed
        • MICRO-facts
    • 5.4 INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE
      • Definition
      • Clinical features
        • Table 5.5 Comparison of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease
      • Extraintestinal features
      • Features of severe episode
        • Fig. 5.2 AXR of toxic megacolon.
      • Investigations
      • Management
        • MICRO-reference
    • 5.5 DIARRHOEA
      • MICRO-facts
      • Definition
      • Aetiology
        • MICRO-facts
      • Clinical features
      • Investigations
      • Management
        • MICRO-facts
    • 5.6 ACUTE LIVER FAILURE
      • Definition
      • Aetiology
      • Investigations
      • ACUTE-ON-CHRONIC LIVER FAILURE
      • Aetiology
      • Clinical features
        • Fig. 5.3 Examination findings in acute (on chronic) liver failure.
      • Management
        • Table 5.6 Kings’ College criteria for transplant in acute liver failure
    • 5.7 HEPATIC ENCEPHALOPATHY
      • Definition
      • Clinical features
        • MICRO-facts
      • Investigations
      • Management
        • MICRO-facts
      • Complications
    • 5.8 ALCOHOL WITHDRAWAL SYNDROME
      • Definition
      • Aetiology
      • Clinical features
      • Investigation
      • Management
  • 6 Neurology
    • 6.1 STROKE
      • Definition
      • Epidemiology
      • Risk factors
      • Pathophysiology
      • Clinical features
        • MICRO-facts
      • ISCHAEMIC VS. HAEMORRHAGIC STROKE
      • Clinical features
      • Diagnosis
        • Table 6.1 Clinical features of ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke
        • Fig. 6.1 Rule out stroke in the emergency room (ROSIER) tool.
      • Investigations
      • Management
        • Fig. 6.2 Stroke management algorithm.
    • 6.2 TRANSIENT ISCHAEMIC ATTACK
      • Definition
        • MICRO-facts
      • Clinical features
      • Management
        • Fig. 6.3 Management of transient ischaemic attack.
      • Stroke risk assessment
        • Fig. 6.4 ABCD2 stroke risk assessment tool.
        • MICRO-case
    • 6.3 SEIZURES AND STATUS EPILEPTICUS
      • Definitions
      • Aetiology
        • MICRO-facts
      • Clinical features
      • Investigations
      • Management
      • Further management
        • Fig. 6.5 Management of seizures.
    • 6.4 TRANSIENT LOSS OF CONSCIOUSNESS (SYNCOPE)
      • Definition
      • Aetiology
      • Clinical features
        • Fig. 6.6 Systemic clinical features of syncope.
      • Investigations
      • Management
      • Syncope vs. seizure
        • Table 6.2 Clinical features of syncope and seizures
    • 6.5 HEADACHE
      • Aetiology
      • Management
        • Table 6.3 Management of headache
        • MICRO-case
    • 6.6 GUILLAIN-BARRÉ SYNDROME
      • Definition
      • Clinical features
      • Aetiology
      • Investigations
      • Management
  • 7 Endocrinology and electrolyte abnormalities
    • 7.1 DIABETIC EMERGENCIES
      • Definition
        • MICRO-facts
      • DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS
      • Definition
        • MICRO-facts
      • Epidemiology
      • Risk factors
      • Key features
      • Investigations
        • MICRO-facts
      • Management
        • Fig. 7.1 Management of DKA.
      • Monitoring
        • MICRO-facts
        • MICRO-reference
        • MICRO-case
      • HYPEROSMOLAR HYPERGLYCAEMIC STATE (HHS)
      • Definition
        • MICRO-print
      • Risk factors
      • Clinical features
      • Investigations and management
      • DKA vs. HHS
        • Table 7.1 Differentiating features between DKA and HHS
      • HYPOGLYCAEMIA
      • Definition
        • MICRO-facts
      • Risk factors
      • Clinical features
        • Table 7.2 Clinical features of hypoglycaemic states
        • MICRO-facts
    • 7.2 HYPOADRENAL (ADDISONIAN) CRISIS
      • Definition
      • Aetiology
      • Clinical features
      • Investigations
      • Management
    • 7.3 THYROTOXIC CRISIS
      • Epidemiology
      • Aetiology
      • Clinical features
      • Investigations
      • Management
    • 7.4 ELECTROLYTE ABNORMALITIES
      • HYPONATRAEMIA
      • Definition
        • MICRO-facts
        • MICRO-print
      • Aetiology
        • Fig. 7.2 Aetiology of hyponatraemia.
        • MICRO-facts
      • Clinical features
        • Fig. 7.3 Clinical features of hyponatraemia and hypernatraemia.
      • Investigations
      • Management
        • MICRO-facts
      • HYPERNATRAEMIA
      • Definition
      • Aetiology
        • Table 7.3 Aetiology of hypernatraemia
      • Clinical features
      • Investigations
      • Management
        • MICRO-case
      • CALCIUM (CA2+) DISTURBANCES
      • HYPOCALCAEMIA
      • Definition
        • MICRO-facts
      • Aetiology
        • Table 7.4 Aetiology of hypocalcaemia
      • Clinical features
        • Fig. 7.4 Physiology of calcium regulation.
      • Investigations
      • Management
        • MICRO-print
      • Hypercalcaemia
      • Definition
      • Aetiology
        • Table 7.5 Aetiology of hypercalcaemia
      • Clinical features
        • Fig. 7.5 Clinical features of hypo- and hypercalcaemia.
      • Investigations
        • Table 7.6 Biochemistry results typically found in some conditions related to altering calcium levels
        • MICRO-print
      • Management
      • POTASSIUM DISTURBANCES
      • Hypokalaemia
      • Definition
        • MICRO-facts
      • Aetiology
      • Clinical features
        • Fig. 7.6 Clinical features of hypokalaemia and hyperkalaemia.
      • Investigations
      • Management
      • Hyperkalaemia
      • Definition
      • Aetiology
      • Clinical features
      • Investigations
        • Table 7.7 Aetiology of hyperkalaemia
        • Fig. 7.7 ECG changes in hyperkalaemia.
        • MICRO-facts
        • MICRO-print
      • Management
        • MICRO-facts
        • MICRO-case
  • 8 Renal emergencies
    • 8.1 ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY
      • Definitions
      • Features
        • MICRO-facts
      • Epidemiology and risk factors
      • Consequences of abnormal renal function
        • Table 8.1 Consequences of abnormal renal function
      • Clinical features
        • Fig. 8.1 Clinical features of renal failure.
        • MICRO-facts
      • Aetiology
        • Table 8.2 Aetiology of renal failure divided by anatomical location
      • Investigations
        • Table 8.3 Calculated eGFR and the corresponding stage of CKD
      • Management
        • Fig. 8.2 Management of acute renal failure.
        • MICRO-facts
      • Indications for haemodialysis/haemofiltration
        • Table 8.4 Complications of ARF and their indications for dialysis
      • Indicators of a poor prognosis
        • MICRO-facts
        • MICRO-reference
        • MICRO-case
    • 8.2 URINARY TRACT INFECTION (UTI)
      • Pathophysiology
      • Microbiology
      • Risk factors
      • Clinical features
        • Fig. 8.3 Comparison of lower UTI and pyelonephritis.
        • MICRO-facts
      • Investigations
        • MICRO-facts
        • Table 8.5 Laboratory findings of a urine infection
      • Management
      • Complications
        • MICRO-print
        • MICRO-case
  • 9 Haematology
    • 9.1 ANAEMIA
      • Definition
        • MICRO-facts
      • Aetiology
      • Clinical features
      • Diagnostic indicators
      • Investigations
      • Diagnostic approach
      • Management
        • Fig. 9.1 Differential diagnosis of anaemia.
    • 9.2 COAGULOPATHIES
      • Aetiology
        • MICRO-facts
      • Clinical features
      • Investigations
      • Management
    • 9.3 ANTICOAGULANTS: WARFARIN
      • Warfarin in the ED
      • Considerations
        • MICRO-facts
      • Initiation following acute thrombosis
        • MICRO-facts
      • Routine monitoring
        • MICRO-facts
        • Table 9.1 Target INR level in patients taking warfarin, according to condition
      • Overtreatment
      • Clinical features
      • Management
        • Fig. 9.2 Management of over-treatment with warfarin.
        • MICRO-case
    • 9.4 ANTICOAGULANTS: LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT HEPARIN
      • Indications
      • Contraindications
      • Preparations
      • Complications
    • 9.5 ANTICOAGULANTS: UNFRACTIONATED HEPARIN
      • Indications
      • Contraindications
      • Preparation
      • Complications
    • 9.6 ANTICOAGULANTS: OTHER AGENTS
      • Indications
      • Contraindications
      • Preparations
      • Complications
    • 9.7 BLOOD TRANSFUSION
      • General principles
      • Blood products
        • Table 9.2 Blood products and indications for their use
      • Administration
        • Fig. 9.3 Administration of a blood transfusion.
      • Blood transfusion
        • Fig. 9.4 Blood transfusion orientation.
      • Acute blood transfusion reaction
        • Fig. 9.5 Acute transfusion reaction algorithm.
    • 9.8 DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION (DIC)
      • Definition
      • Aetiology
      • Clinical features
      • Investigations
      • Management
  • 10 Poisoning and environmental accidents
    • 10.1 ASSESSMENT
      • ABCDE
      • Toxbase®
        • MICRO-reference
    • 10.2 PARACETAMOL TOXICITY
      • Definition
      • Risk factors
      • Risk assessment
      • Clinical features
        • MICRO-facts
      • Investigations
        • Fig. 10.1 Treatment chart for acetylcysteine in paracetamol.
      • Management
        • Table 10.1 Management of paracetamol overdose
        • MICRO-print
    • 10.3 ASPIRIN TOXICITY
      • Clinical features
      • Investigations
      • Management
    • 10.4 OPIOID TOXICITY
      • Clinical features
      • Investigations
      • Management
    • 10.5 TRICYCLIC TOXICITY
      • Clinical features
      • Investigations
      • Management
    • 10.6 BENZODIAZEPINE TOXICITY
      • Clinical features
      • Investigations
      • Management
    • 10.7 CARBON MONOXIDE POISONING
      • Clinical features
        • MICRO-facts
      • Management
    • 10.8 OTHER TOXINS AND ANTIDOTES
      • Table 10.2 Toxins and antidotes
    • 10.9 BURNS
      • Assessment
        • Fig. 10.2 Rule of nines body chart.
        • Table 10.3 Rule of nines
      • Management
        • Table 10.4 Degree burn developed
        • MICRO-print
        • MICRO-case
  • 11 Surgical emergencies
    • 11.1 ACUTE ABDOMINAL PAIN
      • Aetiology
        • Table 11.1 Causes of acute abdominal pain
      • History
      • Examination
      • Investigations
        • MICRO-facts
    • 11.2 APPENDICITIS
      • Definition
      • Clinical features
        • MICRO-facts
      • Investigation
      • Management
        • MICRO-facts
    • 11.3 GALLSTONES
      • Definition
        • Table 11.2 Location of gallstone and condition caused
      • BILIARY COLIC
        • Definition
      • Clinical features
        • MICRO-facts
      • Investigations
      • Management
      • ACUTE CHOLECYSTITIS
        • Definition
        • Clinical features
          • MICRO-facts
        • Investigations
      • Management
      • OBSTRUCTIVE JAUNDICE
        • Definition
      • Clinical features
        • MICRO-facts
      • Investigations
      • Management
      • ASCENDING CHOLANGITIS
        • Definition
        • Clinical features
      • Investigations
        • Management
      • ACUTE PANCREATITIS
        • Definition
        • Clinical features
          • MICRO-facts
      • Investigations
        • Table 11.3 Investigation findings in acute pancreatitis
      • Prognostic indicators
      • Management
        • MICRO-facts
        • MICRO-print
    • 11.4 ACUTE BOWEL OBSTRUCTION
      • Causes
        • Table 11.4 Causes of bowel obstruction
      • Clinical features
      • Investigations
        • Table 11.5 Radiographic differences between small and large bowel obstruction
      • Management
        • Fig. 11.1 Small bowel obstruction.
        • Fig. 11.2 Large bowel obstruction.
        • MICRO-case
    • 11.5 MESENTERIC INFARCTION
      • Definition
      • Aetiology
        • Table 11.6 Aetiology of mesenteric infarction
      • Clinical features
      • Management
    • 11.6 UROLOGY
      • RENAL COLIC
        • Definition
        • Risk factors
          • MICRO-facts
        • Clinical features
        • Investigations
          • Table 11.7 Investigation findings in renal colic
      • Management
        • MICRO-facts
      • TESTICULAR TORSION
        • Definition
        • Clinical features
        • Investigations
        • Management
          • MICRO-facts
      • TESTICULAR LUMPS
        • Aetiology
          • Fig. 11.3 Aetiology of testicular lumps.
      • ORCHITIS/EPIDIDYMO-ORCHITIS
        • Clinical features
        • Investigation
        • Management
    • 11.7 VASCULAR
      • ABDOMINAL AORTIC ANEURYSM
        • Definition
        • Risk factors
        • Clinical features
        • Investigation
      • Management
      • ACUTE LIMB ISCHAEMIA
        • Aetiology
      • Clinical features
      • Management
  • 12 Trauma
    • 12.1 RESUSCITATION
      • Principles
      • Primary survey
      • Secondary survey
        • Fig. 12.1 Primary survey.
        • MICRO-facts
        • MICRO-facts
    • 12.2 COMPROMISED AIRWAY
      • Causes
      • Clinical features
      • Management
        • MICRO-reference
    • 12.3 CERVICAL SPINE INJURY
      • Initial management
        • MICRO-reference
        • MICRO-reference
        • MICRO-reference
      • Investigations
        • Fig. 12.2 Plain radiograph of cervical spine.
        • MICRO-reference
      • Management
        • MICRO-reference
    • 12.4 BREATHING
      • Assessment
      • Investigations
      • Management
    • 12.5 CIRCULATION
    • 12.6 TRAUMATIC HAEMORRHAGIC SHOCK
      • Definition
      • Clinical features
      • Management
        • MICRO-facts
      • DISABILITY
        • Definition
        • Assessment
          • Fig. 12.3 Management of haemorrhagic shock.
          • MICRO-facts
    • 12.7 EXPOSURE
      • Definition
      • Management
    • 12.8 POTENTIALLY LIFE-THREATENING INJURIES
      • TENSION PNEUMOTHORAX
        • Definition
        • Aetiology
        • Clinical features
        • Management
      • TRAUMATIC PNEUMOTHORAX
        • Definition
        • Causes
      • Clinical features
        • Investigations
        • Management
      • HAEMOTHORAX
        • Definition
        • Aetiology
        • Clinical features
        • Investigations
        • Management
      • RIB FRACTURE
        • Aetiology
        • Clinical features
        • Management
      • FLAIL CHEST
        • Definition
        • Clinical features
        • Investigations
          • Fig. 12.4 Chest X-ray with multiple rib fractures.
      • Management
      • CARDIAC TAMPONADE
        • Definition
          • MICRO-print
        • Differential diagnosis
        • Clinical features
        • Investigations
      • Management
        • Table 12.1 Initial investigations for cardiac tamponade
      • AORTIC RUPTURE
        • MICRO-facts
        • Mechanism of injury
        • Causes
        • Clinical features
        • Investigations
        • Management
      • ABDOMINAL INJURY
        • Causes
        • Affected organs
        • Investigations
          • MICRO-facts
        • Management
          • MICRO-facts
      • PELVIC FRACTURE
        • Causes
        • Examination
          • Table 12.2 Examination areas in pelvic fractures
      • Investigations
        • Fig. 12.5 Plain radiograph of an ‘open book’ injury pelvic fracture.
        • MICRO-facts
        • Management
      • HEAD INJURY
        • Definition
        • Causes
        • Clinical features
          • Fig. 12.6 Periorbital haematoma.
          • MICRO-facts
        • Investigations
          • Fig. 12.7 CT scan of an extradural haematoma following a head injury.
          • MICRO-facts
        • Management
          • MICRO-reference
          • Fig. 12.8 Immediate management of head injury.
          • MICRO-facts
        • Complications
      • FACIAL INJURY
        • Definition
          • MICRO-facts
        • Aetiology
        • Associated injuries
          • MICRO-facts
        • Clinical features
          • Table 12.3 Assessment of facial injuries
        • Investigations
        • Management
        • Complications
      • MAXILLOFACIAL FRACTURES
        • Nasal fracture
        • Aetiology
        • Clinical features
        • Investigations
        • Management
        • Zygomatic (malar) fracture
        • Aetiology
        • Clinical features
        • Investigations
        • Management
        • Maxillary fracture
        • Aetiology
        • Grading
          • Table 12.4 Classification of maxillary fractures using the Le Fort classification
      • Clinical features
        • Management
      • Orbital fracture
        • Aetiology
          • MICRO-facts
      • Clinical features
        • Investigations
        • Management
        • Mandibular fracture
        • Aetiology
      • Clinical features
        • Investigations
      • Management
    • 12.9 BITES
      • Aetiology
      • Investigations
      • Management
  • 13 Orthopaedics
    • 13.1 FRACTURES
      • Definition
        • Describing a fracture
          • Table 13.1 Describing a fracture
      • Investigations
        • Fig. 13.1 X-rays of different fractures.
      • Management
    • 13.2 OPEN FRACTURE
      • Definition
      • Clinical features
      • Investigations
      • Management
    • 13.3 UPPER LIMB FRACTURES
      • Fig. 13.2 Colles’ fracture.
      • Fig. 13.3 Scaphoid fracture.
      • Fig. 13.4 Smith's fracture.
      • Table 13.2 Upper limb fractures: mechanism of injury, clinical features and management
    • 13.4 LOWER LIMB FRACTURES
      • HIP FRACTURE
        • Definition
        • Clinical features
          • Fig. 13.5 X-ray showing a neck of femur fracture.
        • Investigations
          • MICRO-facts
      • Management
      • FEMORAL SHAFT FRACTURE
        • Aetiology
      • Clinical features
      • Investigations
      • Management
      • ANKLE FRACTURE
        • Clinical features
        • Investigations
          • MICRO-print
        • Management
    • 13.5 FRACTURE COMPLICATIONS
      • Table 13.3 Complications of a fracture
      • COMPARTMENT SYNDROME
        • Definition
        • Causes
        • Clinical features
          • MICRO-facts
        • Investigations
        • Management
        • Complications
      • COMMON NERVE INJURIES
        • Table 13.4 Common nerve injuries
    • 13.6 OSTEOPOROTIC FRACTURES
      • Definition
      • Fracture sites
        • Table 13.5 Common sites of osteoporotic fractures
      • Management
    • 13.7 DISLOCATIONS
      • Definition
      • SHOULDER
        • Types
          • Fig. 13.6 Plain radiograph of posterior shoulder dislocation.
        • Aetiology
        • Clinical features
        • Investigations
        • Management
      • ANKLE
        • MICRO-facts
        • Clinical features
        • Investigations
        • Management
      • SOFT TISSUE INJURY
        • Definition
        • Aetiology
        • Clinical features
        • Management
    • 13.8 KNEE INJURIES
      • MICRO-facts
      • RUPTURED ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT
        • Aetiology
        • Clinical features
        • Investigations
        • Management
      • MENISCAL TEAR
        • Clinical features
        • Investigations
        • Management
    • 13.9 ACUTE BACK PAIN
      • Aetiology
      • Red flag symptoms
        • Table 13.6 Red flag symptoms for back pain
      • Investigations
      • CAUDA EQUINA SYNDROME
        • Definition
        • Aetiology
        • Clinical features
        • Management
          • MICRO-facts
      • CORD COMPRESSION
        • Clinical features
        • Investigations
        • Management
        • Complications
      • MECHANICAL BACK PAIN
        • Aetiology
        • Clinical features
        • Management
    • 13.10 ACUTE JOINT PAIN
      • AETIOLOGY
      • SEPTIC ARTHRITIS
        • Definition
        • Clinical features
      • Investigations
        • MICRO-facts
        • Management
      • ACUTE GOUT
        • Definition
        • Clinical features
        • Investigations
          • MICRO-facts
        • Management
  • 14 Paediatrics
    • 14.1 ASSESSING THE PAEDIATRIC PATIENT
      • Principles
      • Paediatric history taking
        • Table 14.1 Assessment of paediatric patients
      • Normal values
        • MICRO-facts
        • Table 14.2 Normal values in paediatric patients
        • MICRO-facts
      • Pain management
      • Basic life support
        • MICRO-reference
        • Fig. 14.1 Paediatric Basic Life Support (BLS) algorithm.
      • Choking management
        • Fig. 14.2 Choking management algorithm.
    • 14.2 RESPIRATORY CONDITIONS
      • BRONCHIOLITIS
      • Definition
      • Aetiology
      • Clinical features
        • MICRO-facts
      • Severity assessment
        • Table 14.3 Assessing bronchiolitis severity
      • Management
        • MICRO-case
      • ASTHMA
      • Clinical features
        • Table 14.4 Assessment of asthma severity
      • Management
        • MICRO-reference
      • CROUP
      • Definition
      • Aetiology
      • Clinical features
      • Management
        • Table 14.5 Westley modified croup score
      • WHOOPING COUGH
      • Clinical features
      • Management
      • INHALED FOREIGN BODY
      • Key points
      • Clinical features
      • Investigations and management
      • Aetiology and epidemiology
        • Table 14.6 Causative organisms of LRTI ordered by age group and prevalence, with most common cause first
        • MICRO-reference
      • Clinical features
      • Investigations
        • Fig. 14.3 CXR: Right upper lobe consolidation.
      • Management
    • 14.3 GASTROINTESTINAL AND RENAL TRACT CONDITIONS
      • ABDOMINAL PAIN
      • Aetiology
        • Table 14.7 Causes of abdominal pain in paediatric patients
      • Diagnosis and management
        • MICRO-facts
      • Investigation
      • Management
        • MICRO-case
        • Fig. 14.4 Testicular torsion showing necrotic right testis.
      • ACUTE APPENDICITIS
      • MESENTERIC ADENITIS
      • Definition
      • Clinical features
      • Investigations
      • Management
      • INTUSSUSCEPTION
      • Definition
      • Clinical features
      • Investigations
      • Management
      • INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION
      • Aetiology
      • Clinical features
      • Management
    • 14.4 DIARRHOEA AND VOMITING
      • Aetiology
        • Table 14.8 Causes of diarrhoea and vomiting in paediatric patients
        • MICRO-facts
        • MICRO-facts
      • Investigations
      • Management
    • 14.5 DEHYDRATION
      • Clinical features and severity assessment
        • Table 14.9 Assessing severity of dehydration
      • Management
        • MICRO-facts
        • Table 14.10 Calculating fluid maintenance
        • Fig. 14.5 Calculating fluid rehydration.
    • 14.6 THE FEBRILE CHILD
      • Definition
      • Aetiology
      • Clinical features
        • Table 14.11 Causes of a febrile child
      • Investigations: Septic screen
      • Management
    • 14.7 FEBRILE CONVULSIONS
      • Definition
      • Epidemiology
      • Clinical features
      • Investigations
      • Management
        • Table 14.12 Management of febrile convulsions
    • 14.8 MENINGITIS AND MENINGOCOCCAL SEPTICAEMIA
      • MICRO-facts
      • Aetiology
      • Key points
        • Table 14.13 Causative organisms in meningitis
      • History
      • Examination
        • MICRO-facts
      • Investigations
        • Fig. 14.6 Petechial rash.
      • Management
        • Fig. 14.7 Emergency management of meningococcal septicaemia.
        • MICRO-reference
    • 14.9 SKIN CONDITIONS
      • RASHES
      • ATOPIC ECZEMA
      • Clinical features
      • Management
        • Table 14.14 Skin rashes and causes
        • Fig. 14.8 Flexural eczema.
      • URTICARIA
      • Aetiology
      • Clinical features
      • Management
      • HENOCH-SCHÖNLEIN PURPURA (HSP)
      • Definition
        • Fig. 14.9 Urticaria wheals.
      • Aetiology
      • Clinical features
        • Fig. 14.10 Henoch-Schönlein purpura.
      • Investigation
      • Management
      • SCABIES
      • Aetiology
      • Clinical features
      • Management
      • HAND-FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE
      • Aetiology
      • Clinical features
      • Management
        • Fig. 14.11 Scabies.
        • Fig. 14.12 Molluscum contagiosum.
      • VARICELLA ZOSTER (CHICKEN POX)
      • Aetiology
      • Management
      • Complications
        • MICRO-facts
      • MEASLES
      • Aetiology
      • Clinical features
      • Complications
        • Fig. 14.13 Measles rash.
      • Management
      • MUMPS
      • Aetiology
      • Clinical features
      • Complications
      • Management
      • RUBELLA
      • Aetiology
      • Clinical features
      • Complications
      • Management
    • 14.10 EAR, NOSE AND THROAT
      • TONSILLITIS AND PHARYNGITIS
        • MICRO-facts
      • OTITIS MEDIA
      • EPIGLOTTITIS
      • Definition
      • Aetiology
      • Epidemiology
      • Clinical features
        • MICRO-facts
      • Management
        • MICRO-facts
      • Acute epiglottitis vs. croup
        • Table 14.15 Acute epiglottitis vs. croup
    • 14.11 URINARY TRACT INFECTION (UTI)
      • Definition
      • Clinical features
        • MICRO-facts
      • Diagnosis
        • MICRO-facts
      • Management
        • MICRO-references
    • 14.12 THE LIMPING CHILD
      • Aetiology
    • 14.13 THE HYPOGLYCAEMIC (NON-DIABETIC) CHILD
      • Definition
      • Management
    • 14.14 NON-ACCIDENTAL INJURY AND ABUSE
      • Definition
      • Recognition
        • MICRO-facts
      • Management
  • 15 Obstetrics and gynaecology
    • 15.1 THE PREGNANT PATIENT
      • Definitions
      • Management
    • 15.2 EMERGENCY DELIVERY
      • Clinical features
      • Assessment
      • Management
    • 15.3 VAGINAL BLEEDING IN PREGNANCY
      • Aetiology
        • Table 15.1 Causes of vaginal bleeding in pregnancy
      • Clinical features according to aetiology
        • Table 15.2 Clinical features and causes of vaginal bleeding
    • 15.4 ECTOPIC PREGNANCY
      • Definition
      • Risk factors
        • MICRO-facts
      • Investigations
      • Management
    • 15.5 MISCARRIAGE
      • Clinical features
      • Management
    • 15.6 PLACENTAL ABRUPTION
      • Definition
      • Risk factors
      • Investigations
        • MICRO-facts
      • Management
    • 15.7 PLACENTA PRAEVIA
      • Definition
      • Risk factors
      • Management
    • 15.8 VASA PRAEVIA
      • Definition
      • Clinical features
        • MICRO-case
    • 15.9 HYPEREMESIS GRAVIDARUM
      • Definition
      • Risk factors
      • Clinical features
      • Investigations
      • Management
    • 15.10 PRE-ECLAMPSIA AND ECLAMPSIA
      • Definition
      • Risk factors
      • Clinical features
        • MICRO-facts
      • Complications
      • Management
    • 15.11 MENORRHAGIA
      • Definition
      • Aetiology
      • Management
        • MICRO-case
    • 15.12 GYNAECOLOGICAL PAIN
      • PELVIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE
      • Definition
      • Aetiology
      • Clinical features
      • Investigations
      • Management
      • ENDOMETRIOSIS
      • Definition
      • Clinical features
        • MICRO-facts
      • Management
    • 15.13 EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION
      • Medications used
      • Contraindications
      • Advice
  • 16 Ear, nose and throat
    • 16.1 THE EAR
      • OTITIS EXTERNA
      • Definition
      • Aetiology
      • Risk factors
      • Clinical features
      • Management
      • ACUTE OTITIS MEDIA (AOM)
      • Definition
      • Aetiology
      • Clinical features
        • Table 16.1 Stages of acute otitis media
        • Fig. 16.1 Otitis media.
      • ACUTE HEARING LOSS
      • Aetiology
      • Management
    • 16.2 THE NOSE
      • EPISTAXIS
      • Aetiology
      • Risk factors
      • Management
        • Table 16.2 Management of epistaxis
        • MICRO-case
      • NASAL FRACTURE
      • Aetiology
      • Clinical features
      • Management
    • 16.3 THROAT
      • PHARYNGITIS AND TONSILLITIS
      • Aetiology
      • Clinical features
      • Complications
      • Management
        • MICRO-facts
      • PERITONSILLAR ABSCESS
      • Definition
      • Clinical features
      • Management
      • INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS
      • Aetiology
        • MICRO-facts
      • Clinical features
        • MICRO-print
      • Investigations
      • Management
    • 16.4 FOREIGN BODIES
      • EAR
      • NOSE
        • MICRO-print
      • THROAT
    • 16.5 FACIAL NERVE PALSY
      • Clinical features
        • Table 16.3 Features of facial nerve palsy
      • BELL's PALSY
      • Aetiology
      • Clinical features
      • Management
      • RAMSAY HUNT SYNDROME
      • Aetiology
      • Clinical features
      • Management
        • MICRO-print
    • 16.6 VERTIGO
      • Clinical features
        • Table 16.4 Causes of vertigo
  • 17 Ophthalmology
    • 17.1 THE ACUTELY RED EYE
      • Causes
        • Table 17.1 Causes of red eye
    • 17.2 ACUTE VISUAL LOSS
      • Causes
        • Table 17.2 Causes of vision loss
    • 17.3 ORBITAL CELLULITIS
      • Aetiology
      • Clinical features (Table 17.3 and Fig. 17.1)
        • Table 17.3 Differences between pre-septal and post-septal cellulitis
        • Fig. 17.1 Pre-septal cellulitis and orbital cellulitis.
      • Management
    • 17.4 FOREIGN BODY (FB)
      • Aetiology
      • Clinical features
      • Examination
      • Management
  • 18 Infectious diseases
    • 18.1 NOTIFIABLE DISEASES
      • Definition
        • MICRO-facts
    • 18.2 EMPIRICAL ANTIBIOTIC DOSES
      • Table 18.1 Empirical antibiotic doses for common infections
      • MICRO-reference
    • 18.3 GASTROENTERITIS
      • Definition
        • MICRO-facts
      • Risk factors
      • Clinical features
        • MICRO-facts
      • Investigations
      • Management
        • Fig. 18.1 Management of gastroenteritis.
      • Transmission avoidance
      • Complications
        • Fig. 18.2 Haemolytic uraemic syndrome.
    • 18.4 CELLULITIS
      • Definition
      • Aetiology
      • Risk factors
      • Clinical features
      • Investigations
      • Management
        • MICRO-facts
    • 18.5 ERYSIPELAS
      • Definition
      • Aetiology
      • Clinical features
        • MICRO-facts
      • Management
        • Fig. 18.3 Antibiotic treatment of cellulitis and erysipelas.
    • 18.6 NECROTIZING FASCIITIS
      • Definition
        • MICRO-facts
      • Aetiology
      • Clinical features
        • MICRO-print
      • Investigations
      • Management
        • MICRO-case
    • 18.7 MENINGITIS AND MENINGOCOCCAL SEPTICAEMIA
      • Definitions
      • Risk factors
      • Aetiology
      • Clinical features
        • Table 18.2 Clinical features of adult meningitis
      • Management
        • Fig. 18.4 Management of adult meningitis.
      • Investigations
      • Further management
        • Table 18.3 Differential lumbar puncture results for infective meningitis
        • MICRO-print
    • 18.8 INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS
      • Definition
      • Risk factors
        • MICRO-facts
      • Clinical features
        • Table 18.4 Features of infective endocarditis
        • MICRO-print
      • Investigations
      • Diagnosis
      • Management
      • Further investigation
        • Fig. 18.5 Diagnostic criteria for infective endocarditis.
      • Aetiology
        • Table 18.5 Causative organisms of infective endocarditis
        • MICRO-print
      • Treatment
        • Table 18.6 Treatment of infective endocarditis
  • 19 Psychiatry
    • 19.1 DELIBERATE SELF-HARM
      • Causes
      • Methods of self-harm
        • MICRO-facts
      • Assessing suicidal intent
        • Table 19.1 SAD Persons scoring system to assess suicide risk
      • Investigations
        • MICRO-facts
      • Management
    • 19.2 AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOUR
      • Causes
      • Management
        • MICRO-facts
    • 19.3 SIDE EFFECTS OF ANTIPSYCHOTICS
      • Clinical features
      • ACUTE DYSTONIA
        • Clinical features
        • Management
      • NEUROLEPTIC MALIGNANT SYNDROME
        • Definition
        • Aetiology
        • Clinical features
        • Investigations
        • Management
          • MICRO-print
    • 19.4 LITHIUM TOXICITY
      • Clinical features
        • MICRO-facts
        • Table 19.2 Clinical features of lithium toxicity according to blood levels
    • 19.5 ALCOHOL ABUSE
      • CONSEQUENCES OF ALCOHOL ABUSE
        • Fig. 19.1 Consequences of alcohol abuse.
      • ACUTE ALCOHOL TOXICITY
        • Clinical features
        • Differential diagnosis
        • Investigations
        • Management
        • Assessment of alcohol dependence
          • MICRO-facts
      • ALCOHOL WITHDRAWAL
        • Definition
        • Management
      • DELIRIUM TREMENS
        • Clinical features
        • Investigations
        • Management
      • WERNICKE's ENCEPHALOPATHY
        • Definition
        • Clinical features
        • Management
      • KORSAKOFF's PSYCHOSIS
        • Definition
        • Clinical features
        • Management
          • MICRO-case
    • 19.6 SUBSTANCE ABUSE
      • Common drugs
      • Clinical features
      • Investigations
      • Management
    • 19.7 PSYCHOSIS
      • Definition
      • Aetiology
        • MICRO-facts
      • Clinical features
      • Investigations
      • Management
      • Complications
    • 19.8 DELIRIUM
      • Definition
      • Clinical features
      • Aetiology
      • Investigations
        • MICRO-facts
      • Management
• Part II Self-assessment
  • 20 Cardiology
    • Questions
      • EMQs
        • Diagnostic options
        • Question 1
      • SBAs
        • Question 1
        • Question 2
        • Question 3
        • Question 4
    • Answers
      • EMQ ANSWERS
        • Answer 1
      • SBA ANSWERS
        • Answer 1
        • Answer 2
        • Answer 3
        • Answer 4
  • 21 Respiratory
    • Questions
      • EMQs
        • Stem 1 Diagnostic options
        • Question 1
        • Question 2
        • Question 3
          • Stem 2 Diagnostic options
        • Question 4
        • Question 5
        • Question 6
      • SBAs
        • Question 1
        • Question 2
        • Question 3
    • Answers
      • EMQ answers
        • Answer 1
        • Answer 2
        • Answer 3
        • Answer 4
        • Answer 5
        • Answer 6
      • SBA answers
        • Answer 1
        • Answer 2
        • Answer 3
  • 22 Gastroenterology
    • Questions
      • EMQs
        • Diagnostic options
        • Question 1
      • SBAs
        • Question 1
        • Question 2
    • Answers
      • EMQ ANSWERS
        • Answer 1
      • SBA ANSWERS
        • Answer 1
        • Answer 2
  • 23 Neurology
    • Questions
      • EMQs
        • Stem 1 Diagnostic options
        • Question 1
        • Question 2
        • Question 3
          • Stem 2 Diagnostic options
        • Question 4
        • Question 5
        • Question 6
      • SBAs
        • Question 1
        • Question 2
        • Question 3
    • Answers
      • EMQ ANSWERS
        • Answer 1
        • Answer 2
        • Answer 3
        • Answer 4
        • Answer 5
        • Answer 6
      • SBA ANSWERS
        • Answer 1
        • Answer 2
        • Answer 3
  • 24 Endocrinology and electrolyte abnormalities
    • Questions
      • EMQs
        • Diagnostic options
        • Question 1
      • SBAs
        • Question 1
        • Question 2
        • Question 3
        • Question 4
        • Question 5
        • Question 6
    • Answers
      • EMQ ANSWERS
        • Answer 1
      • SBA ANSWERS
        • Answer 1
        • Answer 2
        • Answer 3
        • Answer 4
        • Answer 5
        • Answer 6
  • 25 Renal emergencies
    • Questions
      • EMQs
        • Diagnostic options
        • Question 1
      • SBAs
        • Question 1
        • Question 2
        • Question 3
        • Question 4
    • Answers
      • EMQ ANSWERS
        • Answer 1
      • SBA ANSWERS
        • Answer 1
        • Answer 2
        • Answer 3
        • Answer 4
  • 26 Haematology
    • Questions
      • SBAs
        • Question 1
        • Question 2
        • Question 3
    • Answers
      • SBA ANSWERS
        • Answer 1
        • Answer 2
        • Answer 3
  • 27 General surgery
    • Questions
      • EMQs
        • Diagnostic options
        • Question 1
          • Diagnostic options
        • Question 2
      • SBAs
        • Question 1
        • Question 2
        • Question 3
        • Question 4
    • Answers
      • EMQ ANSWERS
        • Answer 1
        • Answer 2
      • SBA ANSWERS
        • Answer 1
        • Answer 2
        • Answer 3
        • Answer 4
  • 28 Trauma and orthopaedics
    • Questions
      • EMQs
        • Diagnostic options
        • Question 1
      • SBAs
        • Question 1
        • Question 2
        • Question 3
        • Question 4
        • Question 5
    • Answers
      • EMQ ANSWERS
        • Answer 1
      • SBA ANSWERS
        • Answer 1
        • Answer 2
        • Answer 3
        • Answer 4
        • Answer 5
  • 29 Paediatrics
    • Questions
      • EMQs
        • Diagnostic options
        • Question 1
          • Diagnostic options
        • Question 2
          • Diagnostic options
        • Question 3
      • SBAs
        • Question 1
        • Question 2
        • Question 3
        • Question 4
    • Answers
      • EMQ ANSWERS
        • Answer 1
        • Answer 2
        • Answer 3
      • SBA ANSWERS
        • Answer 1
        • Answer 2
        • Answer 3
        • Answer 4
  • 30 Obstetrics and gynaecology
    • Questions
      • EMQs
        • Diagnostic options
        • Question 1
          • Diagnostic options
        • Question 2
      • SBAs
        • Question 1
        • Question 2
        • Question 3
        • Question 4
    • Answers
      • EMQ ANSWERS
        • Answer 1
        • Answer 2
      • SBA ANSWERS
        • Answer 1
        • Answer 2
        • Answer 3
        • Answer 4
  • 31 ENT and ophthalmology
    • Questions
      • EMQs
        • Diagnostic options
        • Question 1
          • Diagnostic options
        • Question 2
      • SBAs
        • Question 1
        • Question 2
        • Question 3
        • Question 4
    • Answers
      • EMQ ANSWERS
        • Question 1
        • Question 2
      • SBA ANSWERS
        • Answer 1
        • Answer 2
        • Answer 3
        • Answer 4
  • 32 Infectious diseases
    • Questions
      • EMQs
        • Stem 1 Diagnostic options
        • Question 1
        • Question 2
        • Question 3
          • Stem 2 Diagnostic options
        • Question 4
        • Question 5
        • Question 6
      • SBAs
        • Question 1
        • Question 2
    • Answers
      • EMQ ANSWERS
        • Answer 1
        • Answer 2
        • Answer 3
        • Answer 4
        • Answer 5
        • Answer 6
      • SBA ANSWERS
        • Answer 1
        • Answer 2
  • 33 Psychiatry
    • Questions
      • EMQs
        • Diagnostic options
        • Question 1
      • SBAs
        • Question 1
        • Question 2
        • Question 3
        • Question 4
    • Answers
      • EMQ ANSWERS
        • Answer 1
      • SBA ANSWERS
        • Answer 1
        • Answer 2
        • Answer 3
        • Answer 4
• Back Matter
  • Index

  UM RAFBÆKUR Á HEIMKAUP.IS

  Bókahillan þín er þitt svæði og þar eru bækurnar þínar geymdar. Þú kemst í bókahilluna þína hvar og hvenær sem er í tölvu eða snjalltæki. Einfalt og þægilegt!
  
  Rafbók til eignar
  Rafbók til eignar þarf að hlaða niður á þau tæki sem þú vilt nota innan eins árs frá því bókin er keypt.
  
  Þú kemst í bækurnar hvar sem er
  Þú getur nálgast allar raf(skóla)bækurnar þínar á einu augabragði, hvar og hvenær sem er í bókahillunni þinni. Engin taska, enginn kyndill og ekkert vesen (hvað þá yfirvigt).
  
  Auðvelt að fletta og leita
  Þú getur flakkað milli síðna og kafla eins og þér hentar best og farið beint í ákveðna kafla úr efnisyfirlitinu. Í leitinni finnur þú orð, kafla eða síður í einum smelli.
  
  Glósur og yfirstrikanir
  Þú getur auðkennt textabrot með mismunandi litum og skrifað glósur að vild í rafbókina. Þú getur jafnvel séð glósur og yfirstrikanir hjá bekkjarsystkinum og kennara ef þeir leyfa það. Allt á einum stað.
  
  Hvað viltu sjá? / Þú ræður hvernig síðan lítur út
  Þú lagar síðuna að þínum þörfum. Stækkaðu eða minnkaðu myndir og texta með multi-level zoom til að sjá síðuna eins og þér hentar best í þínu námi.
  
  
  
  Fleiri góðir kostir
  - Þú getur prentað síður úr bókinni (innan þeirra marka sem útgefandinn setur)
  - Möguleiki á tengingu við annað stafrænt og gagnvirkt efni, svo sem myndbönd eða spurningar úr efninu
  - Auðvelt að afrita og líma efni/texta fyrir t.d. heimaverkefni eða ritgerðir
  - Styður tækni sem hjálpar nemendum með sjón- eða heyrnarskerðingu