Ecology
Höfundar: William D. Bowman, Sally D. Hacker
4.990 kr.
Lýsing:
The bestselling textbook for undergraduate ecology courses, Ecology is an easy-to-read and well-organized text for instructors and students to explore the basics of the field. Bowman and Hacker motivate students with an engaging case study-driven, conceptual approach that highlights relevant applications and data-driven examples. The new fifth edition is available in a dynamic and interactive Enhanced eBook at an affordable price.
Annað
- Höfundar: William D. Bowman, Sally D. Hacker
- Útgáfa:5
- Útgáfudagur: 2020-07-20
- Hægt að prenta út 2 bls.
- Hægt að afrita 2 bls.
- Format:ePub
- ISBN 13: 9781605359939
- Print ISBN: 9781605359281
- ISBN 10: 1605359939
Efnisyfirlit
- Cover
- Title page
- Copyright
- Dedication
- About the Authors
- Brief Contents
- Preface
- Reviewers
- Media and Supplements to accompany Ecology, International Fifth Edition
- Contents
- 1 The Web of Life
- Deformity and Decline in Amphibian Populations: A Case Study
- Introduction
- CONCEPT 1.1: Events in the natural world are interconnected.
- Connections in Nature
- CONCEPT 1.2: Ecology is the scientific study of interactions between organisms and their environment.
- What Is Ecology?
- CONCEPT 1.3: Ecologists evaluate competing hypotheses about natural systems with observations, experiments, and models.
- Answering Ecological Questions
- CLIMATE CHANGE CONNECTION: APPROACHES USED TO STUDY GLOBAL WARMING
- ECOLOGICAL TOOLKIT 1.1: Designing Ecological Experiments
- ANALYZING DATA 1.1: Are Introduced Predators a Cause of Amphibian Decline?
- A CASE STUDY REVISITED: Deformity and Decline in Amphibian Populations
- CONNECTIONS in NATURE: MISSION IMPOSSIBLE?
- Unit 1: Organisms and Their Environment
- 2 The Physical Environment
- Climate Variation and Salmon Abundance: A Case Study
- Introduction
- CONCEPT 2.1: Climate is the most fundamental component of the physical environment.
- Climate
- CONCEPT 2.2: Winds and ocean currents result from differences in solar radiation across Earth’s surface.
- Atmospheric and Oceanic Circulation
- CONCEPT 2.3: Large-scale atmospheric and oceanic circulation patterns establish global patterns of temperature and precipitation.
- Global Climate Patterns
- CONCEPT 2.4: Regional climates reflect the influence of oceans and continents, mountains, and vegetation.
- Regional Climate Influences
- ANALYZING DATA 2.1: How Do Changes in Vegetation Cover Influence Climate?
- CONCEPT 2.5: Seasonal and decadal climate variation are associated with changes in Earth’s position relative to the sun and the strength of atmospheric pressure cells.
- Climate Variation over Time
- CONCEPT 2.6: Salinity, acidity, and oxygen concentrations are major determinants of the chemical environment.
- The Chemical Environment
- A CASE STUDY REVISITED: Climate Variation and Salmon Abundance
- CONNECTIONS in NATURE: CLIMATE VARIATION AND ECOLOGY
- 3 The Biosphere
- The American Serengeti—Twelve Centuries of Change in the Great Plains: A Case Study
- Introduction
- CONCEPT 3.1: Terrestrial biomes are characterized by the growth forms of the dominant vegetation.
- Terrestrial Biomes
- ECOLOGICAL TOOLKIT 3.1: Climate Diagrams
- CLIMATE CHANGE CONNECTION: TROPICAL FORESTS AND GREENHOUSE GASES
- ANALYZING DATA 3.1: How Will Climate Change Affect the Grasslands Biome?
- CONCEPT 3.2: Biological zones in freshwater ecosystems are associated with the velocity, depth, temperature, clarity, and chemistry of the water.
- Freshwater Biological Zones
- CONCEPT 3.3: Marine biological zones are determined by ocean depth, light availability, and the stability of the bottom substrate.
- Marine Biological Zones
- A CASE STUDY REVISITED: The American Serengeti—Twelve Centuries of Change in the Great Plains
- CONNECTIONS in NATURE: LONG-TERM ECOLOGICAL RESEARCH
- 4 Coping with Environmental Variation: Temperature and Water
- Frozen Frogs: A Case Study
- Introduction
- CONCEPT 4.1: Each species has a range of environmental tolerances that determines its potential geographic distribution.
- Responses to Environmental Variation
- CONCEPT 4.2: The temperature of an organism is determined by exchanges of energy with the external environment.
- Variation in Temperature
- ANALYZING DATA 4.1: How Does Fur Thickness Influence Metabolic Activity in Endotherms?
- CONCEPT 4.3: The water balance of an organism is determined by exchanges of water and solutes with the external environment.
- Variation in Water Availability
- A CASE STUDY REVISITED: Frozen Frogs
- CONNECTIONS in NATURE: DESICCATION TOLERANCE, BODY SIZE, AND RARITY
- 5 Coping with Environmental Variation: Energy
- Toolmaking Crows: A Case Study
- Introduction
- CONCEPT 5.1: Organisms obtain energy from sunlight, from inorganic chemical compounds, or through the consumption of organic compounds.
- Sources of Energy
- CONCEPT 5.2: Radiant and chemical energy captured by autotrophs is converted into stored energy in carbon–carbon bonds.
- Autotrophy
- ANALYZING DATA 5.1: How Does Acclimatization Affect Plant Energy Balance?
- CONCEPT 5.3: Environmental constraints have resulted in the evolution of biochemical pathways that improve the efficiency of photosynthesis.
- Photosynthetic Pathways
- ECOLOGICAL TOOLKIT 5.1: Stable Isotopes
- CONCEPT 5.4: Heterotrophs have adaptations for acquiring and assimilating energy efficiently from a variety of organic sources.
- Heterotrophy
- A CASE STUDY REVISITED: Toolmaking Crows
- CONNECTIONS in NATURE: TOOL USE: ADAPTATION OR LEARNED BEHAVIOR?
- 2 The Physical Environment
- 6 Evolution and Ecology
- Trophy Hunting and Inadvertent Evolution: A Case Study
- Introduction
- CONCEPT 6.1: Evolution can be viewed as genetic change over time or as a process of descent with modification.
- What Is Evolution?
- CONCEPT 6.2: Natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow can cause allele frequencies in a population to change over time.
- Mechanisms of Evolution
- CONCEPT 6.3: Natural selection is the mechanism for adaptive evolution.
- Adaptive Evolution
- CLIMATE CHANGE CONNECTION: EVOLUTIONARY RESPONSES TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- CONCEPT 6.4: Long-term patterns of evolution are shaped by large-scale processes such as speciation, mass extinction, and adaptive radiation.
- The Evolutionary History of Life
- CONCEPT 6.5: Ecological interactions and evolution exert a profound influence on one another.
- Joint Effects of Ecology and Evolution
- A CASE STUDY REVISITED: Trophy Hunting and Inadvertent Evolution
- CONNECTIONS in NATURE: THE HUMAN IMPACT ON EVOLUTION
- ANALYZING DATA 6.1: Does Predation by Birds Cause Evolution in Moth Populations?
- 7 Life History
- Nemo Grows Up: A Case Study
- Introduction
- CONCEPT 7.1: Life history patterns vary within and among species.
- Life History Diversity
- CLIMATE CHANGE CONNECTION: CLIMATE CHANGE AND THE TIMING OF SEASONAL ACTIVITIES
- CONCEPT 7.2: There are trade-offs between life history traits.
- Trade-Offs
- ANALYZING DATA 7.1: Is There a Trade-Off between Current and Delayed Reproduction in the Collared Flycatcher?
- CONCEPT 7.3: Organisms face different selection pressures at different life cycle stages.
- Life Cycle Evolution
- CONCEPT 7.4: Life history patterns can be classified along several continua.
- Life History Continua
- A CASE STUDY REVISITED: Nemo Grows Up
- CONNECTIONS in NATURE: TERRITORIALITY, COMPETITION, AND LIFE HISTORY
- 8 Behavioral Ecology
- Baby Killers: A Case Study
- Introduction
- CONCEPT 8.1: Evolution is the basis for adaptive behavior.
- An Evolutionary Approach to Behavior
- CONCEPT 8.2: Animals make behavioral choices that enhance their energy gain and reduce their risk of becoming prey.
- Foraging Behavior
- CONCEPT 8.3: Mating behaviors reflect the costs and benefits of parental investment and mate defense.
- Mating Behavior
- CONCEPT 8.4: There are advantages and disadvantages to living in groups.
- Living in Groups
- ANALYZING DATA 8.1: Does the Dilution Effect Protect Individual Ocean Skaters from Fish Predators?
- A CASE STUDY REVISITED: Baby Killers
- CONNECTIONS in NATURE: BEHAVIORAL RESPONSES TO PREDATORS HAVE BROAD ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS
- 9 Population Distribution and Abundance
- From Kelp Forest to Urchin Barren: A Case Study
- Introduction
- CONCEPT 9.1: Populations are groups of individuals of the same species that vary in size over space and time.
- Populations and Individuals
- ECOLOGICAL TOOLKIT 9.1: Estimating Abundance
- CONCEPT 9.2: Species vary in their distribution and abundance across their geographic range.
- Distribution and Abundance Patterns
- CONCEPT 9.3: Species are limited in their distribution and abundance by habitat suitability, historical factors, and dispersal.
- Processes Important to Distribution and Abundance
- ANALYZING DATA 9.1: Have Introduced Grasses Altered the Occurrence of Fires in Hawaiian Dry Forests?
- CONCEPT 9.4: In metapopulations, sets of spatially isolated populations are linked by dispersal.
- Metapopulations
- A CASE STUDY REVISITED: From Kelp Forest to Urchin Barren
- CLIMATE CHANGE CONNECTION Effects of Climate Change on the Geographic Distributions of Species
- Connections in Nature From Urchins to Ecosystems
- 10 Population Dynamics
- A Sea in Trouble: A Case Study
- Introduction
- CONCEPT 10.1: Populations are dynamic entities that vary in size over time.
- Patterns of Population Growth
- CLIMATE CHANGE CONNECTION Collapsing Population Cycles and Climate Change
- CONCEPT 10.2: Delayed density dependence can cause populations to cycle.
- Delayed Density Dependence
- CONCEPT 10.3: The risk of extinction increases in populations that fluctuate in size and/or are small.
- Population Extinction
- ANALYZING DATA 10.1: How Does Variation in Population Growth Rate Affect Population Size?
- A CASE STUDY REVISITED: A Sea in Trouble
- Connections in Nature From Bottom to Top, and Back Again
- 11 Population Growth and Regulation
- Human Population Growth: A Case Study
- Introduction
- CONCEPT 11.1: Populations can grow exponentially when conditions are favorable, but exponential growth cannot continue indefinitely.
- Geometric and Exponential Growth
- ANALYZING DATA 11.1: How Has the Growth of the Human Population Changed over Time?
- CONCEPT 11.2: Population size is determined by a combination of density-dependent and density-independent factors.
- Effects of Density
- CLIMATE CHANGE CONNECTION Effects of Climate Change on Tree Mortality Rates
- CONCEPT 11.3: The logistic equation incorporates limits to growth and shows how a population may stabilize at a maximum size, the carrying capacity.
- Logistic Growth
- CONCEPT 11.4: Life tables show how survival and reproduction vary with age or size structure, influencing population growth and size.
- Life Tables
- ECOLOGICAL TOOLKIT 11.1: Estimating Population Growth Rates in a Threatened Species
- A CASE STUDY REVISITED: Human Population Growth
- Connections in Nature Your Ecological Footprint
- 12 Predation
- Snowshoe Hare Cycles: A Case Study
- Introduction
- CONCEPT 12.1: Most carnivores have broad diets, whereas a majority of herbivores have relatively narrow diets.
- Carnivore and Herbivore Dietary Preferences
- CONCEPT 12.2: Predation results in a wide range of capture and avoidance mechanisms.
- Mechanisms Important to Predation
- ANALYZING DATA 12.1: Do Different Herbivore Species Select for Different Plant Genotypes?
- CONCEPT 12.3: Predator populations can cycle with their prey populations.
- Predator–Prey Population Cycles
- CONCEPT 12.4: Predation can affect prey distribution and abundance, in some cases causing a shift from one community type to another.
- Effects of Predation on Communities
- CLIMATE CHANGE CONNECTION: CLIMATE CHANGE AND SPECIES INTERACTIONS
- A CASE STUDY REVISTED Snowshoe Hare Cycles
- CONNECTIONS in NATURE: FROM FEAR TO HORMONES TO POPULATION DYNAMICS
- 13 Parasitism
- Enslaver Parasites: A Case Study
- Introduction
- CONCEPT 13.1: Parasites typically feed on only one or a few host species, but host species have multiple parasite species.
- Parasite Natural History
- CONCEPT 13.2: Hosts have mechanisms for defending themselves against parasites, and parasites have mechanisms for overcoming host defenses.
- Defense and Counterdefenses
- ANALYZING DATA 13.1: Will a Defensive Symbiont Increase in Frequency in a Host Population Subjected to Parasitism?
- CONCEPT 13.3: Host and parasite populations can evolve together, each in response to selection pressure imposed by the other.
- Parasite–Host Coevolution
- CONCEPT 13.4: Hosts and parasites can have important effects on each other’s population dynamics.
- Host–Parasite Population Dynamics
- CONCEPT 13.5: Parasites can alter the outcomes of species interactions, thereby causing communities to change.
- Parasites Can Change Ecological Communities
- CLIMATE CHANGE CONNECTION: CLIMATE CHANGE AND DISEASE SPREAD
- A CASE STUDY REVISITED: Enslaver Parasites
- CONNECTIONS in NATURE: FROM CHEMICALS TO EVOLUTION AND ECOSYSTEMS
- 14 Competition
- Competition in Plants That Eat Animals: A Case Study
- Introduction
- CONCEPT 14.1: Competition can be direct or indirect, vary in its intensity, and occur between similar or dissimilar species.
- General Features of Competition
- CONCEPT 14.2: Competing species are more likely to coexist when they use resources in different ways.
- Competitive Coexistence
- CONCEPT 14.3: Competitive interactions can be modeled using the logistic equation.
- The Lotka–Volterra Competition Model
- ANALYZING DATA 14.1: Will Competition with a Native Mosquito Species Prevent the Spread of an Introduced Mosquito?
- CONCEPT 14.4: The outcome of competition can be altered by predation, the physical environment, and disturbance.
- Altering the Outcome of Competition
- A CASE STUDY REVISITED: Competition in Plants That Eat Animals
- CONNECTIONS in NATURE: THE PARADOX OF DIVERSITY
- 15 Mutualism and Commensalism
- The First Farmers: A Case Study
- Introduction
- CONCEPT 15.1: In positive interactions, no species is harmed, and the benefits are greater than the costs for at least one species.
- Positive Interactions
- CONCEPT 15.2: Each partner in a mutualistic interaction acts in ways that serve its own ecological and evolutionary interests.
- Characteristics of Mutualism
- ANALYZING DATA 15.1: Does a Mycorrhizal Fungus Transfer More Phosphorus to Plant Roots That Provide More Carbohydrates?
- CONCEPT 15.3: Positive interactions affect the abundances and distributions of populations as well as the structure of ecological communities.
- Ecological Consequences of Positive Interactions
- A CASE STUDY REVISITED: The First Farmers
- CONNECTIONS in NATURE: FROM MANDIBLES TO NUTRIENT CYCLING
- 16 The Nature of Communities
- “Killer Algae!”: A Case Study
- Introduction
- CONCEPT 16.1: Communities are groups of interacting species that occur together at the same place and time.
- What Are Communities?
- CONCEPT 16.2: Species diversity and species composition are important descriptors of community structure.
- Community Structure
- ANALYZING DATA 16.1: What Are the Effects of Invasive Species on Species Diversity?
- CONCEPT 16.3: Communities can be characterized by complex networks of direct and indirect interactions that vary in strength and direction.
- Interactions of Multiple Species
- ECOLOGICAL TOOLKIT 16.1: Measurements of Interaction Strength
- CLIMATE CHANGE CONNECTION: CONTEXT DEPENDENCE OF OCEAN ACIDIFICATION
- A CASE STUDY REVISITED: “Killer Algae!”
- CONNECTIONS in NATURE: STOPPING INVASIONS REQUIRES COMMITMENT
- 17 Change in Communities
- A Natural Experiment of Mountainous Proportions: A Case Study
- Introduction
- CONCEPT 17.1: Agents of change act on communities across all temporal and spatial scales.
- Agents of Change
- CONCEPT 17.2: Succession is the process of change in species composition over time as a result of abiotic and biotic agents of change.
- The Basics of Succession
- CONCEPT 17.3: Experimental work on succession shows its mechanisms to be diverse and context dependent.
- Mechanisms of Succession
- ANALYZING DATA 17.1: What Kinds of Species Interactions Drive Succession in Mountain Forests?
- CONCEPT 17.4: Communities can follow different successional paths and display alternative states.
- Alternative Stable States
- A CASE STUDY REVISITED: A Natural Experiment of Mountainous Proportions
- CONNECTIONS in NATURE: PRIMARY SUCCESSION AND MUTUALISM
- 18 Biogeography
- The Largest Ecological Experiment on Earth: A Case Study
- Introduction
- CONCEPT 18.1: Patterns of species diversity and distribution vary at global, regional, and local spatial scales.
- Biogeography and Spatial Scale
- CONCEPT 18.2: Global patterns of species diversity and composition are influenced by geographic area and isolation, evolutionary history, and global climate.
- Global Biogeography
- CLIMATE CHANGE CONNECTION: LATITUDINAL GRADIENTS IN DIVERSITY UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE
- CONCEPT 18.3: Regional differences in species diversity are influenced by area and distance, which determine the balance between immigration and extinction rates.
- Regional Biogeography
- ECOLOGICAL TOOLKIT 18.1: Species–Area Curves
- ANALYZING DATA 18.1: Do Species Invasions Influence Species–Area Curves?
- A CASE STUDY REVISITED: The Largest Ecological Experiment on Earth
- CONNECTIONS in NATURE: TROPICAL RAINFOREST DIVERSITY BENEFITS HUMANS
- 19 Species Diversity in Communities
- Can Species Diversity Suppress Human Diseases? A Case Study
- Introduction
- CONCEPT 19.1: Species diversity differs among communities as a consequence of regional species pools, abiotic conditions, and species interactions.
- Community Membership
- CLIMATE CHANGE CONNECTION: HOW ARE SPECIES INVASIONS ENHANCED BY CLIMATE CHANGE?
- CONCEPT 19.2: Resource partitioning is theorized to reduce competition and increase species diversity.
- Resource Partitioning
- CONCEPT 19.3: Processes such as disturbance, stress, predation, and positive interactions can mediate resource availability, thus promoting species diversity.
- Resource Mediation and Species Diversity
- ANALYZING DATA 19.1: How Do Predation and Dispersal Interact to Influence Species Richness?
- CONCEPT 19.4: Many experiments show that species diversity affects community function.
- The Consequences of Diversity
- A CASE STUDY REVISITED: Can Species Diversity Suppress Human Diseases?
- CONNECTIONS in NATURE: MANAGING PATHOGENS BY MANAGING BIODIVERSITY
- 20 Production
- Life in the Deep Blue Sea, How Can It Be? A Case Study
- Introduction
- CONCEPT 20.1: Energy in ecosystems originates with primary production by autotrophs.
- Primary Production
- ECOLOGICAL TOOLKIT 20.1: Remote Sensing
- ANALYZING DATA 20.1: Does Deforestation Influence Atmospheric CO2 Concentrations?
- CONCEPT 20.2: Net primary production is constrained by both physical and biotic environmental factors.
- Environmental Controls on NPP
- CONCEPT 20.3: Global patterns of net primary production reflect climate constraints and biome types.
- Global Patterns of NPP
- CONCEPT 20.4: Secondary production is generated through the consumption of organic matter by heterotrophs.
- Secondary Production
- A CASE STUDY REVISITED: Life in the Deep Blue Sea, How Can It Be?
- CONNECTIONS in NATURE: ENERGY-DRIVEN SUCCESSION AND EVOLUTION IN HYDROTHERMAL VENT COMMUNITIES
- 21 Energy Flow and Food Webs
- Toxins in Remote Places: A Case Study
- Introduction
- CONCEPT 21.1: Trophic levels describe the feeding positions of groups of organisms in ecosystems.
- Feeding Relationships
- CONCEPT 21.2: The amount of energy transferred from one trophic level to the next depends on food quality and on consumer abundance and physiology.
- Energy Flow between Trophic Levels
- CONCEPT 21.3: Changes in the abundances of organisms at one trophic level can influence energy flow at multiple trophic levels.
- Trophic Cascades
- ANALYZING DATA 21.1: Does the Identity of Organisms Influence Energy Flow between Trophic Levels?
- CONCEPT 21.4: Food webs are conceptual models of the trophic interactions of organisms in an ecosystem.
- Food Webs
- A CASE STUDY REVISITED: Toxins in Remote Places
- CONNECTIONS in NATURE: BIOLOGICAL TRANSPORT OF POLLUTANTS
- 22 Nutrient Supply and Cycling
- A Fragile Crust: A Case Study
- Introduction
- CONCEPT 22.1: Nutrients enter ecosystems through the chemical breakdown of minerals in rocks or through fixation of atmospheric gases.
- Nutrient Requirements and Sources
- CONCEPT 22.2: Chemical and biological transformations in ecosystems alter the chemical form and supply of nutrients.
- Nutrient Transformations
- ANALYZING DATA 22.1: Does Lignin Always Inhibit Decomposition?
- CONCEPT 22.3: Nutrients cycle repeatedly through the components of ecosystems.
- Nutrient Cycles and Losses
- ECOLOGICAL TOOLKIT 22.1: Instrumenting Catchments
- CONCEPT 22.4: Freshwater and marine nutrient cycles occur in a moving medium and are linked to terrestrial ecosystems.
- Nutrients in Aquatic Ecosystems
- A CASE STUDY REVISITED: A Fragile Crust
- CONNECTIONS in NATURE: NUTRIENTS, DISTURBANCE, AND INVASIVE SPECIES
- 23 Conservation Biology
- Can Birds and Bombs Coexist? A Case Study
- Introduction
- CONCEPT 23.1: Conservation biology is an integrative discipline that applies the principles of ecology to the protection of biodiversity.
- Conservation Biology
- CONCEPT 23.2: Biodiversity is declining globally.
- Declining Biodiversity
- CONCEPT 23.3: Primary threats to diversity include habitat loss, invasive species, overexploitation, pollution, disease, and climate change.
- Threats to Diversity
- ANALYZING DATA 23.1: Do Nitric Oxide Emissions Differ Statistically between Plots with and without Kudzu?
- CLIMATE CHANGE CONNECTION: IMPACTS ON DIVERSITY
- CONCEPT 23.4: Conservation biologists use many tools and work at multiple scales to manage declining populations.
- Approaches to Conservation
- ECOLOGICAL TOOLKIT 23.1: Forensics in Conservation Biology
- CONCEPT 23.5: Prioritizing species helps maximize the biodiversity that can be protected with limited resources.
- Ranking Species for Protection
- A CASE STUDY REVISITED: Can Birds and Bombs Coexist?
- CONNECTIONS in NATURE: SOME BURNING QUESTIONS
- 24 Global Ecology
- Dust Storms of Epic Proportions: A Case Study
- Introduction
- CONCEPT 24.1: Elements move among geologic, atmospheric, oceanic, and biological pools at a global scale.
- Global Biogeochemical Cycles
- ANALYZING DATA 24.1: How Much Will Ocean pH Drop in the Twenty-First Century?
- CONCEPT 24.2: Earth is warming because of anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases.
- Global Climate Change
- CONCEPT 24.3: Anthropogenic emissions of sulfur and nitrogen cause acid deposition, alter soil chemistry, and affect the health of ecosystems.
- Acid and Nitrogen Deposition
- CONCEPT 24.4: Losses of ozone in the stratosphere and increases in ozone in the troposphere both pose risks to organisms.
- Atmospheric Ozone
- A CASE STUDY REVISITED: Dust Storms of Epic Proportions
- CONNECTIONS in NATURE: DUST AS A VECTOR OF ECOLOGICAL IMPACTS
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