Efnisyfirlit

• Cover
• Publisher’s Notice
• Half-title Page
• Title Page
• Copyright
• Dedication
• Brief Contents
• Special Features
• Contents
• Preface
• About the Author
• Prelude And Just What Is Geology?
• P.1 In Search of Ideas
• P.2 Why Study Geology?
• P.3 Themes of This Book
• Prelude: Practice What You Know
• Part I: Our Island in Space
• Chapter 1: Cosmology and the Birth of the Earth
• 1.1 Introduction
• 1.2 An Image of Our Universe
• 1.3 Forming the Universe
• 1.4 We Are All Made of Stardust
• Chapter 1: Practice What You Know
• Chapter 2: Journey to the Center of the Earth
• 2.1 Introduction
• 2.2 Welcome to the Neighborhood
• 2.3 Basic Characteristics of the Earth
• 2.4 How Do We Know That the Earth Has Layers?
• 2.5 What Are the Layers Made of?
• 2.6 The Lithosphere and the Asthenosphere
• Chapter 2: Practice What You Know
• Chapter 3: Drifting Continents and Spreading Seas
• 3.1 Introduction
• 3.2 Wegener’s Evidence for Continental Drift
• 3.3 The Discovery of Seafloor Spreading
• 3.4 Paleomagnetism: Proving Continental Drift and Seafloor Spreading
• Chapter 3: Practice What You Know
• Chapter 4: The Way the Earth Works: Plate Tectonics
• 4.1 Introduction
• 4.2 What Do We Mean by Plate Tectonics?
• 4.3 Divergent Boundaries and Seafloor Spreading
• 4.4 Convergent Boundaries and Subduction
• 4.5 Transform Boundaries
• 4.6 Special Locations in the Plate Mosaic
• 4.7 How Do Plate Boundaries Form, and How Do They Die?
• 4.8 Moving Plates
• Chapter 4: Practice What You Know
• Part II: Earth Materials
• Chapter 5: Patterns in Nature: Minerals
• 5.1 Introduction
• 5.2 What Is a Mineral?
• 5.3 Beauty in Patterns: Crystals and Their Structure
• 5.4 How Can You Tell One Mineral from Another?
• 5.5 Organizing Knowledge: Mineral Classification
• 5.6 Something Precious: Gems!
• Chapter 5: Practice What You Know
• Interlude A: Introducing Rocks
• A.1 Introduction
• A.2 What Is Rock?
• A.3 The Basis of Rock Classification
• A.4 Studying Rock
• Interlude A: Practice What You Know
• Chapter 6: Up from the Inferno: Magma and Igneous Rocks
• 6.1 Introduction
• 6.2 Why Do Melts Form?
• 6.3 What’s in Molten Rock?
• 6.4 Movement and Solidification of Molten Rock
• 6.5 Comparing Extrusive and Intrusive Environments
• 6.6 How Do You Describe an Igneous Rock?
• 6.7 Plate Tectonic Context of Igneous Activity
• Chapter 6: Practice What You Know
• Interlude B: A Surface Veneer: Sediments and Soils
• B.1 Introduction
• B.2 Weathering: Forming Sediment
• B.3 Soil
• Interlude B: Practice What You Know
• Chapter 7: Pages of the Earth’s Past: Sedimentary Rocks
• 7.1 Introduction
• 7.2 Classes of Sedimentary Rocks
• 7.3 Sedimentary Structures
• 7.4 How Do We Recognize Depositional Environments?
• 7.5 Sedimentary Basins
• Chapter 7: Practice What You Know
• Chapter 8: Metamorphism: A Process of Change
• 8.1 Introduction
• 8.2 Consequences and Causes of Metamorphism
• 8.3 Types of Metamorphic Rocks
• 8.4 Defining Metamorphic Intensity
• 8.5 Where Does Metamorphism Occur?
• Chapter 8: Practice What You Know
• Interlude C: The Rock Cycle in the Earth System
• C.1 Introduction
• C.2 Rock Cycle Paths
• C.3 A Case Study of the Rock Cycle
• C.4 Cycles of the Earth System
• Interlude C: Practice What You Know
• Part III: Tectonic Activity of a Dynamic Planet
• Chapter 9: The Wrath of Vulcan: Volcanic Eruptions
• 9.1 Introduction
• 9.2 The Products of Volcanic Eruptions
• 9.3 Structure and Eruptive Style
• 9.4 Geologic Settings of Volcanism
• 9.5 Beware: Volcanoes Are Hazards!
• 9.6 Protection from Vulcan’s Wrath
• 9.7 Effect of Volcanoes on Climate and Civilization
• 9.8 Volcanoes on Other Planets
• Chapter 9: Practice What You Know
• Chapter 10: A Violent Pulse: Earthquakes
• 10.1 Introduction
• 10.2 What Causes Earthquakes?
• 10.3 Seismic Waves and Their Measurement
• 10.4 Defining the “Size” of Earthquakes
• 10.5 Where and Why Do Earthquakes Occur?
• 10.6 How Do Earthquakes Cause Damage?
• 10.7 Can We Predict the “Big One”?
• 10.8 Earthquake Engineering and Zoning
• Chapter 10: Practice What You Know
• Interlude D: The Earth’s Interior, Revisited: Seismic Layering, Gravity, and the Magnetic Field
• D.1 Introduction
• D.2 The Basis for Seismic Study of the Earth’s Interior
• D.3 Seismic Study of the Earth’s Interior
• D.4 The Earth’s Gravity
• D.5 The Earth’s Magnetic Field, Revisited
• Interlude D: Practice What You Know
• Chapter 11: Crags, Cracks, and Crumples: Geologic Structures and Mountain Building
• 11.1 Introduction
• 11.2 Rock Deformation in the Earth’s Crust
• 11.3 Brittle Structures
• 11.4 Folds and Foliation
• 11.5 Causes of Mountain Building
• 11.6 Mountain Topography
• 11.7 Basins and Domes in Cratons
• 11.8 Life Story of a Mountain Range: A Case Study
• Chapter 11: Practice What You Know
• Part IV: History before History
• Interlude E: Memories of Past Life: Fossils and Evolution
• E.1 The Discovery of Fossils
• E.2 Fossilization
• E.3 Characterizing Life of the Past
• E.4 Evolution and Extinction
• Interlude E: Practice What You Know
• Chapter 12 Deep Time: How Old Is Old?
• 12.1 Introduction
• 12.2 The Concept of Geologic Time
• 12.3 Relative Age
• 12.4 Unconformities: Gaps in the Record
• 12.5 Stratigraphic Formations and Their Correlation
• 12.6 The Geologic Column
• 12.7 How Do We Determine Numerical Ages?
• 12.8 Numerical Ages and Geologic Time
• Chapter 12: Practice What You Know
• Chapter 13: A Biography of the Earth
• 13.1 Introduction
• 13.2 Methods for Studying the Past
• 13.3 The Hadean Eonand Before
• 13.4 The Archean Eon: Birth of Continents and Life
• 13.5 The Proterozoic Eon: The Earth in Transition
• 13.6 The Paleozoic Era: Continents Reassemble and Life Gets Complex
• 13.7 The Mesozoic Era: When Dinosaurs Ruled
• 13.8 The Cenozoic Era: The Modern World Comes to Be
• Chapter 13: Practice What You Know
• Part V: Earth Resources
• Chapter 14: Squeezing Power from a Stone: Energy Resources
• 14.1 Introduction
• 14.2 Sources of Energy in the Earth System
• 14.3 Introducing Hydrocarbon Resources
• 14.4 Conventional Hydrocarbon Systems
• 14.5 Unconventional Hydrocarbon Reserves
• 14.6 Coal: Energy from Swamps of the Past
• 14.7 Nuclear Power
• 14.8 Other Energy Sources
• 14.9 Energy Choices, Energy Problems
• Chapter 14: Practice What You Know
• Chapter 15: Riches in Rock: Mineral Resources
• 15.1 Introduction
• 15.2 Metals and Their Discovery
• 15.3 Ores, Ore Minerals, and Ore Deposits
• 15.4 Ore-Mineral Exploration and Production
• 15.5 Nonmetallic Mineral Resources
• 15.6 Global Mineral Needs
• Chapter 15: Practice What You Know
• Part VI: Processes and Problems at the Earth’s Surface
• Interlude F: Ever-Changing Landscapes and the Hydrologic Cycle
• F.1 Introduction
• F.2 Shaping the Earth’s Surface
• F.3 Factors Controlling Landscape Development
• F.4 The Hydrologic Cycle
• F.5 Landscapes of Other Planets
• Interlude F: Practice What You Know
• Chapter 16: Unsafe Ground: Landslides and Other Mass Wasting
• 16.1 Introduction
• 16.2 Types of Mass Wasting
• 16.3 Why Does Mass Wasting Occur?
• 16.4 Where Does Mass Wasting Occur?
• 16.5 How Can We Protect against Mass-Wasting Disasters?
• Chapter 16: Practice What You Know
• Chapter 17: Streams and Floods: The Geology of Running Water
• 17.1 Introduction
• 17.2 Draining the Land
• 17.3 Describing Flow in Streams
• 17.4 The Work of Running Water
• 17.5 How Do Streams Change along Their Length?
• 17.6 Streams and Their Deposits in the Landscape
• 17.7 The Evolution of Fluvial Landscapes
• 17.8 Raging Waters
• 17.9 Vanishing Rivers
• Chapter 17: Practice What You Know
• Chapter 18: Restless Realm: Oceans and Coasts
• 18.1 Introduction
• 18.2 Landscapes beneath the Sea
• 18.3 Ocean-Water Characteristics
• 18.4 Tides
• 18.5 Wave Action
• 18.6 Currents: Rivers in the Sea
• 18.7 Where Land Meets Sea: Coastal Landforms
• 18.8 Causes of Coastal Variation
• 18.9 Coastal Problems and Solutions
• Chapter 18: Practice What You Know
• Chapter 19: A Hidden Reserve: Groundwater
• 19.1 Introduction
• 19.2 Where Does Groundwater Reside?
• 19.3 Characteristics of the Water Table
• 19.4 Groundwater Flow
• 19.5 Tapping Groundwater Supplies
• 19.6 Hot Springs and Geysers
• 19.7 Groundwater Problems
• 19.8 Caves and Karst
• Chapter 19: Practice What You Know
• Chapter 20: An Envelope of Gas: The Earth’s Atmosphere and Climate
• 20.1 Introduction
• 20.2 The Formation of the Atmosphere
• 20.3 General Atmospheric Characteristics
• 20.4 Atmospheric Layers
• 20.5 Wind and Global Circulation in the Atmosphere
• 20.6 Weather and Its Causes
• 20.7 Storms: Nature’s Fury
• 20.8 Global Climate
• Chapter 20: Practice What You Know
• Chapter 21: Dry Regions: The Geology of Deserts
• 21.1 Introduction
• 21.2 The Nature and Location of Deserts
• 21.3 Producing Desert Landscapes
• 21.4 Deposition in Deserts
• 21.5 Desert Landforms and Life
• 21.6 Desert Problems
• Chapter 21: Practice What You Know
• Chapter 22: Amazing Ice: Glaciers and Ice Ages
• 22.1 Introduction
• 22.2 Ice and the Nature of Glaciers
• 22.3 Carving and Carrying by Ice
• 22.4 Deposition Associated with Glaciation
• 22.5 Consequences of Continental Glaciation
• 22.6 The Pleistocene Ice Age
• 22.7 The Causes of Ice Ages
• Chapter 22: Practice What You Know
• Chapter 23: Global Change in the Earth System
• 23.1 Introduction
• 23.2 Unidirectional Changes
• 23.3 Cyclic Changes
• 23.4 Global Climate Change
• 23.5 Human Impact on Land and Life
• 23.6 Recent Climate Change
• 23.7 The Future of the Earth
• Chapter 23: Practice What You Know
• Additional Charts: Metric Conversion Chart
• The Periodic Table of Elements
• Glossary
• Credits
• Index

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