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• Brief Contents
• Contents
• Preface
• About the Author
• Part One: Beginnings
  • Chapter 1: An Introduction to Lifespan Development
    • Looking Ahead
    • An Orientation to Lifespan Development
      • Defining Lifespan Development
      • The Scope of the Field of Lifespan Development
        • Topical Areas in Lifespan Development
        • Age Ranges and Individual Differences
        • The Links Between Topics and Ages Influences on Development
      • Influences on Development
    • Developmental Diversity and Your Life: How Culture, Ethnicity, and Race Influence Development
    • Key Issues and Questions: Determining the Nature—and Nurture—of Lifespan Development
      • Continuous Change Versus Discontinuous Change
      • Critical and Sensitive Periods: Gauging The Impact of Environmental Events
      • Lifespan Approaches Versus A Focus On Particular Periods
      • The Relative Influence of Nature and Nurture On Development
      • The Later Action of Nature and Nurture
    • Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development
      • The Psychodynamic Perspective: Focusing on the Inner Person
        • Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
        • Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
        • Assessing The Psychodynamic Perspective the Behavioral Perspective
      • The Behavioral Perspective: Focusing on Observable Behavior
        • Classical Conditioning: Stimulus Substitution
        • Operant Conditioning
        • Social-Cognitive Learning Theory: Learning Through Imitation
        • Assessing the Behavioral Perspective
      • The Cognitive Perspective: Examining the Roots of Understanding
        • Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development
        • Information Processing Approaches
        • Cognitive Neuroscience Approaches
      • The Humanistic Perspective: Concentrating on the Unique Qualities of Human Beings
        • Assessing the Humanistic Perspective
      • The Contextual Perspective: Taking a Broad Approach to Development
        • The Bioecological Approach to Development
        • Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory
      • Evolutionary Perspectives: our Ancestors’ Contributions to Behavior
        • Assessing the Evolutionary Perspective
      • Why “Which Approach is Right?” Is the Wrong Question
    • Research Methods
      • Theories and Hypotheses: Posing Developmental Questions
      • Choosing a Research Strategy: Answering Questions
      • Correlational Studies
        • The Correlation Coefficient
        • Types of Correlational Studies
        • Psychophysiological Methods
      • Experiments: Determining Cause and Effect
        • Independent and Dependent Variables
        • Choosing a Research Setting
      • Theoretical and Applied Research: Complementary Approaches
      • From Research to Practice: Using Developmental Research to Improve Public Policy
      • Measuring Developmental Change
        • Longitudinal Studies: Measuring Individual Change
        • Cross-Sectional Studies
        • Sequential Studies
      • Ethics and Research
      • Are you an Informed Consumer of Development?: Thinking Critically about “Expert” Advice
    • Epilogue
    • Looking Back
    • Key Terms and Concepts
  • Chapter 2: The Start of Life: Prenatal Development
    • Looking Ahead
    • Earliest Development
      • Genes and Chromosomes: The Code of Life
      • Multiple Births: Two—or More—for the Genetic Price of One
      • Boy or Girl? Establishing the Sex of the Child
      • The Basics of Genetics: The Mixing and Matching of Traits
        • Example of Transmission of Genetic Information
        • Polygenic Traits
      • The Human Genome and Behavioral Genetics: Cracking the Genetic Code
      • Inherited and Genetic Disorders: When Development Deviates from the Norm
      • Genetic Counseling: Predicting the Future from the Genes of the Present
        • Prenatal Testing
        • Screening for Future Problems
        • Are “Designer Babies” in our Future?
      • From Research to Practice: Prenatal Screenings are not Diagnoses
    • The Interaction of Heredity and Environment
      • The Role of the Environment in Determining the Expression of Genes: From Genotypes to Phenotypes
        • Interaction of Factors
      • Studying Development: How much is Nature? How much is Nurture?
        • Nonhuman Animal Studies: Controlling Both Genetics and Environment
        • Contrasting Relatedness and Behavior: Adoption, Twin, and Family Studies
      • Genetics and the Environment: Working Together
        • Physical Traits: Family Resemblances
        • Intelligence: More Research, More Controversy
        • Genetic and Environmental Influences on Personality: Born to be Outgoing?
      • Psychological Disorders: The Role of Genetics and Environment
      • Developmental Diversity and Your Life: Cultural Differences in Physical Arousal: Might a Culture’s
        • Can Genes Influence the Environment?
    • Prenatal Growth and Change
      • Fertilization: The Moment of Conception
      • The Stages of the Prenatal Period: The Onset of Development
        • The Germinal Stage: Fertilization to 2 Weeks
        • The Embryonic Stage: 2 Weeks to 8 Weeks
        • The Fetal Stage: 8 Weeks to Birth
      • Pregnancy Problems
        • Infertility
        • Ethical Issues
        • Miscarriage and Abortion
      • The Prenatal Environment: Threats to Development
        • Mother’s Diet
        • Mother’s Age
        • Mother’s Prenatal Support
        • Mother’s Health
        • Mother’s Drug use
        • Mother’s use of Alcohol and Tobacco
        • Do Fathers Affect the Prenatal Environment?
    • Are you an Informed Consumer of Development?: Optimizing the Prenatal Environment
    • Epilogue
    • Looking Back
    • Key Terms and Concepts
  • Chapter 3: Birth and the Newborn Infant
    • Looking Ahead
    • Birth
      • Labor: The Process of Birth Begins
      • Are You an Informed Consumer of Development?: Dealing with Labor
      • Birth: From Fetus to Neonate
        • The Apgar Scale
        • Newborn Medical Screening
        • Physical Appearance And Initial Encounters
      • Approaches to Childbirth: Where Medicine and Attitudes Meet
        • Alternative Birthing Procedures
        • Childbirth Attendants: Who Delivers?
        • Pain And Childbirth
        • Use Of Anesthesia And Pain-Reducing Drugs
        • Postdelivery Hospital Stay: Deliver, Then Depart?
    • Birth Complications
      • Preterm Infants: Too Soon, Too Small
        • Very-Low-Birthweight Infants: The Smallest of the Small
        • What Causes Preterm and Low-Birthweight Deliveries?
      • Postmature Babies: Too Late, Too Large
      • Cesarean Delivery: Intervening in the Process of Birth
      • Stillbirth and Infant Mortality: The Tragedy of Premature Death
      • Developmental Diversity and Your Life: Overcoming Racial and Cultural Differences in Infant Mortalit
      • Postpartum Depression: Moving from the Heights of Joy to the Depths of Despair
    • The Competent Newborn
      • Physical Competence: Meeting the Demands of a New Environment
      • Sensory Capabilities: Experiencing the World
      • From Research to Practice: Are Food Preferences Learned in the Womb?
      • Early Learning Capabilities
        • Classical Conditioning
        • Operant Conditioning
        • Habituation
      • Social Competence: Responding to Others
    • Epilogue
    • Looking Back
    • Key Terms and Concepts
• Part Two: Infancy: Forming the Foundations of Life
  • Chapter 4: Physical Development in Infancy
    • Looking Ahead
    • Growth and Stability
      • Physical Growth: The Rapid Advances of Infancy
        • Four Principles of Growth
      • The Nervous System and Brain: The Foundations of Development
        • Synaptic Pruning
        • Environmental Influences on Brain Development
      • Integrating the Bodily Systems: The Life Cycles of Infancy
        • Rhythms and States
        • Sleep: Perchance to Dream?
      • SIDS: The Unanticipated Killer
    • Motor Development
      • Reflexes: Our Inborn Physical Skills
        • The Basic Reflexes
        • Ethnic and Cultural Differences and Similarities in Reflexes
      • Motor Development in Infancy: Landmarks of Physical Achievement
        • Gross Motor Skills
        • Fine Motor Skills
        • Dynamic Systems Theory: How Motor Development Is Coordinated
        • Developmental Norms: Comparing the Individual to the Group
      • Nutrition in Infancy: Fueling Motor Development
      • Developmental Diversity and Your Life: The Cultural Dimensions of Motor Development
        • Malnutrition
        • Obesity
      • Breast or Bottle?
        • Introducing Solid Foods: When and What?
      • From Research to Practice: The Science of Breast Milk
    • The Development of the Senses
      • Visual Perception: Seeing the World
      • Auditory Perception: The World of Sound
      • Smell and Taste
      • Sensitivity to Pain and Touch
        • Contemporary Views on Infant Pain
        • Responding to Touch
      • Multimodal Perception: Combining Individual Sensory Inputs
      • Are You an Informed Consumer of Development?: Exercising Your Infant’s Body and Senses
    • Epilogue
    • Looking Back
    • Key Terms and Concepts
  • Chapter 5: Cognitive Development in Infancy
    • Looking Ahead
    • Piaget’s Approach to Cognitive Development
      • Key Elements of Piaget’s Theory
      • The Sensorimotor Period: The Earliest Stage of Cognitive Growth
        • Substage 1: Simple Reflexes
        • Substage 2: First Habits and Primary Circular Reactions
        • Substage 3: Secondary Circular Reactions
        • Substage 4: Coordination of Secondary Circular Reactions
        • Substage 5: Tertiary Circular Reactions
        • Substage 6: Beginnings of Thought
      • Appraising Piaget: Support and Challenges
    • Information Processing Approaches to Cognitive Development
      • The Foundations of Information Processing
        • Encoding, Storage, and Retrieval
        • Automatization
      • Memory during Infancy: They Must Remember This…
        • Memory Capabilities in Infancy
        • The Duration of Memories
        • The Cognitive Neuroscience of Memory
      • From Research to Practice: Brain Growth May Be Responsible for Infantile Amnesia
      • Individual Differences in Intelligence: Is One Infant Smarter Than Another?
        • What is Infant Intelligence?
        • Developmental Scales
        • Information Processing Approaches to Individual Differences in Intelligence
        • Assessing Information Processing Approaches
      • Are You an Informed Consumer of Development?: What Can You Do to Promote Infants’ Cognitive Develo
    • The Roots of Language
      • The Fundamentals of Language: From Sounds to Symbols
        • Early Sounds and Communication
        • First Words
        • First Sentences
      • The Origins of Language Development
        • Learning Theory Approaches: Language as a Learned Skill
        • Nativist Approaches: Language as an Innate Skill
        • The Interactionist Approaches
      • Speaking to Children: The Language of Infant-Directed Speech and Gender-Related Speech
        • Infant-Directed Speech
        • Gender Differences
      • Developmental Diversity and Your Life: Is Infant-Directed Speech Similar in All Cultures?
    • Epilogue
    • Looking Back
    • Key Terms and Concepts
  • Chapter 6: Social and Personality Development in Infancy
    • Looking Ahead
    • Developing the Roots of Sociability
      • Emotions in Infancy: Do Infants Experience Emotional Highs and Lows?
        • Experiencing Emotions
        • Smiling
      • Stranger Anxiety and Separation Anxiety: It’s Only Natural
      • Social Referencing: Feeling What Others Feel
        • Two Explanations of Social Referencing
        • Decoding Others’ Facial and Vocal Expressions
      • The Development of Self: Do Infants Know Who They Are?
      • Theory of Mind: Infants’ Perspectives on the Mental Lives of Others—and Themselves
      • From Research to Practice: Do Infants Understand Morality?
    • Forming Relationships
      • Attachment: Forming Social Bonds
        • Harlow’s Monkeys
        • Bowlby’s Contributions to our Understanding of Attachment
        • The Ainsworth Strange Situation and Patterns of Attachment
      • Producing Attachment: The Roles of the Mother and Father
        • Mothers and Attachment
        • Fathers and Attachment
        • Are there Differences in Attachment to Mothers and Fathers?
      • Developmental Diversity and Your Life: Does Attachment Differ across Cultures?
      • Infant Interactions: Developing a Working Relationship
        • Processes Underlying Relationship Development
        • Infants’ Sociability with their Peers: Infant–Infant Interaction
    • Differences among Infants
      • Personality Development: The Characteristics That Make Infants Unique
      • Temperament: Stabilities in Infant Behavior
        • Categorizing Temperament: Easy, Difficult, and Slow-to-Warm Babies
        • The Consequences of Temperament: Does Temperament Matter?
        • The Biological Basis of Temperament
      • Gender: Boys in Blue, Girls in Pink
        • Gender Differences
        • Gender Roles
      • Family Life in the Twenty-First Century
      • How Does Infant Child Care Affect Later Development?
      • Are You an Informed Consumer of Development?: Choosing the Right Infant Care Provider
    • Epilogue
    • Looking Back
    • Key Terms and Concepts
• Part Three: The Preschool Years
  • Chapter 7: Physical and Cognitive Development in the Preschool Years
    • Looking Ahead
    • Physical Growth
      • The Growing Body
        • Individual Differences in Height and Weight
        • Changes in Body Shape and Structure
        • Nutrition: Eating the Right Foods
        • Health and Illness
        • Injuries During the Preschool Years: Playing it Safe
        • The Silent Danger: Lead Poisoning in Young Children
      • The Growing Brain
        • Are You an Informed Consumer of Development?: Keeping Preschoolers Healthy
        • Brain Lateralization
        • The Links Between Brain Growth and Cognitive Development
      • Motor Development
        • Gross Motor Skills
        • Potty Wars: When—and How—Should Children be Toilet Trained?
        • Fine Motor Skills
        • Handedness
    • Intellectual Development
      • Piaget’s Stage of Preoperational Thinking
        • The Relation between Language and Thought
        • Centration: What you see is what you think
        • Conservation: Learning that Appearances are Deceiving
        • Incomplete Understanding of Transformation
        • Egocentrism: The Inability to Take Others’ Perspectives
        • The Emergence of Intuitive Thought
        • Evaluating Piaget’s Approach to Cognitive Development
      • Information Processing Approaches to Cognitive Development
        • Preschoolers’ Understanding of Numbers
        • Memory: Recalling the Past
        • Information Processing Theories in Perspective
      • Vygotsky’s View of Cognitive Development: Taking
        • The Zone of Proximal Development and Scaffolding: Foundations of Cognitive Development
        • Evaluating Vygotsky’s Contributions
    • The Growth of Language and Learning
      • Language Development
        • Private Speech and Social Speech
        • How Living in Poverty Affects Language Development
      • Learning from the Media: Television and the Internet
        • Television: Controlling Exposure
        • Sesame Street: A Teacher in Every Home?
      • Early Childhood Education: Taking the “Pre” Out of the Preschool Period
        • The Varieties of Early Education
        • The Effectiveness of Child Care
        • The Quality of Child Care
        • Developmental Diversity and Your Life: Preschools around the World: Why Does the United States Lag b
        • Preparing Preschoolers for Academic Pursuits: Does Head Start Truly \ Provide a Head Start?
        • Are we Pushing Children Too Hard and Too Fast?
      • From Research to Practice: Reading to Children: Keeping It Real
    • Epilogue
    • Looking Back
    • Key Terms and Concepts
  • Chapter 8: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years
    • Looking Ahead
    • Forming a Sense of Self
      • Psychosocial Development: Resolving the Conflicts
      • Self-Concept in the Preschool Years: Thinking about the Self
      • Racial, Ethnic, and Gender Awareness
        • Racial Identity: Developing Slowly
        • Gender Identity : Developing Femaleness and Maleness
        • Developmental Diversity and Your Life: Developing Racial and Ethnic Awareness
        • Biological Perspectives on Gender
        • Psychoanalytic Perspectives
        • Social Learning Approaches
        • Cognitive Approaches
    • Friends and Family: Preschoolers’ Social Lives
      • The Development of Friendships
      • Playing by the Rules: The Work of Play
        • Categorizing Play
        • The Social Aspects of Play
      • Preschoolers’ Theory of Mind: Understanding What Others are Thinking
        • The Emergence of Theory of Mind
      • From Research to Practice: How Children Learn to Become Better Liars
      • Preschoolers’ Family Lives
      • Effective Parenting: Teaching Desired Behavior
        • Cultural Differences in Childrearing Practices
      • Child Abuse and Psychological Maltreatment: The Grim Side of Family Life
        • Physical Abuse
        • Psychological Maltreatment
      • Resilience: Overcoming the Odds
      • Are You an Informed Consumer of Development?: Disciplining Children
    • Moral Development and Aggression
      • Developing Morality: Following Society’s Rights and Wrongs
        • Piaget’s View of Moral Development
        • Evaluating Piaget’s Approach to Moral Development
        • Social Learning Approaches to Morality
        • Genetic Approaches to Morality
        • Empathy and Moral Behavior
      • Aggression and Violence in Preschoolers: Sources and Consequences
        • The Roots of Aggression
        • Social Learning Approaches to Aggression
        • Viewing Violence on Tv: Does It Matter?
        • Cognitive Approaches To Aggression: The Thoughts Behind Violence
      • Are you an Informed Consumer of Development?: Increasing Moral Behavior and Reducing Aggression in P
    • Epilogue
    • Looking Back
    • Key Terms and Concepts
• Part Four: The Middle Childhood Years
  • Chapter 9: Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood
    • Looking Ahead
    • Physical Development
      • The Growing Body
        • Height and Weight Changes
        • Cultural Patterns of Growth
        • Promoting Growth with Hormones: Should Short Children be Made to Grow?
        • Nutrition
        • Childhood Obesity
      • Motor Development
        • Gross Motor Skills
        • Are You an Informed Consumer of Development?: Keeping Children Fit
        • Fine Motor Skills
      • Physical and Mental Health during Middle Childhood
        • Asthma
        • Accidents
        • Psychological Disorders
      • Children with Special Needs
        • Sensory Difficulties: Visual, Auditory, And Speech Problems
        • Learning Disabilities: Discrepancies between Achievement and Capacity to Learn
        • Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
      • From Research to Practice: Does Medicating Children with ADHD Produce Academic Benefits?
    • Intellectual Development
      • Piagetian Approaches to Cognitive Development
        • The Rise of Concrete Operational Thought
        • Piaget in Perspective: Piaget Was Right, Piaget was Wrong
      • Information Processing in Middle Childhood
        • Memory
        • Improving Memory
      • Vygotsky’s Approach to Cognitive Development and Classroom Instruction
      • Language Development: What Words Mean
        • Mastering the Mechanics of Language
        • Metalinguistic Awareness
        • How Language Promotes Self-Control
        • Bilingualism: Speaking in Many Tongues
    • Schooling: The Three Rs (and More) of Middle Childhood
      • Reading: Learning to Decode the Meaning behind Words
        • Reading Stages
        • How Should we Teach Reading?
      • Educational Trends: Beyond the Three Rs
      • Developmental Diversity and Your Life: Multicultural Education
        • Cultural Assimilation or Pluralistic Society?
        • Fostering a Bicultural Identity
      • Intelligence: Determining Individual Strengths
        • Intelligence Benchmarks: Differentiating the Intelligent from the Unintelligent
        • What IQ Tests Don’t Tell: Alternative Conceptions of Intelligence
        • Group Differences in IQ
        • Explaining Racial Differences in IQ
        • The Bell Curve Controversy
      • Below and Above Intelligence Norms: Intellectual Disabilities and the Intellectually Gifted
        • Ending Segregation by Intelligence Levels: The Benefits of Mainstreaming
        • Below The Norm: Intellectual Disability
        • Above The Norm: The Gifted and Talented
        • Educating The Gifted and Talented
    • Epilogue
    • Looking Back
    • Key Terms and Concepts
  • Chapter 10: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood
    • Looking Ahead
    • The Developing Self
      • Psychosocial Development in Middle Childhood
      • Understanding One’s Self: A New Response to “Who Am I?”
        • The Shift in Self-Understanding from the Physical to the Psychological
        • Social Comparison
      • Self-Esteem: Developing a Positive—or Negative—View of the Self
        • Change and Stability in Self-Esteem
        • From Research to Practice: The Danger of Inflated Praise
        • Race and Self-Esteem
      • Developmental Diversity and Your Life: Are Children of Immigrant Families Well Adjusted?
      • Moral Development
        • Moral Development in Girls
    • Relationships: Building Friendship in Middle Childhood
      • Stages of Friendship: Changing Views of Friends
        • Stage 1: Basing Friendship on Others’ Behavior
        • Stage 2: Basing Friendship on Trust
        • Stage 3: Basing Friendship On Psychological Closeness
      • Individual Differences in Friendship: What Makes a Child Popular?
        • Status Among School-Age Children: Establishing One’s Position
        • What Personal Characteristics Lead to Popularity?
        • Social Problem-Solving Abilities
        • Teaching Social Competence
        • Schoolyard—and Cyber-Yard—Bullies
      • Are You an Informed Consumer of Development?: Increasing Children’s Social Competence
      • Gender and Friendships: The Sex Segregation of Middle Childhood
      • Cross-Race Friendships: Integration In and Out of the Classroom
    • Family and School: Shaping Children’s Behavior in Middle Childhood
      • Families: The Changing Home Environment
        • Family Life: Still Important after all these Years
        • When Both Parents Work Outside the Home: How do Children Fare?
        • Home and Alone: What do Children do?
        • Divorce
        • Single-Parent Families
        • Multigenerational Families
        • Living In Blended Families
        • Children with Gay and Lesbian Parents
        • Race and Family Life
        • Poverty And Family Life
        • Group Care: Orphanages in the Twenty-First Century
      • School: The Academic Environment
        • How Children Explain Academic Success and Failure
        • Cultural Comparisons: Individual Differences in Attribution
        • Beyond the 3rs: Should Schools Teach Emotional Intelligence?
      • Developmental Diversity and Your Life: Explaining Asian Academic Success
    • Epilogue
    • Looking Back
    • Key Terms and Concepts
• Part Five: Adolescence
  • Chapter 11: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence
    • Looking Ahead
    • Physical Maturation
      • Growth during Adolescence: The Rapid Pace of Physical and Sexual Maturation
        • Puberty in Girls
        • Puberty in Boys
        • Body Image: Reactions to Physical Changes in Adolescence
        • The Timing of Puberty: The Consequences of Early and Late Maturation
      • Nutrition, Food, and Eating Disorders: Fueling the Growth of Adolescence
        • Obesity
        • Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia
      • Brain Development and Thought: Paving the Way for Cognitive Growth
        • The Immature Brain Argument: Too Young for the Death Penalty?
        • Sleep Deprivation
    • Cognitive Development and Schooling
      • Piagetian Approaches to Cognitive Development: Using Formal Operations
        • Using Formal Operations to Solve Problems
        • The Consequences of Adolescents’ Use of Formal Operations
        • Evaluating Piaget’s Approach
      • Information Processing Perspectives: Gradual Transformations in Abilities
      • Egocentrism in Thinking: Adolescents’ Self-Absorption
      • School Performance
        • Socioeconomic Status and School Performance: Individual Differences in Achievement
        • Ethnic and Racial Differences in School Achievement
        • Achievement Testing in High School: Will No Child Be Left Behind?
      • From Research to Practice: Do Video Games Improve Cognitive Ability?
        • Dropping Out of School
      • Cyberspace: Adolescents Online
        • Media and Education
    • Threats to Adolescents’ Well-Being
      • Illegal Drugs
      • Alcohol: Use and Abuse
      • Are You an Informed Consumer of Development?: Hooked on Drugs or Alcohol?
      • Tobacco: The Dangers of Smoking
      • Developmental Diversity and Your Life: Selling Death: Pushing Smoking to the Less Advantaged
      • Sexually Transmitted Infections
        • AIDS
        • Other Sexually Transmitted Infections
        • Avoiding STIS
    • Epilogue
    • Looking Back
    • Key Terms and Concepts
  • Chapter 12: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence
    • Looking Ahead
    • Identity: Asking “Who Am I?”
      • Self-Concept and Self-Esteem
        • Self-Concept: Asking, “What am I Like?”
        • Self-Esteem: Asking How Do I Like Myself?
        • Gender Differences in Self-Esteem
        • Socioeconomic Status and Race Differences in Self-Esteem
      • Identity Formation: Change or Crisis?
        • Societal Pressures and Reliance on Friends and Peers
        • Psychological Moratorium
        • Limitations of Erikson’s Theory
      • Marcia’s Approach to Identity Development: Updating Erikson
      • Religion and Spirituality
      • Identity, Race, and Ethnicity
      • Depression and Suicide: Psychological Difficulties in Adolescence
        • Adolescent Depression
        • Adolescent Suicide
      • Are You an Informed Consumer of Development?: Adolescent Suicide: How to Help
    • Relationships: Family and Friends
      • Family Ties: Changing Relations with Relations
        • The Quest for Autonomy
        • Culture and Autonomy
        • The Myth of the Generation Gap
        • Conflicts with Parents
        • Cultural Differences in Parent–Child Conflicts During Adolescence
      • Relationships with Peers: The Importance of Belonging
        • Social Comparison
        • Reference Groups
        • Cliques and Crowds: Belonging to a Group
        • Gender Relations
      • From Research to Practice: Empathy in Adolescence
      • Developmental Diversity and Your Life: Race Segregation: The Great Divide of Adolescence
      • Popularity and Conformity
        • Popularity and Rejection
        • Conformity: Peer Pressure in Adolescence
        • Juvenile Delinquency: The Crimes of Adolescence
    • Dating, Sexual Behavior, and Teenage Pregnancy
      • Dating and Sexual Relationships in the Twenty-First Century
        • The Functions of Dating
        • Dating, Race, and Ethnicity
        • Sexual Behavior
        • Sexual Intercourse
      • Sexual Orientation: Heterosexuality, Homosexuality, Bisexuality, and Transexualism
        • What Determines Sexual Orientation?
      • Teenage Pregnancies
    • Epilogue
    • Looking Back
    • Key Terms and Concepts
• Part Six: Early Adulthood
  • Chapter 13: Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Adulthood
    • Looking Ahead
    • Physical Development
      • Physical Development, Fitness, and Health
        • The Senses
        • Physical Fitness
        • Health
      • Eating, Nutrition, and Obesity: A Weighty Concern
        • Good Nutrition
        • Obesity
      • Developmental Diversity and Your Life: How Cultural Beliefs Influence Health and Health Care
      • Physical Disabilities: Coping with Physical Challenge
      • Stress and Coping: Dealing with Life’s Challenges
        • The Origins of Stress
        • The Consequences of Stress
        • Coping with Stress
        • Hardiness, Resilience, And Coping
      • Are You an Informed Consumer of Development?: Coping with Stress
    • Cognitive Development
      • Intellectual Growth in Early Adulthood
        • Postformal Thought
      • Approaches to Postformal Thinking
        • Perry’s Relativistic Thinking
        • From Research to Practice: Young Adult Brains Are Still Developing
        • Schaie’s Stages of Development
      • Intelligence: What Matters in Early Adulthood?
        • Practical and Emotional Intelligence
        • Creativity: Novel Thought
        • Life Events and Cognitive Development
    • College: Pursuing Higher Education
      • The Demographics of Higher Education
        • The Gender Gap in College Attendance
        • The Changing College Student: Never Too Late to Go to College?
      • College Adjustment: Reacting to the Demands of College Life
      • Are You an Informed Consumer of Development?: When Do College Students Need Professional Help with T
      • Gender and College Performance
        • Benevolent Sexism: When Being Nice is not so Nice Dropping Out of College
      • Dropping Out of College
    • Epilogue
    • Looking Back
    • Key Terms and Concepts
  • Chapter 14: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood
    • Looking Ahead
    • Forging Relationships: Intimacy, Liking, and Loving during Early Adulthood
      • The Components of Happiness: Fulfilling Psychological Needs
        • The Social Clocks of Adulthood
        • Women’s Social Clocks
      • Intimacy, Friendship, and Love
        • Seeking Intimacy: Erikson’s View of Young Adulthood
        • From Research to Practice: Emerging Adulthood: Not Quite There Yet!
        • Friendship
      • Defining the Indefinable: What is Love?
        • Passionate and Companionate Love: The Two Faces of Love
        • Sternberg’s Triangular Theory: The Three Faces Of Love
      • Choosing a Partner: Recognizing Mr. or Ms. Right
        • Seeking a Spouse: is Love the only thing that Matters?
        • Filtering Models: Sifting out a Spouse
      • Attachment Styles and Romantic Relationships: Do Adult Loving Styles Reflect Attachment in Infancy?
      • Developmental Diversity and Your Life: Gay and Lesbian Relationships: Men with Men and Women with Wo
    • The Course of Relationships
      • Cohabitation, Marriage, and Other Relationship Choices: Sorting Out the Options of Early Adulthood
        • Marriage
        • What Makes Marriages Work?
        • Early Marital Conflict
      • Parenthood: Choosing To Have Children
        • Family Size
        • Dual-Earner Couples
        • The Transition To Parenthood: Two’s a Couple, Three’s a Crowd?
      • Gay and Lesbian Parents
      • Staying Single: I Want to Be Alone
    • Work: Choosing and Embarking on a Career
      • Identity during Young Adulthood: The Role of Work
      • Picking an Occupation: Choosing Life’s Work
        • Ginzberg’s Career Choice Theory
        • Holland’s Personality Type Theory
      • Are You an Informed Consumer of Development?: Choosing a Career
      • Gender and Career Choices: Women’s Work
      • Why Do People Work? More Than Earning a Living
        • Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation
        • Satisfaction on the Job
    • Epilogue
    • Looking Back
    • Key Terms and Concepts
• Part Seven: Middle Adulthood
  • Chapter 15: Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Adulthood
    • Looking Ahead
    • Physical Development
      • Physical Transitions: The Gradual Change in the Body’s Capabilities
        • Height, Weight, and Strength: The Benchmarks of Change
      • The Senses: The Sights and Sounds of Middle Age
        • Vision
        • Hearing
      • Reaction Time: Not-So-Slowing Down
      • Sex in Middle Adulthood: The Ongoing Sexuality of Middle Age
        • The Female Climacteric and Menopause
        • The Dilemma of Hormone Therapy: No Easy Answer
        • The Psychological Consequences of Menopause
        • The Male Climacteric
    • Health
      • Wellness and Illness: The Ups and Downs of Middle Adulthood
        • Stress in Middle Adulthood
      • Developmental Diversity and Your Life: Individual Variation in Health: Socioeconomic Status and Gend
      • The A’s and B’s of Coronary Heart Disease: Linking Health and Personality
        • Risk Factors for Heart Disease
        • Type A’s And Type B’s
      • The Threat of Cancer
        • From Research to Practice: Is Genetic Testing for Serious Diseases a Good Idea?
        • Psychological Factors Relating To Cancer: Mind Over Tumor?
    • Cognitive Development
      • Does Intelligence Decline in Adulthood?
        • The Difficulties in Answering the Question
        • Crystallized and Fluid Intelligence
        • Reframing The Issue: What Is the Source of Competence During Middle Adulthood?
      • The Development of Expertise: Separating Experts from Novices
      • Memory: You Must Remember This
        • Types of Memory
        • Memory Schemas
      • Are You an Informed Consumer of Development?: Effective Stratiges for Remembering
    • Epilogue
    • Looking Back
    • Key Terms and Concepts
  • Chapter 16: Social and Personality Development in Middle Adulthood
    • Looking Ahead
    • Personality Development
      • Two Perspectives on Adult Personality Development: Normative Crisis versus Life Events
      • Erikson’s Stage of Generativity versus Stagnation
        • Building on Erikson’s Views: Vaillant and Gould
        • Building on Erikson’s Views: Levinson’s Season of Life Theory
        • The Midlife Crisis: Reality or Myth?
      • Stability versus Change in Personality
      • Stability And Change In the “Big Five” Personality Traits
      • Developmental Diversity and Your Life: Middle Age: In Some Cultures It Doesn’t Exist
    • Relationships: Family in Middle Age
      • Marriage and Divorce
        • Marriage
        • The Ups and Downs of Marriage
        • Divorce
        • Remarriage
      • Family Evolutions: From Full House to Empty Nest
        • Boomerang Children: Refilling the Empty Nest
        • The Sandwich Generation: Between Children and Parents
      • Becoming a Grandparent: Who, Me?
      • Family Violence: The Hidden Epidemic
        • The Prevalence of Spousal Abuse
        • The Stages of Spousal Abuse
        • The Cycle of Violence
        • Spousal Abuse and Society: The Cultural Roots of Violence
      • Are you an Informed Consumer of Development?: Dealing with Spousal Abuse
    • Work and Leisure
      • Work and Careers: Jobs at Midlife
        • Challenges of Work: On-The-Job Dissatisfaction
        • From Research to Practice: House-Husbands: When Fathers Are the Primary Caregivers for Their Childre
      • Unemployment: The Dashing of the Dream
      • Switching—andStarting—Careersat Midlife
      • Leisure Time: Life beyond Work
      • Developmental Diversity and Your Life: Immigrants on the Job: Making It in America
    • Epilogue
    • Looking Back
    • Key Terms and Concepts
• Part Eight: Late Adulthood
  • Chapter 17: Physical and Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood
    • Looking Ahead
    • Physical Development in Late Adulthood
      • Aging: Myth and Reality
        • The Demographics of Late Adulthood
        • Ageism: Confronting the Stereotypes of Late Adulthood Physical Transitions in Older People
      • Physical Transitions in Older People
        • Outward Signs of Aging
        • Internal Aging
      • Slowing Reaction Time
      • The Senses: Sight, Sound, Taste, and Smell
        • Vision
        • Hearing
        • Taste and Smell
    • Health and Wellness in Late Adulthood
      • Health Problems in Older People: Physical and Psychological Disorders
        • Common Physical Disorders
        • Psychological and Mental Disorders
        • Alzheimer’s Disease
        • From Research to Practice: Falling is a Risk and a Fear for Older Adults
      • Are You an Informed Consumer of Development?: Caring for People with Alzheimer’s Disease
      • Wellness in Late Adulthood: The Relationship between Aging and Illness
        • Promoting Good Health
      • Sexuality in Old Age: Use It or Lose It
      • Approaches to Aging: Why is Death Inevitable?
        • Genetic Programming Theories of Aging
        • Wear-and Tear Theories of Aging
        • Reconciling the Theories of Aging
        • Life Expectancy: How Long have I Got?
      • Postponing Aging: Can Scientists Find the Fountain of Youth?
      • Developmental Diversity and Your Life: Gender, Race, and Ethnic Differences in Average Life Expectan
    • Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood
      • Intelligence in Older People
        • Recent Findings About Intelligence in Older People
      • Memory: Remembrance of Things Past—and Present
        • Autobiographical Memory: Recalling the Days of our Lives
        • Explaining Memory Changes in Old Age
      • Never Too Late
        • Technology and Learning In Late Adulthood
    • Epilogue
    • Looking Back
    • Key Terms and Concepts
  • Chapter 18: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood
    • Looking Ahead
    • Personality Development and Successful Aging
      • Continuity and Change in Personality during Late Adulthood
        • Ego Integrity Versus Despair: Erikson’s Final Stage
        • Peck’s Developmental Tasks
        • Levinson’s Final Season: The Winter of Life
        • Coping With Aging: Neugarten’s Study
        • Life Review and Reminiscence: The Common Theme Of Personality Development
      • Age Stratification Approaches to Late Adulthood
      • Does Age Bring Wisdom?
      • Developmental Diversity and Your Life: How Culture Shapes the Way We Treat People in Late Adulthood
      • Successful Aging: What is the Secret?
        • Disengagement Theory: Gradual Retreat
        • Activity Theory: Continued Involvement
        • Continuity Theory: A Compromise Position
      • From Research to Practice: Is Age Really Just a State of Mind?
        • Selective Optimization with Compensation: A General Model of Successful Aging
    • The Daily Life of Late Adulthood
      • Living Arrangements: The Places and Spaces of their Lives
        • Living at Home
        • Specialized Living Environments
        • Institutionalism and Learned Helplessness
      • Financial Issues: The Economics of Late Adulthood
      • Work and Retirement in Late Adulthood
        • Older Workers: Combating Age Discrimination
        • Retirement: Filling a Life of Leisure
      • Are You an Informed Consumer of Development?: Planning for—and Living—a Good Retirement
    • Relationships: Old and New
      • Marriage in the Later Years: In Sickness and in Health
        • Divorce
        • Dealing with Retirement: Too Much Togetherness?
        • Caring for an Aging Spouse
      • The Death of a Spouse: Becoming Widowed
      • The Social Networks of Late Adulthood
        • Friendship: Why Friends Matter in Late Adulthood
        • Social Support: The Significance of Others
      • Family Relationships: The Ties That Bind
        • Children
        • Grandchildren and Great-Grandchildren
      • Elder Abuse: Relationships Gone Wrong
    • Epilogue
    • Looking Back
    • Key Terms and Concepts
  • Chapter 19: Death and Dying
    • Looking Ahead
    • Dying and Death across the Life Span
      • Defining Death: Determining the Point at Which Life Ends
      • Death across the Life Span: Causes and Reactions
        • Death in Infancy and Childhood
        • Childhood Conceptions of Death
        • Death in Adolescence
        • Death in Young Adulthood
        • Death in Middle Adulthood
        • Death in Late Adulthood
      • Cultural Responses to Death
      • Developmental Diversity and Your Life: Differing Conceptions of Death
        • Can Death Education Prepare Us for the Inevitable?
    • Confronting Death
      • Understanding the Process of Dying: Are There Steps toward Death?
        • Denial
        • Anger
        • Bargaining
        • Depression
        • Acceptance
        • Evaluating Kübler-Ross’s Theory
      • Choosing the Nature of Death: Is DNR the Way to Go?
        • Living Wills
        • Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide
      • Caring for the Terminally Ill: The Place of Death
    • Grief and Bereavement
      • Mourning and Funerals: Final Rites
        • Cultural Differences in Grieving
        • From Research to Practice: The Rising Popularity of Cremation
      • Bereavement and Grief: Adjusting to the Death of a Loved One
        • Differentiating Unhealthy Grief from Normal Grief
        • The Consequences of Grief and Bereavement
        • Are You an Informed Consumer of Development?: Helping a Child Cope with Grief
    • Epilogue
    • Looking Back
    • Key Terms and Concepts
• References
• Credits
• Name Index
• Subject Index
• Developmental Timeline
• Back Cover

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