Efnisyfirlit

• Thanks and acknowledgements
• Preface to the second edition
• Welcome to the book!
  • What this book will help you to do
  • Thinking critically for yourself
  • Thinking critically online
• What is critical thinking (and why does it matter)?
  • The opposite of uncritical thinking
  • Scepticism and objectivity
  • The battle against bias
  • Fast and slow thinking
  • Allocating your attention
  • Your toolkit for critical thinking
  • What is critical thinking for?
  • Summary
• PART I THE ART AND SCIENCE OF BEING REASONABLE
  • 1 Understanding the reasons behind things
    • What is an argument? Persuasion through reasoning
    • Spotting arguments by searching for a conclusion
    • What isn’t an argument? Information without reasoning
    • Explanations: the business of reasoning backwards
    • What isn’t an argument? Persuasion without reasoning
    • Summary
  • 2 Spelling out arguments and assumptions
    • Premises and conclusions: the standard form
    • Reconstructing extended arguments
    • A step-by-step guide to reconstructing arguments
    • A few further words about assumptions
    • Putting it all together
    • Summary
  • 3 Reasoning with logic and certainty
    • Introducing deductive reasoning
    • Valid and invalid arguments
    • Necessary and sufficient conditions
    • Two types of valid and invalid reasoning
    • Sound and unsound arguments
    • Summary
  • 4 Reasoning with observation and uncertainty
    • Argument by induction
    • Introducing inductive force
    • Induction and everyday language
    • Addressing uncertainty through probability
    • Making use of samples
    • The problem of induction
    • Induction and falsification
    • Summary
  • 5 Developing explanations and theories
    • Introducing abduction
    • Explanations, theories and hypotheses
    • Moving towards better explanations
    • Moving from evidence to proof
    • Correlation and causation
    • Conducting meaningful research
    • Summary
  • 6 Assessing evidence and planning your reading strategy
    • Engaging critically with primary and secondary sources
    • Creating a strategy for critical reading
    • Note-taking and critical engagement
    • Summary
• PART II BEING REASONABLE IN AN UNREASONABLE WORLD
  • 7 Getting to grips with rhetoric
    • The power of language and rhetoric
    • Putting persuasion in context
    • Analysing a message in detail: emotion and human stories
    • Aiming for impartiality
    • Rhetorical devices
    • Summary
  • 8 Seeing through faulty reasoning
    • Fallacious arguments and faulty reasoning
    • Formal and informal fallacies
    • Informal fallacies of relevance (red herrings)
    • Informal fallacies of ambiguity (linguistic fallacies)
    • Informal fallacies of presumption (material fallacies)
    • Two formal fallacies: affirming the consequent and denying the antecedent
    • The undistributed middle: a formal fallacy
    • Base rate neglect: another formal fallacy
    • From base rate neglect to Bayes’s theorem
    • Summary
  • 9 Understanding cognitive bias
    • Four types of heuristic
    • When to trust heuristics and when to distrust them
    • Biases based on how things are presented
    • Biases born from over-simplification
    • Biases born from a lack of insight
    • Behavioural economics and the research context
    • Summary
  • 10 Overcoming bias in yourself and others
    • Attaching excessive significance to random events
    • Failing to consider things that didn’t happen
    • Over-estimating regularity and predictability
    • Humans: good at social situations, bad with numbers
    • Summary
  • 11 Thinking critically about technology
    • From data to knowledge via fake news
    • Social proof and system bias
    • Time, attention and other people
    • Search, discovery and categories of knowledge
    • Practical tips for search, discovery and beyond
    • Summary
  • 12 Putting it all together: critical thinking in study, work and life
    • Good writing in general
    • Good academic writing in particular
    • Writing and rewriting in practice
    • Getting the work done: what is holding you back?
    • Critical thinking and you
    • Ten commandments for critical thinking
    • Summary
• And finally…
• Reading guide
• Glossary
• Appendix: A synopsis of five valid forms of argument
• Endnotes
• Index

UM RAFBÆKUR Á HEIMKAUP.IS

Bókahillan þín er þitt svæði og þar eru bækurnar þínar geymdar. Þú kemst í bókahilluna þína hvar og hvenær sem er í tölvu eða snjalltæki. Einfalt og þægilegt!

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Fleiri góðir kostir
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- Styður tækni sem hjálpar nemendum með sjón- eða heyrnarskerðingu