Efnisyfirlit

• Dedication
• Contents
• Preface
• About the Authors
• Chapter 1: A Tour of Computer Systems
  • 1.1: Information Is Bits + Context
  • 1.2: Programs Are Translated by Other Programs into Different Forms
  • 1.3: It Pays to Understand How Compilation Systems Work
  • 1.4: Processors Read and Interpret Instructions Stored in Memory
    • 1.4.1: Hardware Organization of a System
    • 1.4.2: Running the hello Program
  • 1.5: Caches Matter
  • 1.6: Storage Devices Form a Hierarchy
  • 1.7: The Operating System Manages the Hardware
    • 1.7.1: Processes
    • 1.7.2: Threads
    • 1.7.3: Virtual Memory
    • 1.7.4: Files
  • 1.8: Systems Communicate with Other Systems Using Networks
  • 1.9: Important Themes
    • 1.9.1: Amdahl’s Law
    • 1.9.2: Concurrency and Parallelism
    • 1.9.3: The Importance of Abstractions in Computer Systems
  • 1.10: Summary
    • Bibliographic Notes
    • Solutions to Practice Problems
• Part I: Program Structure and Execution
  • Chapter 2: Representing and Manipulating Information
    • 2.1: Information Storage
      • 2.1.1: Hexadecimal Notation
      • 2.1.2: Data Sizes
      • 2.1.3: Addressing and Byte Ordering
      • 2.1.4: Representing Strings
      • 2.1.5: Representing Code
      • 2.1.6: Introduction to Boolean Algebra
      • 2.1.7: Bit-Level Operations in C
      • 2.1.8: Logical Operations in C
      • 2.1.9: Shift Operations in C
    • 2.2: Integer Representations
      • 2.2.1: Integral Data Types
      • 2.2.2: Unsigned Encodings
      • 2.2.3: Two’s-Complement Encodings
      • 2.2.4: Conversions between Signed and Unsigned
      • 2.2.5: Signed versus Unsigned in C
      • 2.2.6: Expanding the Bit Representation of a Number
      • 2.2.7: Truncating Numbers
      • 2.2.8: Advice on Signed versus Unsigned
    • 2.3: Integer Arithmetic
      • 2.3.1: Unsigned Addition
      • 2.3.2: Two’s-Complement Addition
      • 2.3.3: Two’s-Complement Negation
      • 2.3.4: Unsigned Multiplication
      • 2.3.5: Two’s-Complement Multiplication
      • 2.3.6: Multiplying by Constant
      • 2.3.7: Dividing by Powers of 2
      • 2.3.8: Final Thoughts on Integer Arithmetic
    • 2.4: Floating Point
      • 2.4.1: Fractional Binary Numbers
      • 2.4.2: IEEE Floating-Point Representation
      • 2.4.3: Example Numbers
      • 2.4.4: Rounding
      • 2.4.5: Floating-Point Operations
      • 2.4.6: Floating Point in C
    • 2.5: Summary
      • Bibliographic Notes
      • Homework Problems
      • Solutions to Practice Problems
  • Chapter 3: Machine-Level Representation of Program
    • 3.1: A Historical Perspective
    • 3.2: Program Encodings
      • 3.2.1: Machine-Level Code
      • 3.2.2: Code Examples
      • 3.2.3: Notes on Formatting
    • 3.3: Data Formats
    • 3.4: Accessing Information
      • 3.4.1: Operand Specifiers
      • 3.4.2: Data Movement Instructions
      • 3.4.3: Data Movement Example
      • 3.4.4: Pushing and Popping Stack Data
    • 3.5: Arithmetic and Logical Operations
      • 3.5.1: Load Effective Address
      • 3.5.2: Unary and Binary Operations
      • 3.5.3: Shift Operations
      • 3.5.4: Discussion
      • 3.5.5: Special Arithmetic Operations
    • 3.6: Control
      • 3.6.1: Condition Codes
      • 3.6.2: Accessing the Condition Codes
      • 3.6.3: Jump Instructions
      • 3.6.4: Jump Instruction Encodings
      • 3.6.5: Implementing Conditional Branches with Conditional Control
      • 3.6.6: Implementing Conditional Branches with Conditional Moves
      • 3.6.7: Loop
      • 3.6.8: Switch Statements
    • 3.7: Procedures
      • 3.7.1: The Run-Time Stack
      • 3.7.2: Control Transfer
      • 3.7.3: Data Transfer
      • 3.7.4: Local Storage on the Stack
      • 3.7.5: Local Storage in Registers
      • 3.7.6: Recursive Procedures
    • 3.8: Array Allocation and Access
      • 3.8.1: Basic Principles
      • 3.8.2: Pointer Arithmetic
      • 3.8.3: Nested Arrays
      • 3.8.4: Fixed-Size Arrays
      • 3.8.5: Variable-Size Arrays
    • 3.9: Heterogeneous Data Structure
      • 3.9.1: Structures
      • 3.9.2: Unions
      • 3.9.3: Data Alignment
    • 3.10: Combining Control and Data in Machine-Level Programs
      • 3.10.1: Understanding Pointers
      • 3.10.2: Life in the RealWorld: Using the GDB Debugger
      • 3.10.3: Out-of-Bounds Memory References and Buffer Overflow
      • 3.10.4: Thwarting Buffer Overflow Attacks
      • 3.10.5: Supporting Variable-Size Stack Frames
    • 3.11: Floating-Point Code
      • 3.11.1: Floating-Point Movement and Conversion Operations
      • 3.11.2: Floating-Point Code in Procedures
      • 3.11.3: Floating-Point Arithmetic Operations
      • 3.11.4: Defining and Using Floating-Point Constants
      • 3.11.5: Using Bitwise Operations in Floating-Point Code
      • 3.11.6: Floating-Point Comparison Operations
      • 3.11.7: Observations about Floating-Point Code
    • 3.12: Summary
      • Bibliographic Notes
      • Homework Problems
      • Solutions to Practice Problems
  • Chapter 4: Processor Architecture
    • 4.1: The Y86-64 Instruction Set Architecture
      • 4.1.1: Programmer-Visible State
      • 4.1.2: Y86-64 Instructions
      • 4.1.3: Instruction Encoding
      • 4.1.4: Y86-64 Exceptions
      • 4.1.5: Y86-64 Programs
      • 4.1.6: Some Y86-64 Instruction Details
    • 4.2: Logic Design and the Hardware Control Language HCL
      • 4.2.1: Logic Gates
      • 4.2.2: Combinational Circuits and HCL Boolean Expressions
      • 4.2.3: Word-Level Combinational Circuits and HCL Integer Expressions
      • 4.2.4: Set Membership
      • 4.2.5: Memory and Clocking
    • 4.3: Sequential Y86-64 Implementations
      • 4.3.1: Organizing Processing into Stages
      • 4.3.2: SEQ Hardware Structure
      • 4.3.3: SEQ Timing
      • 4.3.4: SEQ Stage Implementations
    • 4.4: General Principles of Pipelining
      • 4.4.1: Computational Pipelines
      • 4.4.2: A Detailed Look at Pipeline Operation
      • 4.4.3: Limitations of Pipelining
      • 4.4.4: Pipelining a System with Feedback
    • 4.5: Pipelined Y86-64 Implementations
      • 4.5.1: SEQ+: Rearranging the Computation Stages
      • 4.5.2: Inserting Pipeline Registers
      • 4.5.3: Rearranging and Relabeling Signals
      • 4.5.4: Next PC Prediction
      • 4.5.5: Pipeline Hazards
      • 4.5.6: Exception Handling
      • 4.5.7: PIPE Stage Implementations
      • 4.5.8: Pipeline Control Logic
      • 4.5.9: Performance Analysis
      • 4.5.10: Unfinished Business
    • 4.6: Summary
      • 4.6.1: Y86-64 Simulators
      • Bibliographic Notes
      • Homework Problems
      • Solutions to Practice Problems
  • Chapter 5: Optimizing Program Performance
    • 5.1: Capabilities and Limitations of Optimizing Compilers
    • 5.2: Expressing Program Performance
    • 5.3: Program Example
    • 5.4: Eliminating Loop Inefficiencies
    • 5.5: Reducing Procedure Calls
    • 5.6: Eliminating Unneeded Memory References
    • 5.7: Understanding Modern Processors
      • 5.7.1: Overall Operation
      • 5.7.2: Functional Unit Performance
      • 5.7.3: An Abstract Model of Processor Operation
    • 5.8: Loop Unrolling
    • 5.9: Enhancing Parallelism
      • 5.9.1: Multiple Accumulators
      • 5.9.2: Reassociation Transformation
    • 5.10: Summary of Results for Optimizing Combining Code
    • 5.11: Some Limiting Factors
      • 5.11.1: Register Spilling
      • 5.11.2: Branch Prediction and Misprediction Penalties
    • 5.12: Understanding Memory Performance
      • 5.12.1: Load Performance
      • 5.12.2: Store Performance
    • 5.13: Life in the Real World: Performance Improvement Techniques
    • 5.14: Identifying and Eliminating Performance Bottlenecks
      • 5.14.1: Program Profiling
      • 5.14.2: Using a Profiler to Guide Optimization
    • 5.15: Summary
      • Bibliographic Notes
      • Homework Problems
      • Solutions to Practice Problems
  • Chapter 6: The Memory Hierarchy
    • 6.1: Storage Technologie
      • 6.1.1: Random Access Memory
      • 6.1.2: Disk Storage
      • 6.1.3: Solid State Disks
      • 6.1.4: Storage Technology Trends
    • 6.2: Locality
      • 6.2.1: Locality of References to Program Data
      • 6.2.2: Locality of Instruction Fetches
      • 6.2.3: Summary of Locality
    • 6.3: The Memory Hierarchy
      • 6.3.1: Caching in the Memory Hierarchy
      • 6.3.2: Summary of Memory Hierarchy Concepts
    • 6.4: Cache Memories
      • 6.4.1: Generic Cache Memory Organization
      • 6.4.2: Direct-Mapped Caches
      • 6.4.3: Set Associative Caches
      • 6.4.4: Fully Associative Caches
      • 6.4.5: Issues with Writes
      • 6.4.6: Anatomy of a Real Cache Hierarchy
      • 6.4.7: Performance Impact of Cache Parameters
    • 6.5: Writing Cache-Friendly Code
    • 6.6: Putting It Together: The Impact of Caches on Program Performance
      • 6.6.1: The Memory Mountain
      • 6.6.2: Rearranging Loops to Increase Spatial Locality
      • 6.6.3: Exploiting Locality in Your Programs
    • 6.7: Summary
      • Bibliographic Notes
      • Homework Problems
      • Solutions to Practice Problems
• Part II: Running Programs on a System
  • Chapter 7: Linking
    • 7.1: Compiler Drivers
    • 7.2: Static Linking
    • 7.3: Object Files
    • 7.4: Relocatable Object Files
    • 7.5: Symbols and Symbol Tables
    • 7.6: Symbol Resolution
      • 7.6.1: How Linkers Resolve Duplicate Symbol Names
      • 7.6.2: Linking with Static Libraries
      • 7.6.3: How Linkers Use Static Libraries to Resolve References
    • 7.7: Relocation
      • 7.7.1: Relocation Entries
      • 7.7.2: Relocating Symbol References
    • 7.8: Executable Object Files
    • 7.9: Loading Executable Object Files
    • 7.10: Dynamic Linking with Shared Libraries
    • 7.11: Loading and Linking Shared Libraries from Applications
    • 7.12: Position-Independent Code (PIC)
    • 7.13: Library Interpositioning
      • 7.13.1: Compile-Time Interpositioning
      • 7.13.2: Link-Time Interpositioning
      • 7.13.3: Run-Time Interpositioning
    • 7.14: Tools for Manipulating Object Files
    • 7.15: Summary
      • Bibliographic Notes
      • Homework Problems
      • Solutions to Practice Problems
  • Chapter 8: Exceptional Control Flow
    • 8.1: Exceptions
      • 8.1.1: Exception Handling
      • 8.1.2: Classes of Exceptions
      • 8.1.3: Exceptions in Linux/x86-64 Systems
    • 8.2: Processes
      • 8.2.1: Logical Control Flow
      • 8.2.2: Concurrent Flows
      • 8.2.3: Private Address Space
      • 8.2.4: User and Kernel Modes
      • 8.2.5: Context Switches
    • 8.3: System Call Error Handling
    • 8.4: Process Control
      • 8.4.1: Obtaining Process IDs
      • 8.4.2: Creating and Terminating Processes
      • 8.4.3: Reaping Child Processes
      • 8.4.4: Putting Processes to Sleep
      • 8.4.5: Loading and Running Programs
      • 8.4.6: Using fork and execve to Run Programs
    • 8.5: Signals
      • 8.5.1: Signal Terminology
      • 8.5.2: Sending Signals
      • 8.5.3: Receiving Signals
      • 8.5.4: Blocking and Unblocking Signals
      • 8.5.5: Writing Signal Handlers
      • 8.5.6: Synchronizing Flows to Avoid Nasty Concurrency Bugs
      • 8.5.7: ExplicitlyWaiting for Signals
    • 8.6: Nonlocal Jumps
    • 8.7: Tools for Manipulating Processes
    • 8.8: Summary
      • Bibliographic Notes
      • Homework Problems
      • Solutions to Practice Problems
  • Chapter 9: Virtual Memory
    • 9.1: Physical and Virtual Addressing
    • 9.2: Address Spaces
    • 9.3: VM as a Tool for Caching
      • 9.3.1: DRAM Cache Organization
      • 9.3.2: Page Tables
      • 9.3.3: Page Hits
      • 9.3.4: Page Faults
      • 9.3.5: Allocating Pages
      • 9.3.6: Locality to the Rescue Again
    • 9.4: VM as a Tool for Memory Management
    • 9.5: VM as a Tool for Memory Protection
    • 9.6: Address Translation
      • 9.6.1: Integrating Caches and VM
      • 9.6.2: Speeding Up Address Translation with a TLB
      • 9.6.3: Multi-Level Page Tables
      • 9.6.4: Putting It Together: End-to-End Address Translation
    • 9.7: Case Study: The Intel Core i7/Linux Memory System
      • 9.7.1: Core i7 Address Translation
      • 9.7.2: Linux Virtual Memory System
    • 9.8: Memory Mapping
      • 9.8.1: Shared Objects Revisited
      • 9.8.2: The fork Function Revisited
      • 9.8.3: The execve Function Revisited
      • 9.8.4: User-Level Memory Mapping with the mmap Function
    • 9.9: Dynamic Memory Allocation
      • 9.9.1: The malloc and free Functions
      • 9.9.2: Why Dynamic Memory Allocation?
      • 9.9.3: Allocator Requirements and Goals
      • 9.9.4: Fragmentation
      • 9.9.5: Implementation Issues
      • 9.9.6: Implicit Free Lists
      • 9.9.7: Placing Allocated Blocks
      • 9.9.8: Splitting Free Blocks
      • 9.9.9: Getting Additional Heap Memory
      • 9.9.10: Coalescing Free Blocks
      • 9.9.11: Coalescing with Boundary Tags
      • 9.9.12: Putting It Together: Implementing a Simple Allocator
      • 9.9.13: Explicit Free Lists
      • 9.9.14: Segregated Free Lists
    • 9.10: Garbage Collection
      • 9.10.1: Garbage Collector Basics
      • 9.10.2: Mark&Sweep Garbage Collectors
      • 9.10.3: Conservative Mark&Sweep for C Programs
    • 9.11: Common Memory-Related Bugs in C Programs
      • 9.11.1: Dereferencing Bad Pointers
      • 9.11.2: Reading Uninitialized Memory
      • 9.11.3: Allowing Stack Buffer Overflows
      • 9.11.4: Assuming That Pointers and the Objects They Point to Are the Same Size
      • 9.11.5: Making Off-by-One Errors
      • 9.11.6: Referencing a Pointer Instead of the Object It Points To
      • 9.11.7: Misunderstanding Pointer Arithmetic
      • 9.11.8: Referencing Nonexistent Variables
      • 9.11.9: Referencing Data in Free Heap Blocks
      • 9.11.10: Introducing Memory Leaks
    • 9.12: Summary
      • Bibliographic Notes
      • Homework Problems
      • Solutions to Practice Problems
• Part III: Interaction and Communication between Programs
  • Chapter 10: System-Level I/O
    • 10.1: Unix I/O
    • 10.2: Files
    • 10.3: Opening and Closing Files
    • 10.4: Reading and Writing Files
    • 10.5: Robust Reading and Writing with the Rio Package
      • 10.5.1: Rio Unbuffered Input and Output Functions
      • 10.5.2: Rio Buffered Input Functions
    • 10.6: Reading File Metadata
    • 10.7: Reading Directory Contents
    • 10.8: Sharing Files
    • 10.9: I/O Redirection
    • 10.10: Standard I/O
    • 10.11: Putting It Together: Which I/O Functions Should I Use?
    • 10.12: Summary
      • Bibliographic Notes
      • Homework Problems
      • Solutions to Practice Problems
  • Chapter 11: Network Programming
    • 11.1: The Client-Server Programming Model
    • 11.2: Networks
    • 11.3: The Global IP Internet
      • 11.3.1: IP Addresses
      • 11.3.2: Internet Domain Names
      • 11.3.3: Internet Connections
    • 11.4: The Sockets Interface
      • 11.4.1: Socket Address Structures
      • 11.4.2: The socket Function
      • 11.4.3: The connect Function
      • 11.4.4: The bind Function
      • 11.4.5: The listen Function
      • 11.4.6: The accept Function
      • 11.4.7: Host and Service Conversion
      • 11.4.8: Helper Functions for the Sockets Interface
      • 11.4.9: Example Echo Client and Server
    • 11.5: Web Servers
      • 11.5.1: Web Basics
      • 11.5.2: Web Content
      • 11.5.3: HTTP Transactions
      • 11.5.4: Serving Dynamic Content
    • 11.6: Putting It Together: The Tiny Web Server
    • 11.7: Summary
      • Bibliographic Notes
      • Homework Problems
      • Solutions to Practice Problems
  • Chapter 12: Concurrent Programming
    • 12.1: Concurrent Programming with Processes
      • 12.1.1: A Concurrent Server Based on Processes
      • 12.1.2: Pros and Cons of Processes
    • 12.2: Concurrent Programming with I/O Multiplexing
      • 12.2.1: A Concurrent Event-Driven Server Based on I/O Multiplexing
      • 12.2.2: Pros and Cons of I/O Multiplexing
    • 12.3: Concurrent Programming with Threads
      • 12.3.1: Thread Execution Model
      • 12.3.2: Posix Threads
      • 12.3.3: Creating Threads
      • 12.3.4: Terminating Threads
      • 12.3.5: Reaping Terminated Threads
      • 12.3.6: Detaching Threads
      • 12.3.7: Initializing Threads
      • 12.3.8: A Concurrent Server Based on Threads
    • 12.4: Shared Variables in Threaded Programs
      • 12.4.1: Threads Memory Model
      • 12.4.2: Mapping Variables to Memory
      • 12.4.3: Shared Variables
    • 12.5: Synchronizing Threads with Semaphores
      • 12.5.1: Progress Graphs
      • 12.5.2: Semaphores
      • 12.5.3: Using Semaphores for Mutual Exclusion
      • 12.5.4: Using Semaphores to Schedule Shared Resources
      • 12.5.5: Putting It Together: A Concurrent Server Based on Prethreading
    • 12.6: Using Threads for Parallelism
    • 12.7: Other Concurrency Issues
      • 12.7.1: Thread Safety
      • 12.7.2: Reentrancy
      • 12.7.3: Using Existing Library Functions in Threaded Programs
      • 12.7.4: Races
      • 12.7.5: Deadlocks
    • 12.8: Summary
      • Bibliographic Notes
      • Homework Problems
      • Solutions to Practice Problems
• Appendix A: Error Handling
  • A.1: Error Handling in Unix Systems
  • A.2: Error-Handling Wrappers
• References
• Index
• Back Cover

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