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• Brief Contents
• Title Page
• Copyright
• About the Authors
• Visual Walkthrough
  • Open up the World of Biology
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  • Visualize Tough Topics and Develop Understanding (II)
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  • Key Concepts and Active Learning
  • Dynamic Digital Resources
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  • Everything Students and Instructors
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• Preface
• Organization and New Content
• Acknowledgments
• Reviewers
• Acknowledgments for the Global Edition
• Detailed Contents
• Chapter 1: Biology: Exploring Life
  • Biology: The Scientific Study of Life
    • 1.1 Biology is the scientific study of life
    • 1.2 Biologists arrange the diversity of life into three domains
    • 1.3 Visualizing The Concept In life’s hierarchy of organization, new properties emerge at each lev
  • The Process of Science
    • 1.4 What is science?
    • 1.5 Hypotheses can be tested using controlled experiments
    • 1.6 Scientific Thinking Hypotheses can be tested using observational data
    • 1.7 The process of science is repetitive, nonlinear, and collaborative
    • 1.8 Connection Biology, technology, and society are connected in important ways
  • Five Unifying Themes in Biology
    • 1.9 Theme: Evolution is the core theme of biology
    • 1.10 Evolution Connection Evolution is connected to our everyday lives
    • 1.11 Theme: Life depends on the flow of information
    • 1.12 Theme: Structure and function are related
    • 1.13 Theme: Life depends on the transfer and transformation of energy and matter
    • 1.14 Theme: Life depends on interactions within and between systems
  • Chapter Review
• Unit I: The Life of the Cell
  • Chapter 2: The Chemical Basis of Life
    • Elements, Atoms, and Compounds
      • 2.1 Organisms are composed of elements, usually combined into compounds
      • 2.2 Connection Trace elements are common additives to food and water
      • 2.3 Atoms consist of protons, neutrons, and electrons
      • 2.4 Connection Radioactive isotopes can help or harm us
    • Chemical Bonds
      • 2.5 The distribution of electrons determines an atom’s chemical properties
      • 2.6 Visualizing The Concept Covalent bonds join atoms into molecules through electron sharing
      • 2.7 Ionic bonds are attractions between ions of opposite charge
      • 2.8 Hydrogen bonds are weak bonds important in the chemistry of life
      • 2.9 Chemical reactions make and break chemical bonds
    • Water’s Life-Supporting Properties
      • 2.10 Hydrogen bonds make liquid water cohesive
      • 2.11 Water’s hydrogen bonds moderate temperature
      • 2.12 Ice floats because it is less dense than liquid water
      • 2.13 Water is the solvent of life
      • 2.14 The chemistry of life is sensitive to acidic and basic conditions
      • 2.15 Scientific Thinking Scientists study the effects of rising atmospheric CO2 on coral reef ecosys
      • 2.16 Evolution Connection The search for extraterrestrial life centers on the search for water
    • Chapter Review
  • Chapter 3: The Molecules of Cells
    • Introduction to Organic Compounds
      • 3.1 Life’s molecular diversity is based on the properties of carbon
      • 3.2 A few chemical groups are key to the functioning of biological molecules
      • 3.3 Cells make large molecules from a limited set of small molecules
    • Carbohydrates
      • 3.4 Monosaccharides are the simplest carbohydrates
      • 3.5 Two monosaccharides are linked to form a disaccharide
      • 3.6 Connection Are we eating too much sugar?
      • 3.7 Polysaccharides are long chains of sugar units
    • Lipids
      • 3.8 Fats are lipids that are mostly energy-storage molecules
      • 3.9 Scientific Thinking Scientific studies document the health risks of trans fats
      • 3.10 Phospholipids and steroids are important lipids with a variety of functions
      • 3.11 Connection Anabolic steroids pose health risks
    • Proteins
      • 3.12 Proteins have a wide range of functions and structures
      • 3.13 Proteins are made from amino acids linked by peptide bonds
      • 3.14 Visualizing The Concept A protein’s functional shape results from four levels of structure
    • Nucleic Acids
      • 3.15 The nucleic acids DNA and RNA are information-rich polymers of nucleotides
      • 3.16 Evolution Connection Lactose tolerance is a recent event in human evolution
    • Chapter Review
  • Chapter 4: A Tour of the Cell
    • Introduction to the Cell
      • 4.1 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
      • 4.2 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange materials across the plasma membrane
      • 4.3 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
      • 4.4 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
    • The Nucleus and Ribosomes
      • 4.5 The nucleus contains the cell’s genetic instructions
      • 4.6 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and for export
    • The Endomembrane System
      • 4.7 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
      • 4.8 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
      • 4.9 The Golgi apparatus modifies, sorts, and ships cell products
      • 4.10 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
      • 4.11 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
      • 4.12 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
    • Energy-Converting Organelles
      • 4.13 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
      • 4.14 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
      • 4.15 Evolution Connection Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
    • The Cytoskeleton and Cell Surfaces
      • 4.16 The cell’s internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
      • 4.17 Scientific Thinking Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and
      • 4.18 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
      • 4.19 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
      • 4.20 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
      • 4.21 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
      • 4.22 Review: Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four main functions
    • Chapter Review
  • Chapter 5: The Working Cell
    • Membrane Structure and Function
      • 5.1 Visualizing The Concept Membranes are fluid mosaics of lipids and proteins with many functions
      • 5.2 Evolution Connection The spontaneous formation of membranes was a critical step in the origin of
      • 5.3 Passive transport is diffusion across a membrane with no energy investment
      • 5.4 Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a membrane
      • 5.5 Water balance between cells and their surroundings is crucial to organisms
      • 5.6 Transport proteins can facilitate diffusion across membranes
      • 5.7 Scientific Thinking Research on another membrane protein led to the discovery of aquaporins
      • 5.8 Cells expend energy in the active transport of a solute
      • 5.9 Exocytosis and endocytosis transport large molecules across membranes
    • Energy and the Cell
      • 5.10 Cells transform energy and matter as they perform work
      • 5.11 Chemical reactions either release or store energy
      • 5.12 ATP drives cellular work by coupling exergonic and endergonic reactions
    • How Enzymes Function
      • 5.13 Enzymes speed up the cell’s chemical reactions by lowering energy barriers
      • 5.14 A specific enzyme catalyzes each cellular reaction
      • 5.15 Enzyme inhibition can regulate enzyme activity in a cell
      • 5.16 Connection Many drugs, pesticides, and poisons are enzyme inhibitors
    • Chapter Review
  • Chapter 6: How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy
    • Cellular Respiration: Aerobic Harvesting of Energy
      • 6.1 Photosynthesis and cellular respiration provide energy for life
      • 6.2 Breathing supplies O2 for use in cellular respiration and removes CO2
      • 6.3 Cellular respiration banks energy in ATP molecules
      • 6.4 Connection The human body uses energy from ATP for all its activities
      • 6.5 Cells capture energy from electrons “falling” from organic fuels to oxygen
    • Stages of Cellular Respiration
      • 6.6 Overview: Cellular respiration occurs in three main stages
      • 6.7 Stage 1: Glycolysis harvests chemical energy by oxidizing glucose to pyruvate
      • 6.8 Multiple reactions in glycolysis split glucose into two molecules
      • 6.9 Stage 2: The citric acid cycle completes the energy-yielding oxidation of organic molecules
      • 6.10 The multiple reactions of the citric acid cycle finish off the dismantling of glucose
      • 6.11 Visualizing The Concept Stage 3: Most ATP production occurs by oxidative phosphorylation
      • 6.12 Scientific Thinking Scientists have discovered heat-producing, calorie-burning brown fat in adu
      • 6.13 Review: Each molecule of glucose yields many molecules of ATP
    • Fermentation: Anaerobic Harvesting of Energy
      • 6.14 Fermentation enables cells to produce ATP without oxygen
      • 6.15 Evolution Connection Glycolysis evolved early in the history of life on Earth
    • Connections Between Metabolic Pathways
      • 6.16 Cells use many kinds of organic molecules as fuel for cellular respiration
      • 6.17 Organic molecules from food provide raw materials for biosynthesis
    • Chapter Review
  • Chapter 7: Photosynthesis: Using Light to Make Food
    • An Introduction to Photosynthesis
      • 7.1 Photosynthesis powers most life on Earth
      • 7.2 Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts in plant cells
      • 7.3 Scientists traced the process of photosynthesis using isotopes
      • 7.4 Photosynthesis is a redox process
      • 7.5 Photosynthesis occurs in two stages, which are linked by ATP and NADPH
    • The Light Reactions: Converting Solar Energy to Chemical Energy
      • 7.6 Visible radiation absorbed by pigments drives the light reactions
      • 7.7 Photosystems capture solar energy
      • 7.8 Two photosystems connected by an electron transport chain convert light energy to the chemical e
      • 7.9 Visualizing The Concept The light reactions take place within the thylakoid membranes
    • The Calvin Cycle: Reducing CO2 to Sugar
      • 7.10 ATP and NADPH power sugar synthesis in the Calvin cycle
      • 7.11 Evolution Connection Other methods of carbon fixation have evolved in hot, dry climates
    • The Global Significance of Photosynthesis
      • 7.12 Photosynthesis provides food and O2 for almost all living organisms
      • 7.13 Scientific Thinking Rising atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide may affect plants in various wa
      • 7.14 Connection Reducing both fossil fuel use and deforestation may moderate climate change
    • Chapter Review
• Unit II: Cellular Reproduction and Genetics
  • Chapter 8: The Cellular Basis of Reproduction and Inheritance
    • Cell Division and Reproduction
      • 8.1 Cell division plays many important roles in the lives of organisms
      • 8.2 Prokaryotes reproduce by binary fission
    • The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle and Mitosis
      • 8.3 The large, complex chromosomes of eukaryotes duplicate with each cell division
      • 8.4 The cell cycle includes growth and division phases
      • 8.5 Cell division is a continuum of dynamic changes
      • 8.6 Cytokinesis differs for plant and animal cells
      • 8.7 The rate of cell division is affected by environmental factors
      • 8.8 Growth factors signal the cell cycle control system
      • 8.9 Connection Growing out of control, cancer cells produce malignant tumors
      • 8.10 Scientific Thinking The best cancer treatment may vary by individual
    • Meiosis and Crossing Over
      • 8.11 Chromosomes are matched in homologous pairs
      • 8.12 Gametes have a single set of chromosomes
      • 8.13 Meiosis reduces the chromosome number from diploid to haploid
      • 8.14 Visualizing The Concept Mitosis and meiosis have important similarities and differences
      • 8.15 Independent orientation of chromosomes in meiosis and random fertilization lead to varied offsp
      • 8.16 Homologous chromosomes may carry different versions of genes
      • 8.17 Visualizing The Concept Crossing over further increases genetic variability
    • Alterations of Chromosome Number and Structure
      • 8.18 Accidents during meiosis can alter chromosome number
      • 8.19 A karyotype is a photographic inventory of an individual’s chromosomes
      • 8.20 Connection An extra copy of chromosome 21 causes Down syndrome
      • 8.21 Connection Abnormal numbers of sex chromosomes do not usually affect survival
      • 8.22 Evolution Connection New species can arise from errors in cell division
      • 8.23 Connection Alterations of chromosome structure can cause birth defects and cancer
    • Chapter Review
  • Chapter 9: Patterns of Inheritance
    • Mendel’s Laws
      • 9.1 The study of genetics has ancient roots
      • 9.2 The science of genetics began in an abbey garden
      • 9.3 Mendel’s law of segregation describes the inheritance of a single character
      • 9.4 Homologous chromosomes bear the alleles for each character
      • 9.5 The law of independent assortment is revealed by tracking two characters at once
      • 9.6 Geneticists can use a testcross to determine unknown genotypes
      • 9.7 Mendel’s laws reflect the rules of probability
      • 9.8 Visualizing The Concept Genetic traits in humans can be tracked through family pedigrees
      • 9.9 Connection Many inherited traits in humans are controlled by a single gene
      • 9.10 Connection New technologies can provide insight into one’s genetic legacy
    • Variations on Mendel’s Laws
      • 9.11 Incomplete dominance results in intermediate phenotypes
      • 9.12 Many genes have more than two alleles that may be codominant
      • 9.13 A single gene may affect many phenotypic characters
      • 9.14 A single character may be influenced by many genes
      • 9.15 The environment affects many characters
    • The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance
      • 9.16 Chromosome behavior accounts for Mendel’s laws
      • 9.17 Scientific Thinking Genes on the same chromosome tend to be inherited together
      • 9.18 Crossing over produces new combinations of alleles
      • 9.19 Geneticists use crossover data to map genes
    • Sex Chromosomes and Sex-Linked Genes
      • 9.20 Chromosomes determine sex in many species
      • 9.21 Sex-linked genes exhibit a unique pattern of inheritance
      • 9.22 Connection Human sex-linked disorders affect mostly males
      • 9.23 Evolution Connection The Y chromosome provides clues about human male evolution
    • Chapter Review
  • Chapter 10: Molecular Biology of the Gene
    • The Structure of the Genetic Material
      • 10.1 Scientific Thinking Experiments showed that DNA is the genetic material
      • 10.2 DNA and RNA are polymers of nucleotides
      • 10.3 DNA is a double-stranded helix
    • DNA Replication
      • 10.4 DNA replication depends on specific base pairing
      • 10.5 DNA replication proceeds in two directions at many sites simultaneously
    • The Flow of Genetic Information from DNA to RNA to Protein
      • 10.6 Genes control phenotypic traits through the expression of proteins
      • 10.7 Genetic information written in codons is translated into amino acid sequences
      • 10.8 The genetic code dictates how codons are translated into amino acids
      • 10.9 Visualizing The Concept Transcription produces genetic messages in the form of RNA
      • 10.10 Eukaryotic RNA is processed before leaving the nucleus as mRNA
      • 10.11 Transfer RNA molecules serve as interpreters during translation
      • 10.12 Ribosomes build polypeptides
      • 10.13 An initiation codon marks the start of an mRNA message
      • 10.14 Elongation adds amino acids to the polypeptide chain until a stop codon terminates translation
      • 10.15 Review: The flow of genetic information in the cell is DNA → RNA → protein
      • 10.16 Mutations can affect genes
    • The Genetics of Viruses and Bacteria
      • 10.17 Viral DNA may become part of the host chromosome
      • 10.18 Connection Many viruses cause disease in animals and plants
      • 10.19 Evolution Connection Emerging viruses threaten human health
      • 10.20 The AIDS virus makes DNA on an RNA template
      • 10.21 Prions are infectious proteins
      • 10.22 Bacteria can transfer DNA in three ways
      • 10.23 Bacterial plasmids can serve as carriers for gene transfer
    • Chapter Review
  • Chapter 11: How Genes Are Controlled
    • Control of Gene Expression
      • 11.1 Proteins interacting with DNA turn prokaryotic genes on or off in response to environmental cha
      • 11.2 Chromosome structure and chemical modifications can affect gene expression
      • 11.3 Complex assemblies of proteins control eukaryotic transcription
      • 11.4 Eukaryotic RNA may be spliced in more than one way
      • 11.5 Later stages of gene expression are also subject to regulation
      • 11.6 Noncoding RNAs play multiple roles in controlling gene expression
      • 11.7 Visualizing The Concept Multiple mechanisms regulate gene expression in eukaryotes
      • 11.8 Fruit fly development provides an opportunity to examine gene expression
      • 11.9 Connection Researchers can monitor the expression of specific genes
      • 11.10 Cells respond to their neighboring cells with changes in gene expression
      • 11.11 Evolution Connection Cell-signaling systems appeared early in the evolution of life
    • Cloning of Plants and Animals
      • 11.12 Plant cloning shows that differentiated cells may retain all of their genetic potential
      • 11.13 Scientific Thinking Biologists can clone animals via nuclear transplantation
      • 11.14 Connection Therapeutic cloning can produce stem cells with great medical potential
    • The Genetic Basis of Cancer
      • 11.15 Cancer results from mutations in genes that control cell division
      • 11.16 Multiple genetic changes underlie the development of cancer
      • 11.17 Faulty proteins can interfere with normal signal transduction pathways
      • 11.18 Connection Lifestyle choices can reduce the risk of cancer
    • Chapter Review
  • Chapter 12: DNA Technology and Genomics
    • Gene Cloning and Editing
      • 12.1 Genes can be cloned in recombinant plasmids
      • 12.2 Visualizing The Concept Enzymes are used to “cut and paste” DNA
      • 12.3 Nucleic acid probes can label specific DNA segments
      • 12.4 Reverse transcriptase can help make genes for cloning
      • 12.5 New techniques allow a specific gene to be edited
    • Genetically Modified Organisms
      • 12.6 Recombinant cells and organisms can mass-produce gene products
      • 12.7 Connection DNA technology has changed the pharmaceutical industry and medicine
      • 12.8 Connection Genetically modified organisms are transforming agriculture
      • 12.9 Scientific Thinking The use of genetically modified organisms raises questions and concerns
      • 12.10 Connection Gene therapy may someday help treat a variety of diseases
    • DNA Profiling
      • 12.11 The analysis of genetic markers can produce a DNA profile
      • 12.12 The PCR method is used to amplify DNA sequences
      • 12.13 Gel electrophoresis sorts DNA molecules by size
      • 12.14 Short tandem repeat analysis is used for DNA profiling
      • 12.15 Connection DNA profiling has provided evidence in many forensic investigations
    • Genomics and Bioinformatics
      • 12.16 Small segments of DNA can be sequenced directly
      • 12.17 Genomics is the scientific study of whole genomes
      • 12.18 Connection The Human Genome Project revealed that most of the human genome does not consist of
      • 12.19 The whole-genome shotgun method of sequencing a genome can provide a wealth of data quickly
      • 12.20 The field of bioinformatics is expanding our understanding of genomes
      • 12.21 Evolution Connection Genomes hold clues to human evolution
    • Chapter Review
• Unit III: Concepts of Evolution
  • Chapter 13: How Populations Evolve
    • Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
      • 13.1 A sea voyage helped Darwin frame his theory of evolution
      • 13.2 The study of fossils provides strong evidence for evolution
      • 13.3 Scientific Thinking Fossils of transitional forms support Darwin’s theory of evolution
      • 13.4 Homologies provide strong evidence for evolution
      • 13.5 Homologies indicate patterns of descent that can be shown on an evolutionary tree
      • 13.6 Darwin proposed natural selection as the mechanism of evolution
      • 13.7 Scientists can observe natural selection in action
    • The Evolution of Populations
      • 13.8 Mutation and sexual reproduction produce the genetic variation that makes evolution possible
      • 13.9 Evolution occurs within populations
      • 13.10 The Hardy-Weinberg equation can test whether a population is evolving
      • 13.11 Connection The Hardy-Weinberg equation is useful in public health science
    • Mechanisms of Microevolution
      • 13.12 Natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow can cause microevolution
      • 13.13 Natural selection is the only mechanism that consistently leads to adaptive evolution
      • 13.14 Visualizing The Concept Natural selection can alter variation in a population in three ways
      • 13.15 Sexual selection may lead to phenotypic differences between males and females
      • 13.16 Evolution Connection The evolution of drugresistant microorganisms is a serious public health
      • 13.17 Diploidy and balancing selection preserve genetic variation
      • 13.18 Natural selection cannot fashion perfect organisms
    • Chapter Review
  • Chapter 14: The Origin of Species
    • Defining Species
      • 14.1 The origin of species is the source of biological diversity
      • 14.2 There are several ways to define a species
      • 14.3 Visualizing The Concept Reproductive barriers keep species separate
    • Mechanisms of Speciation
      • 14.4 In allopatric speciation, geographic isolation leads to speciation
      • 14.5 Reproductive barriers can evolve as populations diverge
      • 14.6 Sympatric speciation takes place without geographic isolation
      • 14.7 Scientific Thinking Sexual selection can lead to speciation
      • 14.8 Isolated islands are often showcases of speciation
      • 14.9 Evolution Connection Long-term field studies document evolution in Darwin’s finches
      • 14.10 Hybrid zones provide opportunities to study reproductive isolation
      • 14.11 Speciation can occur rapidly or slowly
    • Chapter Review
  • Chapter 15: Tracing Evolutionary History
    • Early Earth and the Origin of Life
      • 15.1 Conditions on early Earth made the origin of life possible
      • 15.2 Scientific Thinking Experiments show that the abiotic synthesis of organic molecules is possibl
      • 15.3 Stages in the origin of the first cells probably included the formation of polymers, protocells
    • Major Events in the History of Life
      • 15.4 The origins of single-celled and multicellular organisms and the colonization of land were key
      • 15.5 The actual ages of rocks and fossils mark geologic time
      • 15.6 The fossil record documents the history of life
    • Mechanisms of Macroevolution
      • 15.7 Continental drift has played a major role in macroevolution
      • 15.8 Connection Plate tectonics may imperil human life
      • 15.9 Five mass extinctions have altered the course of evolution
      • 15.10 Adaptive radiations have increased the diversity of life
      • 15.11 Genes that control development play a major role in evolution
      • 15.12 Evolution Connection Novel traits may arise in several ways
      • 15.13 Evolutionary trends do not mean that evolution is goal directed
    • Phylogeny and the Tree of Life
      • 15.14 Taxonomy names and classifies the diversity of life
      • 15.15 Phylogenies based on homologies reflect evolutionary history
      • 15.16 Shared characters are used to construct phylogenetic trees
      • 15.17 An organism’s evolutionary history is documented in its genome
      • 15.18 Molecular clocks help track evolutionary time
      • 15.19 Constructing the tree of life is a work in progress
    • Chapter Review
• Unit IV: The Evolution of Biological Diversity
  • Chapter 16: Microbial Life: Prokaryotes and Protists
    • Prokaryotes
      • 16.1 Prokaryotes are diverse and widespread
      • 16.2 External features contribute to the success of prokaryotes
      • 16.3 Populations of prokaryotes can adapt rapidly to changes in the environment
      • 16.4 Prokaryotes have unparalleled nutritional diversity
      • 16.5 Connection Biofilms are complex associations of microbes
      • 16.6 Connection Prokaryotes help clean up the environment
      • 16.7 Bacteria and archaea are the two main branches of prokaryotic evolution
      • 16.8 Archaea thrive in extreme environments—and in other habitats
      • 16.9 Bacteria include a diverse assemblage of prokaryotes
      • 16.10 Connection Some bacteria cause disease
      • 16.11 Scientific Thinking Stomach microbiota affect health and disease
    • Protists
      • 16.12 Protists are an extremely diverse assortment of eukaryotes
      • 16.13 Protist diversity is organized in supergroups
      • 16.14 The SAR supergroup represents the range of protist diversity
      • 16.15 Connection Can algae provide a renewable source of energy?
      • 16.16 Some excavates have modified mitochondria
      • 16.17 Unikonts include protists that are closely related to fungi and animals
      • 16.18 Archaeplastids include red algae, green algae, and land plants
      • 16.19 Evolution Connection Multicellularity evolved several times in eukaryotes
    • Chapter Review
  • Chapter 17: The Evolution of Plant and Fungal Diversity
    • Plant Evolution and Diversity
      • 17.1 Plants have adaptations for life on land
      • 17.2 Plant diversity reflects the evolutionary history of the plant kingdom
    • Alternation of Generations and Plant Life Cycles
      • 17.3 Visualizing The Concept Haploid and diploid generations alternate in plant life cycles
      • 17.4 Seedless vascular plants dominated vast “coal forests”
      • 17.5 Pollen and seeds are key adaptations for life on land
      • 17.6 The flower is the centerpiece of angiosperm reproduction
      • 17.7 The angiosperm plant is a sporophyte with gametophytes in its flowers
      • 17.8 The structure of a fruit reflects its function in seed dispersal
      • 17.9 Connection Angiosperms sustain us—and add spice to our diets
      • 17.10 Evolution Connection Pollination by animals has influenced angiosperm evolution
      • 17.11 Connection Plant diversity is vital to the future of the world’s food supply
    • Diversity of Fungi
      • 17.12 Fungi absorb food after digesting it outside their bodies
      • 17.13 Fungi produce spores in both asexual and sexual life cycles
      • 17.14 Fungi are classified into five groups
      • 17.15 Connection Fungi have enormous ecological benefits
      • 17.16 Connection Fungi have many practical uses
      • 17.17 Lichens are symbiotic associations of fungi and photosynthetic organisms
      • 17.18 Scientific Thinking Mycorrhizae may have helped plants colonize land
      • 17.19 Connection Parasitic fungi harm plants and animals
    • Chapter Review
  • Chapter 18: The Evolution of Invertebrate Diversity
    • Animal Evolution and Diversity
      • 18.1 What is an animal?
      • 18.2 Animal diversification began more than half a billion years ago
      • 18.3 Visualizing The Concept Animals can be characterized by basic features of their “body plan”
      • 18.4 Body plans and molecular comparisons of animals can be used to build phylogenetic trees
    • Invertebrate Diversity
      • 18.5 Sponges have a relatively simple, porous body
      • 18.6 Cnidarians are radial animals with tentacles and stinging cells
      • 18.7 Flatworms are the simplest bilateral animals
      • 18.8 Nematodes have a body cavity and a complete digestive tract
      • 18.9 Diverse molluscs are variations on a common body plan
      • 18.10 Annelids are segmented worms
      • 18.11 Arthropods are segmented animals with jointed appendages and an exoskeleton
      • 18.12 Evolution Connection Insects are the most successful group of animals
      • 18.13 Scientific Thinking The genes that build animal bodies are ancient
      • 18.14 Echinoderms have spiny skin, an endoskeleton, and a water vascular system for movement
      • 18.15 Our own phylum, Chordata, is distinguished by four features
      • 18.16 Connection Invertebrate diversity is a valuable but threatened resource
    • Chapter Review
  • Chapter 19: The Evolution of Vertebrate Diversity
    • Vertebrate Evolution and Diversity
      • 19.1 Shared derived characters define the major clades of chordates
      • 19.2 Hagfishes and lampreys lack hinged jaws
      • 19.3 Jawed vertebrates with gills and paired fins include sharks, ray-finned fishes, and lobe-finned
      • 19.4 Evolution Connection New fossil discoveries are filling in the gaps of tetrapod evolution
      • 19.5 Amphibians are tetrapods—vertebrates with two pairs of limbs
      • 19.6 Reptiles are amniotes—tetrapods with a terrestrially adapted egg
      • 19.7 Birds are feathered reptiles with adaptations for flight
      • 19.8 Mammals are amniotes that have hair and produce milk
    • Primate Diversity
      • 19.9 Visualizing The Concept Many primate characters are adaptations to life in the trees
      • 19.10 The human story begins with our primate heritage
    • Hominin Evolution
      • 19.11 The hominin branch of the primate tree includes species that coexisted
      • 19.12 Australopiths were bipedal and had small brains
      • 19.13 Larger brains mark the evolution of Homo
      • 19.14 From origins in Africa, Homo sapiens spread around the world
      • 19.15 Scientific Thinking New discoveries raise new questions about the history of hominins
      • 19.16 Evolution Connection Human skin color reflects adaptations to varying amounts of sunlight
      • 19.17 Connection Our knowledge of animal diversity is far from complete
    • Chapter Review
• Unit V: Animals: Form and Function
  • Chapter 20: Unifying Concepts of Animal Structure and Function
    • Structure and Function in Animal Tissues
      • 20.1 Evolution Connection An animal’s form is not the perfect design
      • 20.2 Structure fits function at all levels of organization in the animal body
      • 20.3 Tissues are groups of cells with a common structure and function
      • 20.4 Epithelial tissue covers the body and lines its organs and cavities
      • 20.5 Connective tissue binds and supports other tissues
      • 20.6 Muscle tissue functions in movement
      • 20.7 Nervous tissue forms a communication network
    • Organs and Organ Systems
      • 20.8 Organs are made up of tissues
      • 20.9 Connection Bioengineers are learning to produce organs for transplants
      • 20.10 Organ systems work together to perform life’s functions
      • 20.11 The integumentary system protects the body
      • 20.12 Scientific Thinking Well-designed experiments help answer scientific questions
    • External Exchange and Internal Regulation
      • 20.13 Structural adaptations enhance exchange with the environment
      • 20.14 Animals regulate their internal environment
      • 20.15 Homeostasis depends on negative feedback
    • Chapter Review
  • Chapter 21: Nutrition and Digestion
    • Obtaining and Processing Food
      • 21.1 Animals obtain and ingest their food in a variety of ways
      • 21.2 Overview: Food processing occurs in four stages
      • 21.3 Digestion occurs in specialized compartments
    • The Human Digestive System
      • 21.4 The human digestive system consists of an alimentary canal and accessory organs
      • 21.5 Digestion begins in the oral cavity
      • 21.6 After swallowing, peristalsis moves food through the esophagus to the stomach
      • 21.7 Connection The Heimlich maneuver can save lives
      • 21.8 The stomach stores food and breaks it down with acid and enzymes
      • 21.9 Connection Digestive ailments include acid reflux and gastric ulcers
      • 21.10 The small intestine is the major organ of chemical digestion and nutrient absorption
      • 21.11 The liver processes and detoxifies blood from the intestines
      • 21.12 The large intestine reclaims water and compacts the feces
      • 21.13 Evolution Connection Evolutionary adaptations of vertebrate digestive systems relate to diet
    • Nutrition
      • 21.14 An animal’s diet must provide sufficient energy
      • 21.15 An animal’s diet must supply essential nutrients
      • 21.16 A proper human diet must include sufficient vitamins and minerals
      • 21.17 Connection Food labels provide nutritional information
      • 21.18 Connection Dietary deficiencies can have a number of causes
      • 21.19 Evolution Connection The human health problem of obesity may reflect our evolutionary past
      • 21.20 Scientific Thinking Scientists use a variety of methods to test weight loss claims
      • 21.21 Connection Diet can influence risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer
    • Chapter Review
  • Chapter 22: Gas Exchange
    • Mechanisms of Gas Exchange
      • 22.1 Gas exchange in humans involves breathing, transport of gases, and exchange with body cells
      • 22.2 Animals exchange O2 and CO2 across moist body surfaces
      • 22.3 Visualizing The Concept Gills are adapted for gas exchange in aquatic environments
      • 22.4 The tracheal system of insects provides direct exchange between the air and body cells
      • 22.5 Evolution Connection The evolution of lungs facilitated the movement of tetrapods onto land
    • The Human Respiratory System
      • 22.6 In mammals, branching tubes convey air to lungs located in the chest cavity
      • 22.7 Scientific Thinking Warning: Cigarette smoking is hazardous to your health
      • 22.8 Negative pressure breathing ventilates your lungs
      • 22.9 Breathing is automatically controlled
    • Transport of Gases in the Human Body
      • 22.10 Blood transports respiratory gases
      • 22.11 Hemoglobin carries O2, helps transport CO2, and buffers the blood
      • 22.12 Connection The human fetus exchanges gases with the mother’s blood
      • Chapter Review
  • Chapter 23: Circulation
    • Circulatory Systems
      • 23.1 Circulatory systems facilitate exchange with all body tissues
      • 23.2 Evolution Connection Vertebrate cardiovascular systems reflect evolution
    • The Human Cardiovascular System and Heart
      • 23.3 Visualizing The Concept The human cardiovascular system illustrates the double circulation of m
      • 23.4 The heart contracts and relaxes rhythmically
      • 23.5 The SA node sets the tempo of the heartbeat
      • 23.6 Scientific Thinking How should heart disease be treated?
    • Structure and Function of Blood Vessels
      • 23.7 The structure of blood vessels fits their functions
      • 23.8 Blood pressure and velocity reflect the structure and arrangement of blood vessels
      • 23.9 Connection Measuring blood pressure can reveal cardiovascular problems
      • 23.10 Arteriole diameter and precapillary sphincters control the distribution of blood
      • 23.11 Capillaries allow the transfer of substances through their walls
    • Structure and Function of Blood
      • 23.12 Blood consists of red and white blood cells suspended in plasma
      • 23.13 Connection Too few or too many red blood cells can be unhealthy
      • 23.14 Blood clots plug leaks when blood vessels are injured
      • 23.15 Connection Stem cells offer a potential cure for blood cell diseases
    • Chapter Review
  • Chapter 24: The Immune System
    • Innate Immunity
      • 24.1 All animals have innate immunity
      • 24.2 The inflammatory response disinfects damaged tissue
    • Adaptive Immunity
      • 24.3 The adaptive immune response counters specific invaders
      • 24.4 The lymphatic system becomes a crucial battleground during infection
      • 24.5 Lymphocytes mount a dual defense
      • 24.6 Antigen receptors and antibodies bind to specific regions on an antigen
      • 24.7 Visualizing The Concept Clonal selection mobilizes defenses against specific antigens
      • 24.8 The primary and secondary responses differ in speed, strength, and duration
      • 24.9 The structure of an antibody matches its function
      • 24.10 Connection Herd immunity prevents the outbreak of infectious disease
      • 24.11 Scientific Thinking Why is herd immunity so difficult with the flu?
      • 24.12 Helper T cells stimulate the humoral and cell-mediated immune responses
      • 24.13 Cytotoxic T cells destroy infected body cells
      • 24.14 Connection HIV destroys helper T cells, compromising the body’s defenses
      • 24.15 Evolution Connection The rapid evolution of HIV complicates AIDS treatment
      • 24.16 The immune system depends on our molecular fingerprints
    • Disorders of the Immune System
      • 24.17 Connection Immune system disorders result from self-directed or underactive responses
      • 24.18 Connection Allergies are overreactions to certain environmental antigens
      • Chapter Review
  • Chapter 25: Control of Body Temperature and Water Balance
    • Thermoregulation
      • 25.1 An animal’s regulation of body temperature helps maintain homeostasis
      • 25.2 Thermoregulation involves adaptations that balance heat gain and loss
      • 25.3 Scientific Thinking Drop-keeping helps mosquitoes control body temperature
    • Osmoregulation and Excretion
      • 25.4 Visualizing The Concept Animals balance their levels of water and solutes through osmoregulatio
      • 25.5 Evolution Connection Several ways to dispose of nitrogenous wastes have evolved in animals
      • 25.6 The urinary system plays several major roles in homeostasis
      • 25.7 The kidney is a water-conserving organ
      • 25.8 Hormones regulate the urinary system
      • 25.9 Connection Kidney dialysis can save lives
    • Chapter Review
  • Chapter 26: Hormones and the Endocrine System
    • The Nature of Chemical Regulation
      • 26.1 Chemical and electrical signals coordinate body functions
      • 26.2 Hormones affect target cells using two main signaling mechanisms
      • 26.3 Scientific Thinking A widely used weed killer demasculinizes male frogs
    • The Vertebrate Endocrine System
      • 26.4 The vertebrate endocrine system consists of more than a dozen major glands
      • 26.5 The hypothalamus, which is closely tied to the pituitary, connects the nervous and endocrine sy
    • Hormones and Homeostasis
      • 26.6 The thyroid regulates development and metabolism
      • 26.7 The gonads secrete sex hormones
      • 26.8 Visualizing The Concept Pancreatic hormones regulate blood glucose level
      • 26.9 Connection Diabetes is a common endocrine disorder
      • 26.10 The adrenal glands mobilize responses to stress
      • 26.11 Evolution Connection A single hormone can perform a variety of functions in different animals
      • 26.12 Connection Hormones can promote social behaviors
    • Chapter Review
  • Chapter 27: Reproduction and Embryonic Development
    • Asexual and Sexual Reproduction
      • 27.1 Asexual reproduction results in the generation of genetically identical offspring
      • 27.2 Sexual reproduction results in the generation of genetically unique offspring
    • Human Reproduction
      • 27.3 The human female reproductive system includes the ovaries and structures that deliver gametes
      • 27.4 The human male reproductive system includes the testes and structures that deliver gametes
      • 27.5 The formation of sperm and egg cells requires meiosis
      • 27.6 Hormones synchronize cyclic changes in the ovary and uterus
      • 27.7 Scientific Thinking Sexual activity can transmit disease
      • 27.8 Connection Contraception can prevent unwanted pregnancy
    • Principles of Embryonic Development
      • 27.9 Fertilization results in a zygote and triggers embryonic development
      • 27.10 Cleavage produces a blastula from the zygote
      • 27.11 Gastrulation produces a three-layered embryo
      • 27.12 Organs start to form after gastrulation
      • 27.13 Multiple processes give form to the developing animal
      • 27.14 Evolution Connection Pattern formation during embryonic development is controlled by ancient g
    • Human Development
      • 27.15 The embryo and placenta take shape during the first month of pregnancy
      • 27.16 Visualizing The Concept Human pregnancy is divided into trimesters
      • 27.17 Childbirth is induced by hormones and other chemical signals
      • 27.18 Connection Reproductive technologies increase our reproductive options
    • Chapter Review
  • Chapter 28: Nervous Systems
    • Nervous System Structure and Function
      • 28.1 Nervous systems receive sensory input, interpret it, and send out commands
      • 28.2 Neurons are the functional units of nervous systems
    • Nerve Signals and Their Transmission
      • 28.3 Nerve function depends on charge differences across neuron membranes
      • 28.4 A nerve signal begins as a change in the membrane potential
      • 28.5 The action potential propagates itself along the axon
      • 28.6 Visualizing The Concept Neurons communicate at synapses
      • 28.7 Chemical synapses enable complex information to be processed
      • 28.8 A variety of small molecules function as neurotransmitters
      • 28.9 Connection Many drugs act at chemical synapses
      • 28.10 Scientific Thinking Published data are biased toward positive findings
    • An Overview of Animal Nervous Systems
      • 28.11 Evolution Connection The evolution of animal nervous systems reflects changes in body symmetry
      • 28.12 Vertebrate nervous systems are highly centralized
      • 28.13 The peripheral nervous system of vertebrates can be divided into functional components
      • 28.14 The vertebrate brain develops from three anterior bulges of the neural tube
    • The Human Brain
      • 28.15 The structure of a living supercomputer: The human brain
      • 28.16 The cerebral cortex controls voluntary movement and cognitive functions
      • 28.17 Connection Injuries and brain surgery provide insight into brain function
      • 28.18 The nervous system can reorganize its neural connections
      • 28.19 Sleep is an active state for the brain
      • 28.20 The limbic system is involved in emotions and memory
      • 28.21 Connection Changes in brain physiology can produce neurological disorders
    • Chapter Review
  • Chapter 29: The Senses
    • Sensory Reception
      • 29.1 Sensory receptors convert stimuli to action potentials
      • 29.2 Scientific Thinking The model for magnetic sensory reception is incomplete
      • 29.3 Specialized sensory receptors detect five categories of stimuli
    • Hearing and Balance
      • 29.4 The ear converts air pressure waves to action potentials that are perceived as sound
      • 29.5 The inner ear houses our organs of balance
      • 29.6 Connection What causes motion sickness?
    • Vision
      • 29.7 Evolution Connection Several types of eyes have evolved among animals
      • 29.8 The human eye focuses by changing the shape of the lens
      • 29.9 Connection Many vision problems can be corrected with artificial lenses or surgery
      • 29.10 The human retina contains two types of photoreceptors: rods and cones
    • Taste and Smell
      • 29.11 Taste and odor receptors detect chemicals present in solution or air
      • 29.12 Connection Does cilantro taste like soap to you?
      • 29.13 Summary: The central nervous system couples stimulus with response
    • Chapter Review
  • Chapter 30: How Animals Move
    • Movement and Locomotion
      • 30.1 Locomotion requires energy to overcome friction and gravity
      • 30.2 Skeletons function in support, movement, and protection
    • The Vertebrate Skeleton
      • 30.3 Evolution Connection Vertebrate skeletons are variations on an ancient theme
      • 30.4 Bones are complex living organs
      • 30.5 Connection Healthy bones resist stress and heal from injuries
      • 30.6 Joints permit different types of movement
    • Muscle Contraction and Movement
      • 30.7 The skeleton and muscles interact in movement
      • 30.8 Each muscle cell has its own contractile apparatus
      • 30.9 A muscle contracts when thin filaments slide along thick filaments
      • 30.10 Motor neurons stimulate muscle contraction
      • 30.11 Connection Aerobic respiration supplies most of the energy for exercise
      • 30.12 Scientific Thinking Characteristics of muscle fibers affect athletic performance
    • Chapter Review
• Unit VI: Plants: Form and Function
  • Chapter 31: Plant Structure, Growth, and Reproduction
    • Plant Structure and Function
      • 31.1 Scientific Thinking The domestication of crops changed the course of human history
      • 31.2 The two major groups of angiosperms are the monocots and the eudicots
      • 31.3 A typical plant body contains three basic organs: roots, stems, and leaves
      • 31.4 Connection Many plants have modified roots, stems, and leaves
      • 31.5 Three tissue systems make up the plant body
      • 31.6 Plant cells are diverse in structure and function
    • Plant Growth
      • 31.7 Primary growth lengthens roots and shoots
      • 31.8 Secondary growth increases the diameter of woody plants
    • Reproduction of Flowering Plants
      • 31.9 The flower is the organ of sexual reproduction in angiosperms
      • 31.10 The development of pollen and ovules culminates in fertilization
      • 31.11 The ovule develops into a seed
      • 31.12 The ovary develops into a fruit
      • 31.13 Seed germination continues the life cycle
      • 31.14 Asexual reproduction produces plant clones
      • 31.15 Connection Plant cloning is an important agricultural tool
      • 31.16 Evolution Connection Evolutionary adaptations help some plants to live very long lives
    • Chapter Review
  • Chapter 32: Plant Nutrition and Transport
    • The Uptake and Transport of Plant Nutrients
      • 32.1 Plants acquire nutrients from air, water, and soil
      • 32.2 The plasma membranes of root cells control solute uptake
      • 32.3 Visualizing The Concept Transpiration pulls water up xylem vessels
      • 32.4 Guard cells control transpiration
      • 32.5 Phloem transports sugars
      • 32.6 Connection Humans tap into plant transport structures
    • Plant Nutrients and the Soil
      • 32.7 Plant health depends on obtaining all of the essential inorganic nutrients
      • 32.8 Connection Fertilizers can help prevent nutrient deficiencies
      • 32.9 Fertile soil supports plant growth
      • 32.10 Connection Soil conservation is essential to human life
      • 32.11 Scientific Thinking Organic farmers follow principles meant to promote health
      • 32.12 Connection Genetic engineering is improving the yields and nutritional values of crops
    • Plant Nutrition and Symbiosis
      • 32.13 Most plants depend on bacteria to supply nitrogen
      • 32.14 Evolution Connection Mutually beneficial relationships have evolved between plants and other k
      • 32.15 The plant kingdom includes epiphytes, parasites, and carnivores
    • Chapter Review
  • Chapter 33: Control Systems in Plants
    • Plant Hormones
      • 33.1 Scientific Thinking A series of experiments by several scientists led to the discovery of a pla
      • 33.2 Botanists have identified several major types of hormones
      • 33.3 Auxin stimulates the elongation of cells in young shoots
      • 33.4 Cytokinins stimulate cell division
      • 33.5 Gibberellins affect stem elongation and have numerous other effects
      • 33.6 Abscisic acid inhibits many plant processes
      • 33.7 Ethylene triggers fruit ripening and other aging processes
      • 33.8 Connection Plant hormones have many agricultural uses
    • Responses to Stimuli
      • 33.9 Tropisms orient plant growth toward or away from environmental stimuli
      • 33.10 Plants have internal clocks
      • 33.11 Plants mark the seasons by measuring photoperiod
      • 33.12 Phytochromes are light detectors that help set the biological clock
      • 33.13 Evolution Connection Defenses against herbivores and infectious microbes have evolved in plant
    • Chapter Review
• Unit VII: Ecology
  • Chapter 34: The Biosphere: An Introduction to Earth’s Diverse Environments
    • The Biosphere
      • 34.1 Ecologists study how organisms interact with their environment at several levels
      • 34.2 Scientific Thinking The science of ecology provides insight into environmental problems
      • 34.3 Physical and chemical factors influence life in the biosphere
      • 34.4 Evolution Connection Organisms are adapted to abiotic and biotic factors through natural select
      • 34.5 Regional climate influences the distribution of terrestrial communities
    • Aquatic Biomes
      • 34.6 Sunlight and substrate are key factors in the distribution of marine organisms
      • 34.7 Current, sunlight, and nutrients are important abiotic factors in freshwater biomes
    • Terrestrial Biomes
      • 34.8 Terrestrial biomes reflect regional variations in climate
      • 34.9 Tropical forests cluster near the equator
      • 34.10 Savannas are grasslands with scattered trees
      • 34.11 Deserts are defined by their dryness
      • 34.12 Spiny shrubs dominate the chaparral
      • 34.13 Temperate grasslands include the North American prairie
      • 34.14 Broadleaf trees dominate temperate forests
      • 34.15 Coniferous forests are often dominated by a few species of trees
      • 34.16 Long, bitter-cold winters characterize the tundra
      • 34.17 Polar ice covers the land at high latitudes
      • 34.18 Visualizing The Concept The global water cycle connects aquatic and terrestrial biomes
    • Chapter Review
  • Chapter 35: Behavioral Adaptations to the Environment
    • Types and Causes of Behavior
      • 35.1 Proximate and ultimate factors cause behavior
      • 35.2 Fixed action patterns are innate behaviors
      • 35.3 Both genetics and environment influence behavior
    • Learning
      • 35.4 Habituation is a simple type of learning
      • 35.5 Imprinting requires both innate behavior and experience
      • 35.6 Connection Imprinting poses problems and opportunities for conservation programs
      • 35.7 Visualizing The Concept Animal movement may be a response to stimuli or require spatial learnin
      • 35.8 A variety of cues guide migratory movements
      • 35.9 Animals may learn to associate a stimulus or behavior with a response
      • 35.10 Animals can learn from each other
      • 35.11 Problem-solving behavior relies on cognition
    • Survival and Reproductive Success
      • 35.12 Optimal foraging depends on cost-benefit tradeoffs
      • 35.13 Communication is an essential element of interactions between animals
      • 35.14 Mating behavior often includes elaborate courtship rituals
      • 35.15 Mating systems and parental care enhance reproductive success
      • 35.16 Connection Chemical pollutants can cause abnormal behavior
    • Social Behavior
      • 35.17 Social behavior can increase individual fitness
      • 35.18 Territorial behavior is a type of resource defense
      • 35.19 Agonistic behavior can decrease the costs of aggression
      • 35.20 Dominance hierarchies are maintained by agonistic behavior
      • 35.21 Evolution Connection Altruistic acts can often be explained by the concept of inclusive fitnes
      • 35.22 Scientific Thinking Jane Goodall revolutionized our understanding of chimpanzee behavior
      • 35.23 Human behavior is the result of both genetic and environmental factors
    • Chapter Review
  • Chapter 36: Population Ecology
    • Population Structure and Dynamics
      • 36.1 Population ecology is the study of how and why populations change
      • 36.2 Density and dispersion patterns are important population variables
      • 36.3 Life tables track survivorship in populations
      • 36.4 Idealized models predict patterns of population growth
      • 36.5 Multiple factors may limit population growth
      • 36.6 Scientific Thinking Some populations have “boom-and-bust” cycles
      • 36.7 Evolution Connection Evolution shapes life histories
      • 36.8 Connection Principles of population ecology have practical applications
    • The Human Population
      • 36.9 The human population continues to increase, but the growth rate is slowing
      • 36.10 Connection Age structures reveal social and economic trends
      • 36.11 Connection An ecological footprint is a measure of resource consumption
    • Chapter Review
  • Chapter 37: Communities and Ecosystems
    • Community Structure and Dynamics
      • 37.1 A community includes all the organisms inhabiting a particular area
      • 37.2 Interspecific interactions are fundamental to community structure
      • 37.3 Competition may occur when a shared resource is limited
      • 37.4 Mutualism benefits both partners
      • 37.5 Evolution Connection Predation leads to diverse adaptations in prey species
      • 37.6 Evolution Connection Herbivory leads to diverse adaptations in plants
      • 37.7 Parasites and pathogens can affect community composition
      • 37.8 Trophic structure is a key factor in community dynamics
      • 37.9 Visualizing The Concept Food chains interconnect, forming food webs
      • 37.10 Species diversity includes species richness and relative abundance
      • 37.11 Scientific Thinking Some species have a disproportionate impact on diversity
      • 37.12 Disturbance is a prominent feature of most communities
      • 37.13 Connection Invasive species can devastate communities
    • Ecosystem Structure and Dynamics
      • 37.14 Ecosystem ecology emphasizes energy flow and chemical cycling
      • 37.15 Primary production sets the energy budget for ecosystems
      • 37.16 Energy supply limits the length of food chains
      • 37.17 Connection An energy pyramid explains the ecological cost of meat
      • 37.18 Chemicals are cycled between organic matter and abiotic reservoirs
      • 37.19 The carbon cycle depends on photosynthesis and respiration
      • 37.20 The phosphorus cycle depends on the weathering of rock
      • 37.21 The nitrogen cycle depends on bacteria
      • 37.22 Connection A rapid inflow of nutrients degrades aquatic ecosystems
      • 37.23 Connection Ecosystem services are essential to human well-being
    • Chapter Review
  • Chapter 38: Conservation Biology
    • The Loss of Biodiversity
      • 38.1 Loss of biodiversity includes the loss of ecosystems, species, and genes
      • 38.2 Connection Habitat loss, invasive species, overharvesting, pollution, and climate change are ma
      • 38.3 Connection Rapid warming is changing the global climate
      • 38.4 Connection Human activities are responsible for rising concentrations of greenhouse gases
      • 38.5 Climate change affects biomes, ecosystems, communities, and populations
      • 38.6 Evolution Connection Climate change is an agent of natural selection
    • Conservation Biology and Restoration Ecology
      • 38.7 Protecting endangered populations is one goal of conservation biology
      • 38.8 Sustaining ecosystems and landscapes is a conservation priority
      • 38.9 Establishing protected areas slows the loss of biodiversity
      • 38.10 Zoned reserves are an attempt to reverse ecosystem disruption
      • 38.11 Scientific Thinking The Yellowstone to Yukon Conservation Initiative seeks to preserve biodive
      • 38.12 Connection The study of how to restore degraded habitats is a developing science
      • 38.13 Sustainable development is an ultimate goal
    • Chapter Review
• Appendix 1: Metric Conversion Table
• Appendix 2: The Periodic Table
• Appendix 3: The Amino Acids of Proteins
• Appendix 4: Chapter Review Answers
• Appendix 5: Credits
• Glossary
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• Index
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