Efnisyfirlit

• Cover
• Half Title
• Title
• Copyright
• Dedication
• CONTENTS IN BRIEF
• CONTENTS
• Preface
• INTRODUCTION
• 1 Botany: An Introduction
  • Evolution of Plants
  • Evolution of Communities
  • Appearance of Human Beings
• SECTION 1 BIOLOGY OF THE PLANT CELL
  • 2 The Molecular Composition of Plant Cells
    • Organic Molecules
    • Carbohydrates
    • Lipids
    • Proteins
    • ESSAY: Vegetarians, Amino Acids, and Nitrogen
    • Nucleic Acids
    • Secondary Metabolites
  • 3 The Plant Cell and the Cell Cycle
    • Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
    • ESSAY: Cell Theory versus Organismal Theory
    • The Plant Cell: An Overview
    • Nucleus
    • Chloroplasts and Other Plastids
    • Mitochondria
    • Peroxisomes
    • Vacuoles
    • Endoplasmic Reticulum
    • Golgi Apparatus
    • Cytoskeleton
    • ESSAY: Cytoplasmic Streaming in Giant Algal Cells
    • Flagella and Cilia
    • Cell Wall
    • The Cell Cycle
    • Interphase
    • Mitosis and Cytokinesis
  • 4 The Movement of Substances into and out of Cells
    • Principles of Water Movement
    • Cells and Diffusion
    • Osmosis and Living Organisms
    • ESSAY: Imbibition
    • Structure of Cellular Membranes
    • Transport of Solutes across Membranes
    • ESSAY: Patch-Clamp Recording in the Study of Ion Channels
    • Vesicle-Mediated Transport
    • Cell-to-Cell Communication
• SECTION 2 ENERGETICS
  • 5 The Flow of Energy
    • The Laws of Thermodynamics
    • Oxidation–Reduction
    • Enzymes
    • Cofactors in Enzyme Action
    • Metabolic Pathways
    • Regulation of Enzyme Activity
    • The Energy Factor: ATP
  • 6 Respiration
    • An Overview of Glucose Oxidation
    • Glycolysis
    • The Aerobic Pathway
    • ESSAY: Bioluminescence
    • Other Substrates for Respiration
    • Anaerobic Pathways
    • ESSAY: The Botany of Beer
    • The Strategy of Energy Metabolism
  • 7 Photosynthesis, Light, and Life
    • Photosynthesis: A Historical Perspective
    • The Nature of Light
    • ESSAY: The Fitness of Light
    • The Role of Pigments
    • The Reactions of Photosynthesis
    • The Carbon-Fixation Reactions
    • ESSAY: Global Warming: The Future Is Now
• SECTION 3 GENETICS AND EVOLUTION
  • 8 Sexual Reproduction and Heredity
    • Sexual Reproduction
    • The Eukaryotic Chromosome
    • The Process of Meiosis
    • How Characteristics Are Inherited
    • Mendel’s Two Principles
    • Linkage
    • Mutations
    • Broadening the Concept of the Gene
    • Asexual Reproduction: An Alternative Strategy
    • Advantages and Disadvantages of Asexual and Sexual Reprodution
    • ESSAY: Vegetative Reproduction: Some Ways and Means
  • 9 The Chemistry of Heredity and Gene Expression
    • The Structure of DNA
    • DNA Replication
    • From DNA to Protein: The Role of RNA
    • The Genetic Code
    • Protein Synthesis
    • Regulation of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes
    • The DNA of the Eukaryotic Chromosome
    • Transcription and Processing of mRNA in Eukaryotes
    • Noncoding RNAs and Gene Regulation
  • 10 Recombinant DNA Technology, Plant Biotechnology, and Genomics
    • Recombinant DNA Technology
    • Plant Biotechnology
    • ESSAY: Model Plants: Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa
    • ESSAY: Totipotency
    • Genomics
  • 11 The Process of Evolution
    • Darwin’s Theory
    • The Concept of the Gene Pool
    • The Behavior of Genes in Populations: The Hardy-Weinberg Law
    • The Agents of Change
    • Responses to Selection
    • ESSAY: Invasive Plants
    • The Result of Natural Selection: Adaptation
    • The Origin of Species
    • How Does Speciation Occur?
    • ESSAY: Adaptive Radiation in Hawaiian Lobeliads
    • The Origin of Major Groups of Organisms
• SECTION 4 DIVERSITY
  • 12 Systematics: The Science of Biological Diversity
    • Taxonomy: Nomenclature and Classification
    • ESSAY: Convergent Evolution
    • Cladistics
    • Molecular Systematics
    • ESSAY: Google Earth: A Tool for Discovering and Protecting Biodiversity
    • The Major Groups of Organisms: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya
    • Origin of the Eukaryotes
    • The Protists and Eukaryotic Kingdoms
    • Life Cycles and Diploidy
  • 13 Prokaryotes and Viruses
    • Characteristics of the Prokaryotic Cell
    • Diversity of Form
    • Reproduction and Gene Exchange
    • Endospores
    • Metabolic Diversity
    • Bacteria
    • Archaea
    • Viruses
    • Viroids: Other Infectious Particles
  • 14 Fungi
    • The Importance of Fungi
    • Characteristics of Fungi
    • ESSAY: Phototroprism in a Fungus
    • Microsporidians: Phylum Microsporidia
    • Chytrids: A Polyphyletic Group of Fungi with Flagellated Cells
    • Zygomycetes: A Polyphyletic Group of Filamentous Fungi
    • Glomeromycetes: Phylum Glomeromycota
    • Ascomycetes: Phylum Ascomycota
    • Basidiomycetes: Phylum Basidiomycota
    • ESSAY: Predaceous Fungi
    • Symbiotic Relationships of Fungi
    • ESSAY: From Pathogen to Symbiont: Fungal Endophytes
  • 15 Protists: Algae and Heterotrophic Protists
    • Ecology of the Algae
    • ESSAY: Algae and Human Affairs
    • ESSAY: Red Tides/Toxic Blooms
    • Euglenoids
    • Cryptomonads: Phylum Cryptophyta
    • Haptophytes: Phylum Haptophyta
    • Dinoflagellates
    • ESSAY: Coral Reefs and Global Warming
    • Photosynthetic Stramenopiles
    • Red Algae: Phylum Rhodophyta
    • Green Algae
    • Heterotrophic Protists
  • 16 Bryophytes
    • The Relationships of Bryophytes to Other Groups
    • Comparative Structure and Reproduction of Bryophytes
    • Liverworts: Phylum Marchantiophyta
    • Mosses: Phylum Bryophyta
    • Hornworts: Phylum Anthocerotophyta
  • 17 Seedless Vascular Plants
    • Evolution of Vascular Plants
    • Organization of the Vascular Plant Body
    • Reproductive Systems
    • The Phyla of Seedless Vascular Plants
    • ESSAY: Coal Age Plants
    • Phylum Rhyniophyta
    • Phylum Zosterophyllophyta
    • Phylum Trimerophytophyta
    • Phylum Lycopodiophyta
    • Phylum Monilophyta
  • 18 Gymnosperms
    • Evolution of the Seed
    • Progymnosperms
    • Extinct Gymnosperms
    • Living Gymnosperms
    • Phylum Coniferophyta
    • Other Living Gymnosperm Phyla: Cycadophyta, Ginkgophyta, and Gnetophyta
  • 19 Introduction to the Angiosperms
    • Diversity in the Phylum Anthophyta
    • The Flower
    • The Angiosperm Life Cycle
    • ESSAY: Hay Fever
  • 20 Evolution of the Angiosperms
    • Angiosperm Ancestors
    • Time of Origin and Diversification of the Angiosperms
    • Phylogenetic Relationships of the Angiosperms
    • Evolution of the Flower
    • Evolution of Fruits
    • Biochemical Coevolution
  • 21 Plants and People
    • The Rise of Agriculture
    • ESSAY: The Origin of Maize
    • The Growth of Human Populations
    • ESSAY: Biofuels: Part of the Solution, or Another Problem?
    • Agriculture in the Future
• SECTION 5 THE ANGIOSPERM PLANT BODY: STRUCTURE AND DEVELOPMENT
  • 22 Early Development of the Plant Body
    • Formation of the Embryo
    • The Mature Embryo
    • Seed Maturation
    • Requirements for Seed Germination
    • ESSAY: Wheat: Bread and Bran
    • From Embryo to Adult Plant
  • 23 Cells and Tissues of the Plant Body
    • Apical Meristems and Their Derivatives
    • Growth, Morphogenesis, and Differentiation
    • Internal Organization of the Plant Body
    • Ground Tissues
    • Vascular Tissues
    • Dermal Tissues
  • 24 The Root: Structure and Development
    • Root Systems
    • Origin and Growth of Primary Tissues
    • Primary Structure
    • Effect of Secondary Growth on the Primary Body of the Root
    • Origin of Lateral Roots
    • Aerial Roots and Air Roots
    • Adaptations for Food Storage: Fleshy Roots
    • ESSAY: Getting to the Root of Organ Development
  • 25 The Shoot: Primary Structure and Development
    • Origin and Growth of the Primary Tissues of the Stem
    • Primary Structure of the Stem
    • Relation between the Vascular Tissues of the Stem and Leaf
    • Morphology and Structure of the Leaf
    • ESSAY: Leaf Dimorphism in Aquatic Plants
    • Grass Leaves
    • Development of the Leaf
    • ESSAY: Strong, Versatile, Sustainable Bamboo
    • Leaf Abscission
    • Transition between the Vascular Systems of the Root and Shoot
    • Development of the Flower
    • Stem and Leaf Modifications
  • 26 Secondary Growth in Stems
    • Annuals, Biennials, and Perennials
    • The Vascular Cambium
    • Effect of Secondary Growth on the Primary Body of the Stem
    • Wood: Secondary Xylem
    • ESSAY: The Truth about Knots
• SECTION 6 PHYSIOLOGY OF SEED PLANTS
  • 27 Regulating Growth and Development: The Plant Hormones
    • Auxins
    • Cytokinins
    • Ethylene
    • Abscisic Acid
    • Gibberellins
    • Brassinosteroids
    • The Molecular Basis of Hormone Action
  • 28 External Factors and Plant Growth
    • The Tropisms
    • Circadian Rhythms
    • Photoperiodism
    • The Floral Stimulus
    • Vernalization: Cold and the Flowering Response
    • Dormancy
    • ESSAY: Doomsday Seed Vault: Securing Crop Diversity
    • Nastic Movements and Solar Tracking
  • 29 Plant Nutrition and Soils
    • Essential Elements
    • Functions of Essential Elements
    • The Soil
    • Nutrient Cycles
    • Nitrogen and the Nitrogen Cycle
    • ESSAY: Carnivorous Plants
    • Phosphorus and the Phosphorus Cycle
    • Human Impact on Nutrient Cycles and Effects of Pollution
    • Soils and Agriculture
    • ESSAY: Halophytes: A Future Resource?
    • ESSAY: Compost
    • Plant Nutrition Research
    • ESSAY: The Water Cycle
  • 30 The Movement of Water and Solutes in Plants
    • Movement of Water and Inorganic Nutrients through the Plant Body
    • ESSAY: Green Roofs: A Cool Alternative
    • Absorption of Water and Ions by Roots
    • Assimilate Transport: Movement of Substances through the Phloem
• Appendix: Classification of Organisms
• Suggestions for Further Reading
• Glossary
• Illustration Credits
• Index

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