Efnisyfirlit

• Cover
• Half Title
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Contents
• List of Illustrations
• Preface to the Sixth Edition
• Acknowledgments
• A Note About Place Names and Transliteration
• Part One The Development of Islamic Civilization to the Eighteenth Century
  • 1 The Rise and Expansion of Islam
    • Pre-Islamic Arabia
    • Muhammad and the Foundations of Islam
    • The Arab Conquests and the First Empire
    • The First Civil War and the End of the Rashidun Caliphate
    • From Arab Exclusivism to Islamic Universalism: The Umayyad and Abbasid Empires
    • Conclusion
  • 2 The Development of Islamic Civilization to the Fifteenth Century
    • Patterns of Islamic History
    • The Creation and Uses of Wealth
    • Islamic Rituals and Institutions
    • Two Versions of Leadership: Sunni Caliph and Shi‘a Imam
    • The Middle East from the Eleventh to the Fifteenth Centuries: An Overview
    • Conclusion
  • 3 The Ottoman and Safavid Empires: A New Imperial Synthesis
    • The Rise of the Ottoman Empire
    • Ottoman Ruling Institutions and Attitudes
    • The Loss of Ottoman Superiority
    • The Triumph of Shi‘ism: The Safavid Empire of Iran, 1501-1736
    • Conclusion: The Sunni-Shi‘a Struggle for Iraq
• Part Two The Beginnings of the Era of Transformation
  • 4 Forging a New Synthesis: The Pattern of Reforms, 1789-1849
    • Selim III (1789-1806): Between Old and New
    • A Revived Center of Power: The Egypt of Muhammad Ali, 1805-1848
    • Nationalism and Great Power Intervention: The Greek Revolt, 1821-1829
    • Sultan Mahmud (1808-1839): Centralization and Transformation
    • Conclusion
  • 5 The Ottoman Empire and Egypt During the Era of the Tanzimat
    • The Tanzimat: Continued Ottoman Reform Under the Bureaucrats
    • The Arab Provinces of Greater Syria During the Tanzimat
    • Egypt During the Era of Civilian Reform
    • Conclusion: The Dualism of the Nineteenth-Century Reforms
  • 6 Egypt and Iran in the Late Nineteenth Century
    • England on the Nile: The British Occupation of Egypt, 1882-1914
    • Iran During the Second Half of the Nineteenth Century
    • Conclusion
  • 7 The Response of Islamic Society
    • Religious Assertiveness and Authoritarian Reform: The Era of Abdul Hamid II
    • Islamic Puritanism on the Tribal Frontiers: The Wahhabi, Sanusi, and Mahdiyyah Movements
    • The Reform of High Islam
    • Emerging Currents of Arab Cultural Distinctiveness
    • Conclusion
  • 8 The Era of the Young Turks and the Iranian Constitutionalists
    • The Revolt of 1908 and the Young Turks in Power
    • The Period of the Iranian Constitutional Revolution
    • Conclusion
  • 9 World War I and the End of the Ottoman Order
    • The Middle East in World War I: An Overview of Military and Diplomatic Initiatives
    • The Peace Settlement
    • Conclusion: The End of the Ottoman Order in the Middle East
• Part Three The Struggle for Independence: The Interwar Era to the End of World War II
  • 10 Authoritarian Reform in Turkey and Iran
    • The Atatürk Era in Turkey
    • Iran under Reza Shah
    • Turkey and Iran During World War II: Sovereignty and Occupation
    • Conclusion
  • 11 The Arab Struggle for Independence: Egypt, Iraq, and Transjordan from the Interwar Era to 1945
    • The Struggle for Power in Egypt in the Interwar Period
    • An Overview of World War II
    • Egypt During World War II: Pivot of the British Defense System
    • Iraq Between the Wars
    • Iraq During World War II
    • Transjordan: The Desert Mandate
    • Conclusion
  • 12 The Arab Struggle for Independence: Syria, Lebanon, and Saudi Arabia from the Interwar Era to 1945
    • The French Mandate in Syria and Lebanon
    • Lebanon Under the Mandate: The Establishment of Confessional Politics
    • Syria and Lebanon During World War II: The Troubled Path to Independence
    • New Kingdom in Arabia: The Rise of the Saudi State
    • The Search for Identity: Regionalism, Arabism, Islam
    • Conclusion
  • 13 The Palestine Mandate and the Birth of the State of Israel
    • The Emergence of Political Zionism
    • The Balfour Declaration
    • The Mandate for Palestine: British Administration
    • The Palestinian Arab Community: Leadership and Institutions
    • The Jewish Community: Leadership and Institutions
    • Immigration and Land
    • Communal Conflict and the British Response
    • World War II and the Birth of the State of Israel
    • The First Arab-Israeli War
    • Conclusion
• Part Four The Independent Middle East from the End of World War II to the 1970s
  • 14 Democracy and Authoritarianism: Turkey and Iran
    • The Role of the United States in the Postwar Years
    • Turkey: The Transition to a Multiparty System
    • Turkish Foreign Policy and the Cyprus Question
    • Iran: The Reestablishment of Royal Autocracy
    • Conclusion
  • 15 The Middle East in the Age of Nasser: The Egyptian Base
    • The Paralysis of the Old Regime, 1945-1952
    • The Free Officers and the Coup d‘État of 1952
    • Foreign Relations After 1952
    • The Adoption of Arab Socialism
    • Conclusion
  • 16 The Middle East in the Age of Nasser: The Radicalization of Arab Politics
    • Syria: The Military in Politics
    • Iraq: The End of the Monarchy
    • The Hashimite Kingdom of Jordan: The Survival of Monarchy
    • Lebanon: The Precarious Sectarian Balance
    • Israel, the Arab States, and the June War
    • Conclusion: The Nasser Era in Perspective
  • 17 Israel and the Palestinians from 1948 to the 1970s
    • The Israeli Political System and Political Culture
    • The Elections of 1977: Israel in Transition
    • The Palestinian Factor after 1948
    • Conclusion
• Part Five The Resurgence of Islam: The Middle East from the 1970s to the 1991 Gulf War
  • 18 The Iranian Revolution and the Revival of Islam
    • The Stages of Revolution in Iran
    • The Revival of Islam
    • Conclusion
  • 19 Changing Patterns of War and Peace: Egypt and Lebanon in the 1970s and 1980s
    • Egypt Under Sadat: Domestic and Diplomatic Realignments
    • The Lebanese Civil War, 1975-1990
    • Egypt in the 1980s
    • Conclusion
  • 20 The Arabian Peninsula in the Petroleum Era
    • The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
    • Kuwait, Oman, and the Smaller Gulf States
    • Conclusion
  • 21 The Consolidation of Authoritarian Rule in Syria and Iraq: The Regimes of Hafiz al-Asad and Saddam Husayn
    • Syria in the Al-Asad Era
    • Iraq in the Era of Saddam Husayn and the Ba‘th
    • The Iran-Iraq War, 1980-1988
    • Conclusion
• Part Six Challenges to the Existing Order: The Middle East in the 1990S and 2000s
  • 22 The Palestinian Intifada and the 1991 Gulf War
    • The Intifada from 1987 to 1991
    • The Gulf Crisis of 1990-1991
    • The Aftermath of the Gulf War
    • Conclusion
  • 23 A Peace So Near, a Peace So Far: Palestinian-Israeli Relations Since the 1991 Gulf War
    • The Road to the Oslo Peace Accords
    • The Unraveling of the Oslo Peace Process
    • The Road from Taba
    • Conclusion
  • 24 Patterns of Continuity and Change in Turkey, Iran, and Lebanon
    • Turkey and Iran: Nations at a Crossroads
    • Hizbullah and the Struggle for Lebanon
    • Conclusion
  • 25 America’s Troubled Moment in the Middle East
    • The Policy of Dual Containment
    • Al-Qa‘ida and the Attacks of September 11, 2001
    • The Occupation of Iraq
    • Iran’s Nuclear Program
    • Conclusion
  • 26 The 2011 Arab Uprisings and Their Aftermath
    • Understanding the Uprisings’ Dynamics
    • Egypt
    • Syria
    • Yemen and Libya
    • Saudi Arabia and the Gulf Monarchies
    • Conclusion: Connecting Threads
• List of Major Rulers
• Glossary
• Select Bibliography
• Index

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