Transportation Decision Making: Principles of Project Evaluation and Programming
Lýsing:
This pioneering text provides a holistic approach to decision making in transportation project development and programming, which can help transportation professionals to optimize their investment choices. The authors present a proven set of methodologies for evaluating transportation projects that ensures that all costs and impacts are taken into consideration. The text's logical organization gets readers started with a solid foundation in basic principles and then progressively builds on that foundation.
Topics covered include: Developing performance measures for evaluation, estimating travel demand, and costing transportation projects Performing an economic efficiency evaluation that accounts for such factors as travel time, safety, and vehicle operating costs Evaluating a project's impact on economic development and land use as well as its impact on society and culture Assessing a project's environmental impact, including air quality, noise, ecology, water resources, and aesthetics Evaluating alternative projects on the basis of multiple performance criteria Programming transportation investments so that resources can be optimally allocated to meet facility-specific and system-wide goals Each chapter begins with basic definitions and concepts followed by a methodology for impact assessment.
Relevant legislation is discussed and available software for performing evaluations is presented. At the end of each chapter, readers are provided resources for detailed investigation of particular topics. These include Internet sites and publications of international and domestic agencies and research institutions. The authors also provide a companion Web site that offers updates, data for analysis, and case histories of project evaluation and decision making.
Given that billions of dollars are spent each year on transportation systems in the United States alone, and that there is a need for thorough and rational evaluation and decision making for cost-effective system preservation and improvement, this text should be on the desks of all transportation planners, engineers, and educators. With exercises in every chapter, this text is an ideal coursebook for the subject of transportation systems analysis and evaluation.
Annað
- Höfundar: Kumares C. Sinha, Samuel Labi
- Útgáfa:1
- Útgáfudagur: 2011-09-09
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- Format:Page Fidelity
- ISBN 13: 9781118169667
- Print ISBN: 9780471747321
- ISBN 10: 1118169662
Efnisyfirlit
- Contents
- Preface
- Chapter 1: Introductory Concepts in Transportation Decision Making
- INTRODUCTION
- 1.1 OVERALL TRANSPORTATION PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT
- 1.2 THE PROCESS OF TRANSPORTATION PROJECT DEVELOPMENT
- 1.3 IMPACTS OF TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM STIMULI
- 1.4 OTHER WAYS OF CATEGORIZING TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM IMPACTS
- 1.5 ROLE OF EVALUATION IN PDP AND BASIC ELEMENTS OF EVALUATION
- 1.6 PROCEDURE FOR TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM EVALUATION
- SUMMARY
- EXERCISES
- REFERENCES
- Chapter 2: Performance Measures in Transportation Evaluation
- INTRODUCTION
- 2.1 TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM GOALS, OBJECTIVES, AND PERFORMANCE MEASURES
- 2.2 PERFORMANCE MEASURES AT THE NETWORK AND PROJECT LEVELS
- 2.3 PROPERTIES OF A GOOD PERFORMANCE MEASURE
- 2.4 DIMENSIONS OF PERFORMANCE MEASURES
- 2.5 PERFORMANCE MEASURES ASSOCIATED WITH EACH DIMENSION
- 2.6 LINKING AGENCY GOALS TO PERFORMANCE MEASURES: STATE OF PRACTICE
- 2.7 BENEFITS OF USING PERFORMANCE MEASURES
- SUMMARY
- EXERCISES
- REFERENCES
- Chapter 3: Estimating Transportation Demand
- INTRODUCTION
- 3.1 TRANSPORTATION DEMAND
- 3.2 TRANSPORTATION SUPPLY
- 3.3 EQUILIBRATION AND DYNAMICS OF TRANSPORTATION DEMAND AND SUPPLY
- 3.4 ELASTICITIES OF TRAVEL DEMAND
- 3.5 EMERGING ISSUES IN TRANSPORTATION DEMAND ESTIMATION
- SUMMARY
- EXERCISES
- REFERENCES
- ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
- Chapter 4: Transportation Costs
- INTRODUCTION
- 4.1 CLASSIFICATION OF TRANSPORTATION COSTS
- 4.2 TRANSPORTATION AGENCY COSTS
- 4.3 TRANSPORTATION USER COSTS
- 4.4 GENERAL STRUCTURE AND BEHAVIOR OF COST FUNCTIONS
- 4.5 HISTORICAL COST VALUES AND MODELS FOR HIGHWAY TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS
- 4.6 ISSUES IN TRANSPORTATION COST ESTIMATION
- SUMMARY
- EXERCISES
- REFERENCES
- Chapter 5: Travel-Time Impacts
- INTRODUCTION
- 5.1 CATEGORIZATION OF TRAVEL TIME
- 5.2 PROCEDURE FOR ASSESSING TRAVEL-TIME IMPACTS
- 5.3 ISSUES RELATING TO TRAVEL-TIME VALUE ESTIMATION
- 5.4 CONCLUDING REMARKS
- SUMMARY
- EXERCISES
- REFERENCES
- ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
- APPENDIX A5.1: ESTIMATION OF ROADWAY CAPACITY USING THE HCM METHOD (TRB, 2000)
- APPENDIX A5.2: ESTIMATION OF ROADWAY OPERATING SPEEDS USING THE HCM METHOD (TRB, 2000)
- APPENDIX A5.3: TRAVEL TIMES USED IN WORLD BANK PROJECTS
- Chapter 6: Evaluation of Safety Impacts
- INTRODUCTION
- 6.1 BASIC DEFINITIONS AND FACTORS OF TRANSPORTATION SAFETY
- 6.2 PROCEDURE FOR SAFETY IMPACT EVALUATION
- 6.3 METHODS FOR ESTIMATING CRASH REDUCTION FACTORS
- 6.4 SAFETY-RELATED LEGISLATION
- 6.5 SOFTWARE PACKAGES FOR SAFETY IMPACT EVALUATION OF TRANSPORTATION INVESTMENTS
- 6.6 CONSIDERATIONS IN SAFETY IMPACT EVALUATION
- SUMMARY
- EXERCISES
- REFERENCES
- ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
- APPENDIX A6: CRASH REDUCTION AND ACCIDENT MODIFICATION FACTORS
- Chapter 7: Vehicle Operating Cost Impacts
- INTRODUCTION
- 7.1 COMPONENTS OF VEHICLE OPERATING COST
- 7.2 FACTORS THAT AFFECT VEHICLE OPERATING COST
- 7.3 PROCEDURE FOR ASSESSING VOC IMPACTS
- 7.4 SPECIAL CASE OF VOC ESTIMATION: WORK ZONES
- 7.5 SELECTED SOFTWARE PACKAGES THAT INCLUDE A VOC ESTIMATION COMPONENT
- 7.6 COMPARISON OF VOC ESTIMATION METHODS AND SOFTWARE
- SUMMARY
- EXERCISES
- REFERENCES
- ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
- APPENDIX A7.1: FHWA (2002) HERS MODELS FOR VOC COMPUTATION
- APPENDIX A7.2: VOC COMPONENT UNIT COSTS
- APPENDIX A7.3: PAVEMENT CONDITION ADJUSTMENT FACTORS
- APPENDIX A7.4: FUEL EFFICIENCY AND OTHER COMPONENT ADJUSTMENT FACTORS
- Chapter 8: Economic Efficiency Impacts
- INTRODUCTION
- 8.1 INTEREST EQUATIONS AND EQUIVALENCIES
- 8.2 CRITERIA FOR ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY IMPACT EVALUATION
- 8.3 PROCEDURE FOR ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS
- 8.4 SOFTWARE PACKAGES FOR ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS
- 8.5 LIFE-CYCLE COST ANALYSIS
- 8.6 CASE STUDY: ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY IMPACT EVALUATION
- 8.7 FINAL COMMENTS ON ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS
- SUMMARY
- EXERCISES
- REFERENCES
- ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
- APPENDIX A8
- Chapter 9: Economic Development Impacts
- INTRODUCTION
- 9.1 ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IMPACT TYPES
- 9.2 TOOLS FOR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IMPACT ASSESSMENT
- 9.3 ESTIMATION OF LONG-TERM REGIONAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IMPACTS
- 9.4 CASE STUDY: ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IMPACT ASSESSMENT
- SUMMARY
- EXERCISES
- REFERENCES
- ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
- Chapter 10: Air Quality Impacts
- INTRODUCTION
- 10.1 AIR POLLUTION SOURCES AND TRENDS
- 10.2 ESTIMATING POLLUTANT EMISSIONS
- 10.3 ESTIMATING POLLUTANT CONCENTRATION
- 10.4 AIR POLLUTION FROM OTHER MODES
- 10.5 MONETARY COSTS OF AIR POLLUTION
- 10.6 AIR QUALITY STANDARDS
- 10.7 MITIGATING AIR POLLUTION FROM TRANSPORTATION SOURCES
- 10.8 AIR QUALITY LEGISLATION AND REGULATIONS
- SUMMARY
- EXERCISES
- REFERENCES
- ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
- APPENDIX A10.1: USING MOBILE6 TO ESTIMATE EMISSIONS
- APPENDIX A10.2: VALUES OF THE GAUSSIAN DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION
- Chapter 11: Noise Impacts
- INTRODUCTION
- 11.1 FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS OF SOUND
- 11.2 SOURCES OF TRANSPORTATION NOISE
- 11.3 FACTORS AFFECTING TRANSPORTATION NOISE PROPAGATION
- 11.4 PROCEDURE FOR ESTIMATING NOISE IMPACTS FOR HIGHWAYS
- 11.5 APPLICATION OF THE PROCEDURE USING THE FHWA MODEL EQUATIONS
- 11.6 APPLICATION OF THE PROCEDURE USING THE TRAFFIC NOISE MODEL (TNM) SOFTWARE PACKAGE
- 11.7 ESTIMATING NOISE IMPACTS FOR OTHER MODES
- 11.8 MITIGATION OF TRANSPORTATION NOISE
- 11.9 LEGISLATION AND REGULATIONS RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION NOISE
- SUMMARY
- EXERCISES
- REFERENCES
- ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
- APPENDIX A11: NOISE ATTENUATION CHARTS FOR BARRIERS DEFINED BY N0, φL, AND φR
- Chapter 12: Impacts on Wetlands and Other Ecosystems
- INTRODUCTION
- 12.1 BASIC ECOLOGICAL CONCEPTS
- 12.2 MECHANISMS OF ECOLOGICAL IMPACTS
- 12.3 ECOLOGICAL IMPACTS OF ACTIVITIES AT VARIOUS PDP PHASES
- 12.4 PERFORMANCE GOALS FOR ECOLOGICAL IMPACT ASSESSMENTS
- 12.5 PROCEDURE FOR ECOLOGICAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
- 12.6 KEY LEGISLATION
- 12.7 MITIGATION OF ECOLOGICAL IMPACTS
- 12.8 METHODS AND SOFTWARE PACKAGES FOR ECOLOGICAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
- SUMMARY
- EXERCISES
- REFERENCES
- ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
- Chapter 13: Impacts on Water Resources
- INTRODUCTION
- 13.1 CATEGORIES OF HYDROLOGICAL IMPACTS
- 13.2 HYDROLOGICAL IMPACTS BY TRANSPORTATION MODE
- 13.3 PERFORMANCE MEASURES FOR HYDROLOGICAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
- 13.4 PROCEDURE FOR WATER QUALITY IMPACT ASSESSMENT
- 13.5 METHODS FOR PREDICTING IMPACTS ON WATER RESOURCES
- 13.6 MITIGATION OF WATER RESOURCE IMPACTS
- 13.7 WATER QUALITY STANDARDS
- 13.8 LEGISLATION RELATED TO WATER RESOURCE CONSERVATION
- 13.9 SOFTWARE FOR WATER RESOURCES IMPACT ASSESSMENT
- SUMMARY
- EXERCISES
- REFERENCES
- ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
- Chapter 14: Visual Impacts
- INTRODUCTION
- 14.1 PRINCIPLES OF VISUAL PERFORMANCE
- 14.2 FACTORS AFFECTING VISUAL PERFORMANCE AND IMPACT MECHANISMS
- 14.3 PROCEDURE FOR VISUAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
- 14.4 LEGISLATION RELATED TO VISUAL IMPACT
- 14.5 MITIGATION OF POOR VISUAL PERFORMANCE OF EXISTING FACILITIES
- 14.6 VISUAL PERFORMANCE ENHANCEMENT: STATE OF PRACTICE
- SUMMARY
- EXERCISES
- REFERENCES
- ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
- Chapter 15: Impacts on Energy Use
- INTRODUCTION
- 15.1 FACTORS THAT AFFECT TRANSPORTATION ENERGY CONSUMPTION
- 15.2 ENERGY INTENSITY
- 15.3 FRAMEWORK FOR ENERGY IMPACT ANALYSIS
- 15.4 PROCEDURES FOR ESTIMATING ENERGY CONSUMPTION
- 15.5 THE NATIONAL ENERGY MODELING SYSTEM
- 15.6 APPROACHES TO ENERGY CONSUMPTION ESTIMATION–A COMPARISON
- 15.7 ENERGY AND TRANSPORTATION: WHAT THE FUTURE HOLDS
- SUMMARY
- EXERCISES
- REFERENCES
- ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
- Chapter 16: Land-Use Impacts
- INTRODUCTION
- 16.1 THE TRANSPORTATION—LAND-USE RELATIONSHIP
- 16.2 TOOLS FOR ANALYZING LAND-USE CHANGES
- 16.3 PROCEDURE FOR LAND-USE IMPACT ASSESSMENT
- 16.4 CASE STUDIES: LAND-USE IMPACT ASSESSMENT
- SUMMARY
- EXERCISES
- REFERENCES
- Chapter 17: Social and Cultural Impacts
- INTRODUCTION
- 17.1 MECHANISMS OF TRANSPORTATION IMPACTS ON THE SOCIAL AND CULTURAL ENVIRONMENTS
- 17.2 TARGET FACILITIES AND GROUPS, AND PERFORMANCE MEASURES
- 17.3 EQUITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE CONCERNS
- 17.4 PROCEDURE FOR SOCIAL AND CULTURAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
- 17.5 TOOLS FOR SOCIOCULTURAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
- 17.6 MITIGATION OF ADVERSE SOCIOCULTURAL IMPACTS
- 17.7 LEGISLATION RELATED TO SOCIOCULTURAL IMPACTS
- SUMMARY
- EXERCISES
- REFERENCES
- ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
- Chapter 18: Evaluation of Transportation Projects and Programs Using Multiple Criteria
- INTRODUCTION
- 18.1 ESTABLISHING WEIGHTS OF PERFORMANCE CRITERIA
- 18.2 SCALING OF PERFORMANCE CRITERIA
- 18.3 COMBINATION OF PERFORMANCE CRITERIA
- 18.4 CASE STUDY: EVALUATING ALTERNATIVE PROJECTS FOR A TRANSPORTATION CORRIDOR USING MULTIPLE CRITER
- 18.5 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS OF RISK AND UNCERTAINTY IN EVALUATION
- SUMMARY
- EXERCISES
- REFERENCES
- ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
- Chapter 19: Use of Geographical and Other Information Systems
- INTRODUCTION
- 19.1 HARDWARE FOR INFORMATION MANAGEMENT
- 19.2 SOFTWARE AND OTHER TOOLS FOR INFORMATION MANAGEMENT
- 19.3 GIS APPLICATIONS IN TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS EVALUATION
- 19.4 EXISTING DATABASES AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS
- 19.5 GIS-BASED SOFTWARE PACKAGES FOR INFORMATION MANAGEMENT
- SUMMARY
- EXERCISES
- REFERENCES
- Chapter 20: Transportation Programming
- INTRODUCTION
- 20.1 ROLES OF PROGRAMMING
- 20.2 PROCEDURE FOR PROGRAMMING TRANSPORTATION PROJECTS
- 20.3 PROGRAMMING TOOLS
- 20.4 CASE STUDIES: TRANSPORTATION PROGRAMMING
- 20.5 KEYS TO SUCCESSFUL PROGRAMMING AND IMPLEMENTATION
- SUMMARY
- EXERCISES
- REFERENCES
- ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
- General Appendix 1: Cost Indices
- General Appendix 2: Performance Measures
- Index
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