Efnisyfirlit

• Cover
• Title Page
• Copyright page
• Table of Contents
• New to this Edition
• Preface
• Table of Legislation
  • Treaties and conventions
  • secondary legislation
    • Regulations
    • Directives
    • Decisions
  • UK Legislation
    • Statutes
    • Statutory Instruments
  • other jurisdictions
    • Germany
    • United States
• Table of Cases
  • Alphabetical
    • Numerical General Court Cases prefixed ‘T’ are tabled after the ECJ cases in each year
    • EFTA Court
• Table of Equivalences
  • Treaty on european union
  • Treaty on the functioning of the european union
• Abbreviations
• List of Tables
• List of Figures
• Part I Introduction
  • 1 Introduction to the Issues
    • A. Introduction
    • B. Free Trade
      • 1. Introduction
      • 2. The Theory of Comparative Advantage
      • 3. The Problems with the Basic Model
        • 3.1 ‘Free’ Trade
        • 3.2 The Creation of Tariff and Non-Tariff Barriers
    • C. The Different Stages of Integration
      • 1. Introduction
      • 2. No Trade Agreements/WTO
      • 3. Free Trade Area
      • 4. Customs Union
        • 4.1 What Is It?
        • 4.2 Common External Tariff
        • 4.3 Position of Norway and Turkey
      • 5. Common Market, Single Market, and Beyond
        • 5.1 The Common Market
        • 5.2 The Single Market
        • 5.3 Area of Freedom, Security, and Justice
      • 6. Economic, Monetary, and Political Union
    • D. Understanding the Integration Process
    • E. The Principles Underpinning the Common Market
      • 1. The Decentralized Model
        • 1.1 Non-Discrimination
        • 1.2 Market Access
          • (a) Market access v. discrimination tests
          • (b) The meaning of ‘market access’
          • (c) Market access v. exercise
          • (d) The convergence or unity thesis
        • 1.3 Competitive Federalism
      • 2. The Centralized Model
    • F. Conclusions
    • Further Reading
• Part II Free Movement of Goods
  • 2 Fiscal Measures: Customs Duties and Internal Taxation
    • A. Introduction
    • B. Article 30 TFEU: Customs Duties and Charges Having Equivalent Effect
      • 1. Introduction
      • 2. Customs Duties
      • 3. Charges Having Equivalent Effect to Customs Duties
        • 3.1 Introduction
        • 3.2 ‘Any pecuniary charge, however small …’
        • 3.3 ‘… whatever its designation and mode of application …’
        • 3.4 ‘… imposed unilaterally on domestic or foreign goods by reason of the fact that they cross a frontier …’
        • 3.5 ‘… even if it is not imposed for the benefit of the State, is not discriminatory or protective in effect and if the product on which the charge is imposed is not in competition with the domestic product.’
      • 4. Remedies
        • 4.1 Direct Effect
        • 4.2 Repayment of Unlawful Charges
      • 5. ‘Permissible’ Charges
        • 5.1 Payments for Genuine Administrative Services Rendered to the Importer/Exporter
        • 5.2 Charges for Inspections Required by Union Law
        • 5.3 Charges Falling within the Scope of Internal Taxation
    • C. Article 110 TFEU: Internal Taxation
      • 1. Introduction
      • 2. Member State Autonomy to Determine Its Own Taxation Policies
      • 3. The Scope of Article 110 TFEU
      • 4. Goods Which Are Similar (Article 110(1) TFEU)
        • 4.1 Definition of ‘Similar’
        • 4.2 Types of Discrimination
          • (a) Direct discrimination
          • (b) Indirect discrimination
            • (i) Establishing a prima facie case of discrimination
            • (ii) Objective justification
      • 5. Goods Which Are in Competition (Article 110(2) TFEU)
        • 5.1 The Court’s Approach to Article 110(2) TFEU
        • 5.2 The Globalized Approach to Article 110 TFEU?
      • 6. Remedies
    • D. The Boundary Between Article 110 TFEU and Other Treaty Provisions
      • 1. Introduction
      • 2. The ‘Exotic’ Import
      • 3. Para-Fiscal Charges
      • 4. Other ‘Levies’
    • E. Conclusions
    • Further Reading
  • 3 Non-Fiscal Measures: Quantitative Restrictions and Measures Having Equivalent Effect
    • A. Introduction
    • B. Quantitative Restrictions
    • C. Measures Having Equivalent Effect
      • 1. Introduction
      • 2. What Are Measures Having Equivalent Effect?
        • 2.1 The Dassonville Formula
        • 2.2 ‘All Trading Rules’
        • 2.3 ‘Enacted by Member States’
          • (a) ‘Enacted’
          • (b) Direct effect: Vertical and horizontal?
        • 2.4 ‘Directly or Indirectly, Actually or Potentially’
          • (a) ‘Actually or potentially’
          • (b) ‘Directly or indirectly’
    • D. Distinctly Applicable Measures
      • 1. Introduction
      • 2. Examples of Distinctly Applicable Measures
        • 2.1 Imposing an Additional Requirement on the Imported/Exported Goods
        • 2.2 Rules Limiting Channels of Distribution
        • 2.3 National Rules Giving Preference to Domestic Goods
          • (a) ‘Buy national’ rules
          • (b) Origin marking rules
          • (c) Charges
      • 3. Defending Distinctly Applicable Measures
      • 4. Discrimination Arising from Treating National and Imported Goods Alike: Price Fixing
      • 5. ‘Reverse Discrimination’
    • E. Indistinctly Applicable Measures
      • 1. Introduction
      • 2. Cassis de Dijon
        • 2.1 Mandatory Requirements and the Principle of Mutual Recognition
        • 2.2 The Implications of the Decision
        • 2.3 The Commission’s Response to Cassis
      • 3. Product Requirement Cases
      • 4. Article 35 TFEU and Indistinctly Applicable Measures
    • F. The Market Access Approach
      • 1. Introduction
      • 2. Commission v. Italy (trailers)
      • 3. The Implications of the Trailers Case
    • G. Litigation Avoidance: Directive 2015/1535 on the Provision of Information in the Field of Technical Standards and Regulations
    • H. Conclusions
    • Further Reading
  • 4 Article 34 TFEU and Certain Selling Arrangements
    • A. Introduction
    • B. Market Circumstances Rules and Article 34 TFEU
      • 1. The Initial Approach to Market Circumstances Rules
      • 2. A New Way of Dealing with the Problem
    • C. The Decision in Keck
      • 1. The Judgment
      • 2. Analysis of the Court’s Approach in Keck
      • 3. What Are ‘Certain Selling Arrangements’?
      • 4. The Paragraph 16 Proviso
    • D. Problem Situations
      • 1. Discriminatory Certain Selling Arrangements
        • 1.1 The Nature of the Problem
        • 1.2 De Agostini and Beyond
          • (a) Discriminatory measures which prevent market access
          • (b) Discriminatory measures which impede market access
        • 1.3 Presumptions and the Burden of Proof
        • 1.4 Conclusions
      • 2. Rules Preventing or (Greatly) Restricting the Use of Goods
      • 3. Rules Preventing or (Severely) Restricting an Activity
      • 4. Non-Discriminatory Selling Arrangements Preventing or Restricting Access to the Market
        • 4.1 Non-Discriminatory Selling Arrangements Preventing Access to the Market
        • 4.2 Non-Discriminatory Selling Arrangements Restricting Access to the Market
      • 5. The Future of Keck
    • E. Unfair Commercial Practices Directive 2005/29
    • F. Conclusions
    • Further Reading
  • 5 Derogations and Justifications
    • A. Introduction
    • B. The Article 36 TFEU Derogations
      • 1. Introduction
      • 2. Public Morality
      • 3. Public Policy
        • 3.1 Public Policy and the Import and Export of Goods
        • 3.2 Public Policy and the Right to Protest
          • (a) The position under the Treaty
          • (b) The Monti Regulation
      • 4. Public Security
      • 5. The Protection of Health and Life of Humans, Animals, or Plants
        • 5.1 Human Health
          • (a) Level of scrutiny
          • (b) Scientific uncertainty and the precautionary principle
          • (c) Healthcare services
        • 5.2 Animal Health
      • 6. The Protection of National Treasures Possessing Artistic, Historic, or Archaeological Value
      • 7. The Protection of Industrial and Commercial Property
        • 7.1 Introduction
        • 7.2 The General Principles: Existence and Exercise of IPRs, the Specific Subject Matter of IPRs, and the Doctrine of Exhaustion of Rights
        • 7.3 Quasi-IP Cases
      • 8. The Second Sentence of Article 36 TFEU: Arbitrary Discrimination and a Disguised Restriction on Trade
    • C. The ‘Mandatory’ Requirements
      • 1. Introduction
      • 2. Examples of ‘Mandatory’ or ‘Public Interest’ Requirements
      • 3. Consumer Protection
      • 4. Environmental Protection
      • 5. Fundamental Rights
    • D. Proportionality
      • 1. The Test
      • 2. Applying the Proportionality Test
      • 3. The Measures That Can be Taken by the Defendant State
        • 3.1 Bans, Licences, and Authorizations
        • 3.2 Minimum Pricing v. Taxation
        • 3.3 Labelling
      • 4. Proportionality and Public Health
      • 5. Proceduralization of Proportionality
    • E. Fundamental Human Rights
    • F. Harmonization and Trust
    • G. The Mutual Recognition Regulation 515/2019
    • H. Conclusions
    • Further Reading
• Part III Free Movement of Persons and Services
  • 6 The Free Movement of Persons: Key Principles
    • A. Introduction
    • B. The Evolution of the Rights to Free Movement
    • C. Who Benefits From the Free Movement Rules?
      • 1. Personal Scope
        • 1.1 Nationality
        • 1.2 Economic Activity
      • 2. Territorial Scope
        • 2.1 The Need for an Inter-State Element
        • 2.2 The Wholly Internal Situation
        • 2.3 Abuse and Fraud
        • 2.4 Reverse Discrimination
    • D. Establishing a Breach of the Treaty Provision
      • 1. Introduction
      • 2. Refusal of Exit and Entry, and the State’s Freedom to Deport
      • 3. Discrimination on the Grounds of Nationality
        • 3.1 Introduction
        • 3.2 Direct Discrimination/Distinctly Applicable Measures
        • 3.3 Indirect Discrimination/Indistinctly Applicable Measures
          • (a) Definition
          • (b) Justifications
        • 3.4 Non-Discriminatory Measures
          • (a) Pure non-discrimination
          • (b) Non-discriminatory measures which prevent or hinder market access
      • 4. Going Beyond the Discrimination Model
        • 4.1 The Market Access Approach: Restrictions Liable to Prohibit, Impede, or Render Less Attractive Free Movement
        • 4.2 Problems with the Restrictions Formula
    • E. Can the Treaty Provisions be Invoked Against the Defendant?
      • 1. The Question of Direct Effect
      • 2. Remedies
    • F. Conclusions
    • Further Reading
  • 7 Free Movement of Workers and the Self-Employed
    • A. Introduction
    • B. The Personal Scope of the Treaty Provisions
      • 1. Workers
      • 2. The Self-Employed
      • 3. Others Deemed ‘Workers’ and ‘Self-Employed’
    • C. The Rights Conferred on Workers
      • 1. Introduction
      • 2. Employment Rights
        • 2.1 Access to Employment
          • (a) Direct discrimination
          • (b) Indirect discrimination
          • (c) Non-discriminatory measures which hinder market access
          • (d) The restrictions/obstacles approach
        • 2.2 Exercise of the Employment
          • (a) Equal treatment in respect of the terms and conditions of employment
          • (b) Equal treatment in respect of tax advantages
            • (i) Differential treatment of residents and non-residents
            • (ii) Differential treatment based on the source of the income
            • (iii) The restriction/obstacle approach
            • (iv) Justification
          • (c) Equal treatment in respect of social advantages
            • (i) Definition
            • (ii) Family members
            • (iii) Work-seekers
            • (iv) Real link test
          • (d) Equal treatment and vocational training
            • (i) Access to training
            • (ii) Funding
          • (e) Equal treatment and other benefits
      • 3. Other Rights
      • 4. Enforcement of Rights
    • D. The Rights Enjoyed by the Self-Employed
      • 1. Rights of Departure, Entry, and Residence
      • 2. The Right of Access to Self-Employment in the Host State
        • 2.1 Introduction
        • 2.2 Primary and Secondary Establishment
        • 2.3 Equal Treatment and Beyond
          • (a) The discrimination approach
          • (b) The ‘restrictions’ approach
          • (c) Restricting the restrictions approach
      • 3. The Exercise of Activities as a Self-Employed Person
        • 3.1 Equal Treatment and Beyond in Respect of the Exercise of Self-Employment
        • 3.2 Equal Treatment in Respect of Social Advantages
        • 3.3 Equal Treatment and Beyond in Respect of Tax Advantages
    • E. Qualifications
      • 1. The Context
      • 2. The Recognition of Professional Qualifications Directive
        • 2.1 The Basic Rules
        • 2.2 Free Provision of Services
        • 2.3 Freedom of Establishment
          • (a) The general system for the recognition of professional qualifications
          • (b) System of automatic recognition of qualifications attested by professional experience in certain industrial, craft, and commercial activities
          • (c) System of automatic recognition of qualifications for specific professions
          • (d) Common provisions
          • (e) Abuse
    • F. Conclusions
    • Further Reading
  • 8 Freedom for Individuals to Provide and Receive Services
    • A. Introduction
    • B. Who Can Rely on Articles 56 and 57 TFEU?
      • 1. The Three Aspects of the Freedom
        • 1.1 The Freedom to Provide Services
        • 1.2 The Freedom to Travel to Receive Services
        • 1.3 Neither Provider nor Recipient Travels
      • 2. Performance of a Service for Remuneration
        • 2.1 What Activities Constitute ‘Services’?
        • 2.2 Services Are ‘Normally Provided for Remuneration’
          • (a) The need for an economic link
          • (b) Services and the welfare state
        • 2.3 The Temporary Nature of Services
    • C. The Rights Conferred on Service Providers and Receivers
      • 1. Rights of Departure, Entry, and Residence
      • 2. Rights of Access to the Market in Services in Other Member States
        • 2.1 Discriminatory Measures
          • (a) Distinctly applicable measures
          • (b) Indistinctly applicable measures
          • (c) Non-discriminatory measures
        • 2.2 Measures ‘Liable to Prohibit or Otherwise Impede’ Freedom to Provide Services
        • 2.3 Justification and Proportionality
          • (a) Grounds of justification
          • (b) Home-state control
          • (c) Proportionality
      • 3. The Exercise of Service Activity
        • 3.1 Social Advantages
        • 3.2 Tax Advantages
    • D. The Healthcare Cases
      • 1. Introduction
      • 2. Kohll and Decker: Opening Up the Market
      • 3. Intramural Care
      • 4. Extramural Care
      • 5. Application of These Principles to a Benefits-in-Kind System
      • 6. Summary of the Case Law
      • 7. The Patients’ Rights Directive
    • E. Conclusions
    • Further Reading
  • 9 Union Citizenship
    • A. Introduction
    • B. Citizenship of the Union
      • 1. Introduction
      • 2. Rights and Duties
        • 2.1 The Main Treaty Provisions
          • (a) Part Two TFEU
          • (b) The Charter
          • (c) Article 21(1) TFEU
        • 2.2 The Citizens’ Rights Directive (CRD) 2004/38
      • 3. Membership
        • 3.1 Nationality
          • (a) Article 20(1) TFEU
          • (b) Depriving the individual of the status conferred by Article 20 TFEU
          • (c) Limitations on Article 20 rights
        • 3.2 Belonging and Identity
      • 4. Participation
        • 4.1 Introduction
        • 4.2 Elections to the European Parliament
        • 4.3 Deliberative or Participatory Democracy
        • 4.4 Direct Participation
        • 4.5 Access to Justice
    • C. The Personal Scope of the Citizens’ Rights Directive
      • 1. The Union citizen
      • 2. Family Members
        • 2.1 Mandatory Admission
          • (a) Spouse
          • (b) Registered partners
          • (c) Descendants under 21 and dependent descendants and ascendants
        • 2.2 Discretionary Admission
    • D. Rights of Departure, Entry, and Return
      • 1. The Right to Depart From the Home State
      • 2. The Right to Enter the Host State
      • 3. The Right to Return to the Home State
    • E. The Right of Residence in the Host State
      • 1. ‘Right of Residence’ For Up to Three Months
      • 2. ‘Right of Residence’ For More Than Three Months and Up to Five Years
        • 2.1 Introduction
        • 2.2 Persons of Independent Means
        • 2.3 Students
        • 2.4 The Effect of Dano
        • 2.5 Family Members’ Rights
          • (a) Family members’ right to reside
          • (b) Family members’ rights on the death or departure of the Union citizen or on divorce
        • 2.6 Administrative Requirements
        • 2.7 Expulsion Decision
      • 3. Right of Permanent Residence
        • 3.1 Article 16: Five Years’ Residence
        • 3.2 Article 17: Other Ways of Acquiring Permanent Residence
        • 3.3 Administrative Formalities
    • F. The Right to Equal Treatment for EU Citizens and Their Family Members
      • 1. Article 24(1) and (2) CRD
        • 1.1 The Right
        • 1.2 Limitations
          • (a) Social assistance (SA)
          • (b) Student grants and loans (SG&L)
      • 2. Social Advantages
        • 2.1 The Case Law Under the Treaty
          • (a) Welfare benefits
          • (b) Student financing
          • (c) Name changes
        • 2.2 Restrictions Approach
      • 3. Tax Advantages
      • 4. Specific Rights for Family Members
        • 4.1 Right to Work
        • 4.2 Equal Treatment and Schooling
        • 4.3 Equal Treatment and Housing
    • G. Conclusions
    • Further Reading
  • 10 Legally Resident Third-Country Nationals and the EU
    • A. Introduction
    • B. Measures Concerning Those Already Lawfully Resident in the EU
      • 1. Family Reunification
      • 2. Rights of Long-Term Residents
    • C. The ‘First Admissions’ Directives
      • 1. Introduction
      • 2. Students and Volunteers Directive
        • 2.1 The Directive
        • 2.2 Comment
      • 3. The Blue Card Directive
      • 4. The Horizontal Directive
      • 5. Seasonal Workers and Intra-Corporate Transferees
    • D. The Rights of Turkish Workers and Their Families in the EU
      • 1. Introduction
      • 2. Employment Rights
        • 2.1 Introduction
        • 2.2 The Criteria under Article 6(1)
        • 2.3 Other Rights
      • 3. Family Rights
        • 3.1 The Right to Employment
        • 3.2 The Position of a Turkish Worker’s Children
      • 4. Derogations
    • E. Conclusions
    • Further Reading
  • 11 Freedom of Establishment and Freedom to Provide Services: Legal Persons
    • A. Introduction
    • B. The Freedom of Establishment
      • 1. Introduction
      • 2. The Rights Conferred on Legal Persons
        • 2.1 The Right of Departure
          • (a) Introduction
          • (b) The ruling in Polbud
          • (c) The right to establish a branch or agency in another Member State
        • 2.2 Access to the Market of the Host State
          • (a) Primary and secondary establishment
          • (b) Going beyond the primary and secondary establishment dichotomy
          • (c) Regulatory competition
            • (i) Centros
            • (ii) The Delaware effect?
          • (d) From equal treatment to the restrictions approach
          • (e) Modifying the restrictions approach
        • 2.3 The Exercise of the Right of Establishment
        • 2.4 Taxation
          • (a) Introduction
          • (b) Principles of tax law in cross-border situations
          • (c) Marks & Spencer
          • (d) A shift to the discrimination approach
          • (e) Prevention of abuse of law: Wholly artificial arrangements
          • (f) Remedies
    • C. Freedom to Provide and Receive Services
      • 1. The Rights Conferred on Service Providers and Receivers
        • 1.1 The Rights of Access to the Host State’s Market on Equal Terms with Nationals
        • 1.2 The Right of Access to the Host State’s Market Without Restrictions
          • (a) Examples of restrictions
          • (b) Gambling cases
          • (c) Country-of-origin principle
          • (d) Restrictions created by the home state
        • 1.3 The Position of the Provider’s Workforce
        • 1.4 Tax Advantages
          • (a) The provision of services
          • (b) Receipt of services
        • 1.5 Abuse
    • D. The Services Directive 2006/123
      • 1. Scope
        • 1.1 The Meaning of Services
        • 1.2 Requirements, Restrictions, and Barriers
      • 2. Exclusions, Limitations, and Derogations
        • 2.1 Exclusions and Limitations
        • 2.2 Other Derogations
      • 3. Chapter III Establishment
        • 3.1 Introduction
        • 3.2 Wholly Internal Situations
        • 3.3 Authorization Schemes
          • (a) The rules
          • (b) ORRPI
          • (c) The criteria for granting authorization
          • (d) Procedural protection
        • 3.4 ‘Other Requirements’
          • (a) Prohibited requirements
          • (b) Suspect requirements
        • 3.5 Reporting, Mutual Evaluation, and the Standstill Provision
      • 4. Chapter IV Freedom to Provide Services
        • 4.1 Article 16(1): Freedom to Provide Services v. The CoOP
        • 4.2 Article 16(2): Particularly Suspect Requirements
        • 4.3 (Narrow) Justifications
        • 4.4 Derogations
        • 4.5 The Reporting Provisions
      • 5. Rights of Recipients of Services
      • 6. Quality of Services
      • 7. The Role of the State
        • 7.1 Administrative Simplification
        • 7.2 Administrative Cooperation
    • E. Conclusions
    • Further Reading
  • 12 Derogations and Justifications
    • A. Introduction
    • B. Public Policy, Public Security, and Public Health
      • 1. Introduction
      • 2. Public Policy and Public Security
        • 2.1 Introduction
        • 2.2 Public Policy, Public Security, and the Individual
          • (a) Personal conduct
          • (b) Public security
          • (c) Measures which can be taken against a person exercising free movement rights
            • (i) Exclusion or expulsion
            • (ii) Other measures
            • (iii) Fundamental human rights
          • (d) The right to reapply
        • 2.3 Public Policy and Legal Persons
      • 3. Public Health
        • 3.1 Public Health and the Individual
        • 3.2 Public Health and Welfare Policies
      • 4. Procedural Requirements
        • 4.1 General Provisions
        • 4.2 Remedies
          • (a) The CRD rules
          • (b) Access to judicial redress: Appeal and review
          • (c) Administrative redress
        • 4.3 Assessment
    • C. Public-Service Exception
      • 1. Introduction
      • 2. Article 45(4) TFEU: ‘Employment in the Public Service’
      • 3. The Exercise of ‘Official Authority’
    • D. Public-Interest Justifications
      • 1. Introduction
      • 2. The Justifications Recognized by the Court
    • E. Proportionality
      • 1. Suitability and Necessity
      • 2. Evidence
      • 3. Good Governance
    • F. The Charter of Fundamental Rights
    • G. Conclusions
    • Further Reading
• Part IV Free Movement of Capital
  • 13 Free Movement of Capital
    • A. Introduction
    • B. The Need for Free Movement of Capital
    • C. The Development of Free Movement of Capital and Payments
      • 1. Capital
      • 2. Payments
    • D. The Scope of the Provisions on Capital
      • 1. The Definition of ‘Capital’
      • 2. The Territorial Scope
        • 2.1 Inter-State Movement
        • 2.2 Movement Between an EU Member State and a Third Country
          • (a) The reasons for the broad reach
          • (b) The limitations on the broad reach
      • 3. The Direct Effect of Article 63 TFEU
      • 4. The Relationship Between the Provisions on Capital and the Other Freedoms
        • 4.1 Freedom of Establishment v. Free Movement of Capital
        • 4.2 Free Movement of Services v. Free Movement of Capital
        • 4.3 Areas in Which Only Free Movement of Capital Applies
    • E. What Is Prohibited Under Article 63(1) TFEU?
      • 1. Introduction
      • 2. The Discrimination Approach
        • 2.1 Direct and Indirect Discrimination
        • 2.2 Non-Discriminatory National Rules
      • 3. National Rules Which Restrict or Create an Obstacle to the Free Movement of Capital
        • 3.1 Establishing a Breach
        • 3.2 A Threshold Requirement?
        • 3.3 Examples of Restrictions on the Free Movement of Capital
      • 4. Taxation
        • 4.1 Restriction v. Discrimination Approach
        • 4.2 Examples of Cases Where the State’s Taxation Rules Breaches Article 63 TFEU
          • (a) Inheritances
          • (b) Property
          • (c) Shares, dividends, and deductions
          • (d) Charitable gifts
        • 4.3 Cases Involving Movement of Capital Between a Member State and a Third Country
      • 5. Public-Interest Requirements and Proportionality
        • 5.1 Public-Interest Requirements
        • 5.2 Proportionality
    • F. Express Derogations
      • 1. Introduction
      • 2. Article 65(1)(a) TFEU: Tax Provisions Distinguishing Between Resident and Non-Resident Taxpayers or the Place Where Their Capital is Invested
      • 3. Article 65(1)(b) TFEU: General Derogations
        • 3.1 ‘All requisite measures to prevent infringements of national law and regulations, in particular in the field of taxation and the prudential supervision of financial institutions’
        • 3.2 ‘To lay down procedures for the declaration of capital movements for the purposes of administrative or statistical information’
        • 3.3 Public Policy and Public Security
    • G. Conclusions
    • Further Reading
• Part V Completing the Single Market
  • 14 Regulating the Internal Market
    • A. Introduction
    • B. The Power to Harmonize
      • 1. Introduction
      • 2. Article 114 TFEU
        • 2.1 The Conditions to be Satisfied under Article 114 TFEU
        • 2.2 The Circumstances in which Article 114 TFEU Can Be Used
          • (a) Elimination of obstacles to the exercise of fundamental freedoms
          • (b) Removal of appreciable distortions of competition
        • 2.3 The Follow-Up to Tobacco Advertising I
        • 2.4 The Case Law after Tobacco Advertising I
          • (a) Departing from Tobacco Advertising I
          • (b) Indirect harmonization
      • 3. Choice of Legal Basis
      • 4. The Application of the Principles of Subsidiarity and Proportionality to Measures Adopted under Article 114 TFEU
      • 5. Derogations From Measures Adopted under Article 114(1) TFEU
      • 6. Non-Legislative Acts
    • C. Different Approaches to Harmonization
      • 1. Introduction
      • 2. Mutual Recognition
      • 3. Exhaustive Harmonization
        • 3.1 What Is It?
        • 3.2 The Problem with Exhaustive Harmonization
        • 3.3 Subordinate Legislation
        • 3.4 Conclusions
      • 4. Optional Harmonization
      • 5. Minimum Harmonization
        • 5.1 What Is It?
        • 5.2 Reverse Discrimination
      • 6. The New Approach to Technical Harmonization and Standardization
        • 6.1 Introduction
        • 6.2 The Fundamental Principles
        • 6.3 The Toy Safety Directive
        • 6.4 Assessment
      • 7. ‘New Governance’ Approaches
        • 7.1 Introduction
        • 7.2 Reflexive Harmonization and the Open Method of Coordination
        • 7.3 The Lamfalussy Process
      • 8. Enhanced Cooperation
    • D. Completing the Internal Market?
      • 1. Post-1992
      • 2. Market Management
        • 2.1 Simplification/Improving Quality of Legislation
        • 2.2 Implementation
        • 2.3 Enforcement
      • 3. Market Surveillance
    • E. The Digital Single Market
    • F. Conclusions
    • Further Reading
• Index

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Bókahillan þín er þitt svæði og þar eru bækurnar þínar geymdar. Þú kemst í bókahilluna þína hvar og hvenær sem er í tölvu eða snjalltæki. Einfalt og þægilegt!

Rafbók til eignar
Rafbók til eignar þarf að hlaða niður á þau tæki sem þú vilt nota innan eins árs frá því bókin er keypt.

Þú kemst í bækurnar hvar sem er
Þú getur nálgast allar raf(skóla)bækurnar þínar á einu augabragði, hvar og hvenær sem er í bókahillunni þinni. Engin taska, enginn kyndill og ekkert vesen (hvað þá yfirvigt).

Auðvelt að fletta og leita
Þú getur flakkað milli síðna og kafla eins og þér hentar best og farið beint í ákveðna kafla úr efnisyfirlitinu. Í leitinni finnur þú orð, kafla eða síður í einum smelli.

Glósur og yfirstrikanir
Þú getur auðkennt textabrot með mismunandi litum og skrifað glósur að vild í rafbókina. Þú getur jafnvel séð glósur og yfirstrikanir hjá bekkjarsystkinum og kennara ef þeir leyfa það. Allt á einum stað.

Hvað viltu sjá? / Þú ræður hvernig síðan lítur út
Þú lagar síðuna að þínum þörfum. Stækkaðu eða minnkaðu myndir og texta með multi-level zoom til að sjá síðuna eins og þér hentar best í þínu námi.



Fleiri góðir kostir
- Þú getur prentað síður úr bókinni (innan þeirra marka sem útgefandinn setur)
- Möguleiki á tengingu við annað stafrænt og gagnvirkt efni, svo sem myndbönd eða spurningar úr efninu
- Auðvelt að afrita og líma efni/texta fyrir t.d. heimaverkefni eða ritgerðir
- Styður tækni sem hjálpar nemendum með sjón- eða heyrnarskerðingu