The Law and Policy of the World Trade Organization
Námskeið
- L-801 Alþjóðaviðskipti
Lýsing:
Since the publication of its first edition, this textbook has been the prime choice of teachers and students alike, due to its clear and detailed explanation of the basic principles of the multilateral trading system and the law of the World Trade Organization (WTO). The fifth edition continues to explore the institutional and substantive law of the WTO. It has been updated to incorporate all new developments in the WTO's ever-growing body of case law.
Moreover, each chapter includes a 'Further Readings' section to encourage and facilitate research and discussion on the topics addressed. As in previous editions, each chapter also features a summary to reinforce learning. Questions, assignments, and exercises on WTO law and policy are contained in an online supplement, updated regularly. This textbook is an essential tool for all WTO law students and will also serve as a practitioner's introductory guide to the WTO.
Annað
- Höfundar: Peter Van den Bossche, Werner Zdouc
- Útgáfa:5
- Útgáfudagur: 18-11-2021
- Hægt að prenta út 2 bls.
- Hægt að afrita 2 bls.
- Format:Page Fidelity
- ISBN 13: 9781108786614
- Print ISBN: 9781108478205
- ISBN 10: 1108786618
Efnisyfirlit
- Half-title page
- Title page
- Copyright page
- Contents
- List of Figures
- Preface
- Table of WTO Cases
- Table of GATT Cases
- List of Abbreviations
- 1 International Trade and the Law of the WTO
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Economic Globalisation, International Trade, and Sustainable Development
- 2.1 Emergence of the Global Economy
- 2.2 A Blessing or a Curse?
- 2.3 Free Trade versus Restricted Trade
- 2.4 International Trade to the Benefit of All?
- 3 The Law of the WTO
- 3.1 Need for International Rules on Trade
- 3.2 International Economic Law, International Trade Law, and WTO Law
- 3.3 Basic Rules of WTO Law
- 4 Sources of WTO Law
- 4.1 The Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization
- 4.2 Other Sources of WTO Law
- 5 WTO Law in Context
- 5.1 WTO Law and International Law
- 5.2 WTO Law and National Law
- 6 Summary
- Further Reading
- 2 The World Trade Organization
- 1 Introduction
- 2 The Origins of the WTO
- 2.1 The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade of 1947
- 2.2 Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations
- 3 Mandate of the WTO
- 3.1 Objectives of the WTO
- 3.2 Functions of the WTO
- 4 Membership and Institutional Structure
- 4.1 Membership of the WTO
- 4.2 Institutional Structure of the WTO
- 5 Decision-Making in the WTO
- 5.1 WTO Decision-Making in Theory
- 5.2 WTO Decision-Making in Practice
- 5.3 Participation in WTO Decision-Making
- 6 Other Issues
- 6.1 Legal Status of the WTO
- 6.2 WTO Budget
- 7 Summary
- Further Reading
- 3 WTO Dispute Settlement
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Jurisdiction of the WTO Dispute Settlement System
- 2.1 Nature of the Jurisdiction
- 2.2 Scope of the Jurisdiction
- 3 Access to the WTO Dispute Settlement System
- 3.1 Right of Recourse to WTO Dispute Settlement
- 3.2 Access of Members Other than the Parties
- 3.3 Indirect Access to the WTO Dispute Settlement System
- 4 Key Features of WTO Dispute Settlement
- 4.1 Single, Comprehensive, and Integrated System
- 4.2 Different Methods of Dispute Settlement
- 4.3 Multilateral Dispute Settlement
- 4.4 Preference for Mutually Acceptable Solutions
- 4.5 Mandate to Clarify WTO Provisions
- 4.6 Remedies for Breach
- 5 Institutions of WTO Dispute Settlement
- 5.1 Dispute Settlement Body
- 5.2 Panels
- 5.3 The Appellate Body
- 5.4 Other Entities Involved in WTO Dispute Settlement
- 6 Process of WTO Dispute Settlement
- 6.1 General Observations on the WTO Dispute Settlement Process
- 6.2 Consultations
- 6.3 Panel Proceedings
- 6.4 Appellate Body Proceedings
- 6.5 Implementation and Enforcement
- 7 Developing-Country Members and WTO Dispute Settlement
- 7.1 Special Rules for Developing-Country Members
- 7.2 Legal Assistance for Developing-Country Members
- 8 Success, Challenges, and Decline of the WTO Dispute Settlement System
- 8.1 Early Reform Discussions and a Looming Crisis
- 8.2 From a Looming to an Acute Crisis
- 8.3 Attempts to Address the Crisis
- 8.4 The Multi-Party Interim Appeal Arbitration Arrangement
- 9 Summary
- Further Reading
- 4 Most-Favoured-Nation Treatment
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Most-Favoured-Nation Treatment under the GATT 1994
- 2.1 Nature of the MFN Treatment Obligation of Article I:1 of the GATT 1994
- 2.2 MFN Treatment Test of Article I:1 of the GATT 1994
- 2.3 Most-Favoured-Nation Treatment Obligation and the Enabling Clause of the GATT 1994
- 3 Most-Favoured-Nation Treatment under the GATS
- 3.1 Nature of the MFN Treatment Obligation of Article II:1 of the GATS
- 3.2 MFN Treatment Test of Article II:1 of the GATS
- 3.3 Deviations from the Most-Favoured-Nation Treatment Obligation under the GATS
- 4 Summary
- Further Reading
- 5 National Treatment
- 1 Introduction
- 2 National Treatment under the GATT 1994
- 2.1 Nature of the National Treatment Obligation of Article III of the GATT 1994
- 2.2 National Treatment Test for Internal Taxation on Like Products
- 2.3 National Treatment Test for Internal Taxation on Directly Competitive or Substitutable Products
- 2.4 National Treatment Test for Internal Regulation
- 3 National Treatment under the GATS
- 3.1 Nature of the National Treatment Obligation of Article XVII:1 of the GATS
- 3.2 National Treatment Test of Article XVII:1 of the GATS
- 4 Summary
- Further Reading
- 6 Tariff Barriers
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Customs Duties on Imports
- 2.1 Definition and Types
- 2.2 Purpose of Customs Duties on Imports
- 2.3 Customs Duties as a Lawful Instrument of Protection
- 2.4 Negotiations on the Reduction of Customs Duties
- 2.5 Tariff Concessions and Schedules of Concessions
- 2.6 Protection of Tariff Concessions
- 2.7 Modification or Withdrawal of Tariff Concessions
- 2.8 Imposition of Customs Duties on Imports
- 3 Other Duties and Charges on Imports
- 3.1 Definition and Types
- 3.2 Rules Regarding Other Duties or Charges on Imports
- 3.3 Measures Exempted from the Rule
- 4 Customs Duties and Other Duties and Charges on Exports
- 4.1 Definition and Purpose
- 4.2 Rules Applicable on Export Duties
- 5 Summary
- Further Reading
- 7 Non-Tariff Barriers
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Quantitative Restrictions on Trade in Goods
- 2.1 Definition and Types
- 2.2 Rules on Quantitative Restrictions
- 2.3 Administration of Quantitative Restrictions
- 2.4 Special and Differential Treatment
- 3 Other Non-Tariff Barriers on Trade in Goods
- 3.1 Lack of Transparency
- 3.2 Unfair and Arbitrary Application of Trade Measures
- 3.3 Customs Formalities and Procedures
- 3.4 Government Procurement Laws and Practices
- 3.5 Other Measures and Actions
- 4 Market Access Barriers to Trade in Services
- 4.1 Definition and Types of Market Access Barriers
- 4.2 Rules on Market Access Barriers
- 4.3 Negotiations on Market Access for Services
- 4.4 Schedules of Specific Commitments
- 4.5 Modification or Withdrawal of Commitments
- 5 Other Barriers to Trade in Services
- 5.1 Lack of Transparency
- 5.2 Unfair and Arbitrary Application of Trade Measures
- 5.3 Licensing and Qualification Requirements and Technical Standards
- 5.4 Government Procurement Laws and Practices
- 5.5 Other Measures and Actions
- 6 Summary
- Further Reading
- 8 General and Security Exceptions
- 1 Introduction
- 2 General Exceptions under the GATT 1994
- 2.1 Key Features of Article XX of the GATT 1994
- 2.2 Two-Tier Test under Article XX of the GATT 1994
- 2.3 Specific Exceptions under Article XX of the GATT 1994
- 2.4 Chapeau of Article XX of the GATT 1994
- 2.5 Policy Space for Members to Protect Other Societal Values and Interests
- 3 General Exceptions under the GATS
- 3.1 Two-Tier Test under Article XIV of the GATS
- 3.2 Specific Exceptions under Article XIV of the GATS
- 3.3 Chapeau of Article XIV of the GATS
- 3.4 The Prudential Exception under the GATS Annex on Financial Services
- 4 Security Exceptions under the GATT 1994 and the GATS
- 4.1 Article XXI of the GATT 1994
- 4.2 Article XIVbis of the GATS
- 5 Summary
- Further Reading
- 9 Economic Emergency Exceptions
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Safeguard Measures under the GATT 1994 and the Agreement on Safeguards
- 2.1 Constituent Features of a ‘Safeguard Measure’
- 2.2 Requirements for the Use of Safeguard Measures
- 2.3 Domestic Procedures and Notification and Consultation Requirements
- 2.4 Requirements Regarding the Form, Extent, and Duration of the Application of Safeguard Measures
- 3 Safeguard Measures under Other WTO Agreements
- 3.1 Safeguard Measures under the Agreement on Agriculture
- 3.2 Safeguard Measures under China’s Accession Protocol
- 3.3 Safeguard Measures under the GATS
- 4 Balance-of-Payments Measures under the GATT 1994 and the GATS
- 4.1 Balance-of-Payments Measures under the GATT 1994
- 4.2 Balance-of-Payments Measures under the GATS
- 5 Summary
- Further Reading
- 10 Regional Trade Exceptions
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Proliferation of Regional Trade Agreements
- 3 Regional Trade Exceptions under the GATT 1994
- 3.1 Exceptions Relating to Customs Unions
- 3.2 Exceptions Relating to Free-Trade Areas
- 3.3 Interim Agreements
- 3.4 Special and Differential Treatment of Developing-Country Members
- 4 Regional Trade Exceptions under the GATS
- 4.1 Requirements for Economic Integration Agreements
- 4.2 Labour Markets Integration Agreements
- 4.3 Special and Differential Treatment of Developing-Country Members
- 5 Institutional and Procedural Matters
- 6 Summary
- Further Reading
- 11 Dumping
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Basic Elements of WTO Law on Dumping
- 2.1 History of the Law on Dumping
- 2.2 The Concept of ‘Dumping’ and Its Treatment in WTO Law
- 2.3 Current Use of Anti-Dumping Measures
- 3 Determination of Dumping
- 3.1 ‘Normal Value’
- 3.2 ‘Export Price’
- 3.3 Comparison of the ‘Export Price’ with the ‘Normal Value’
- 4 Determination of Injury to the Domestic Industry
- 4.1 ‘Domestic Industry’
- 4.2 ‘Injury’
- 5 Demonstration of a Causal Link
- 5.1 Relevant Causation Factors and Non-Attribution
- 5.2 Cumulation
- 6 Anti-Dumping Investigation
- 6.1 Initiation of an Investigation
- 6.2 Conduct of the Investigation
- 6.3 Public Notice and Judicial Review
- 7 Anti-Dumping Measures
- 7.1 Imposition of Provisional Anti-Dumping Measures
- 7.2 Price Undertakings
- 7.3 Imposition and Collection of Anti-Dumping Duties
- 7.4 Duration, Termination, and Review of Anti-Dumping Duties
- 7.5 Problem of Circumvention of Anti-Dumping Duties
- 8 Institutional and Procedural Provisions of the Anti-Dumping Agreement
- 8.1 The Committee on Anti-Dumping Practices
- 8.2 Dispute Settlement
- 9 Special and Differential Treatment for Developing-Country Members
- 10 Summary
- Further Reading
- 12 Subsidies
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Basic Elements of WTO Law on Subsidies and Subsidised Trade
- 2.1 History of the Law on Subsidies and Subsidised Trade
- 2.2 The WTO Concept of ‘Subsidies’ and Their Treatment under WTO Law
- 2.3 Current Use of Subsidies and Countervailing Measures
- 3 Subsidies Covered by the SCM Agreement
- 3.1 Financial Contribution
- 3.2 Financial Contribution by a Government or a Public Body
- 3.3 Financial Contribution Conferring a Benefit
- 3.4 Requirement of ‘Specificity’ of the Subsidy
- 4 Prohibited Subsidies
- 4.1 Export Subsidies
- 4.2 Import Substitution Subsidies
- 4.3 Multilateral Remedies for Prohibited Subsidies
- 5 Actionable Subsidies
- 5.1 Subsidies Causing Injury
- 5.2 Subsidies Causing Nullification or Impairment
- 5.3 Subsidies Causing Serious Prejudice
- 5.4 Multilateral Remedies for Actionable Subsidies
- 5.5 Non-Actionable Subsidies
- 6 Countervailing Measures
- 6.1 Conditions for the Imposition of Countervailing Duties
- 6.2 Conduct of Countervailing Duty Investigations
- 6.3 Application of Countervailing Measures
- 6.4 Countervailing Duties or Countermeasures
- 7 Institutional and Procedural Provisions
- 7.1 Transparency and Notification Requirements
- 7.2 Subsidies Committee
- 7.3 Dispute Settlement
- 8 Special and Differential Treatment for Developing-Country Members
- 9 Agricultural Subsidies under the Agreement on Agriculture
- 9.1 Agricultural Export Subsidies
- 9.2 Domestic Agricultural Support Measures
- 10 Summary
- Further Reading
- 13 Technical Barriers to Trade
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Scope of Application of the TBT Agreement
- 2.1 Measures to Which the TBT Agreement Applies
- 2.2 Entities Covered by the TBT Agreement
- 2.3 Relationship with Other WTO Agreements
- 3 Substantive Provisions of the TBT Agreement
- 3.1 MFN Treatment and National Treatment Obligations
- 3.2 Obligation to Refrain from Creating Unnecessary Obstacles to International Trade
- 3.3 Obligation to Base Technical Barriers to Trade on International Standards
- 3.4 Other Substantive Provisions
- 4 Institutional and Procedural Provisions of the TBT Agreement
- 4.1 TBT Committee
- 4.2 Dispute Settlement
- 4.3 Technical Assistance
- 5 Summary
- Further Reading
- 14 Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Scope of Application of the SPS Agreement
- 2.1 Measures to Which the SPS Agreement Applies
- 2.2 Entities Covered by the SPS Agreement
- 2.3 Relationship with Other WTO Agreements
- 3 Substantive Provisions of the SPS Agreement
- 3.1 Basic Principles
- 3.2 Goal of Harmonisation
- 3.3 Obligations Relating to Risk Assessment
- 3.4 Obligations Relating to Risk Management
- 3.5 Provisional Measures and the Precautionary Principle
- 3.6 Other Substantive Provisions
- 4 Institutional and Procedural Provisions of the SPS Agreement
- 4.1 SPS Committee
- 4.2 Dispute Settlement
- 4.3 Technical Assistance
- 5 Summary
- Further Reading
- 15 Intellectual Property Rights
- 1 Introduction
- 2 The Origins and Objectives of the TRIPS Agreement
- 2.1 Origins of the TRIPS Agreement
- 2.2 Objectives and Principles of the TRIPS Agreement
- 3 Scope of Application of the TRIPS Agreement
- 3.1 Substantive Scope of Application
- 3.2 Temporal Scope of Application
- 4 General Provisions and Basic Principles of the TRIPS Agreement
- 4.1 Relationship between the TRIPS Agreement and WIPO Conventions
- 4.2 The National Treatment Obligation
- 4.3 The Most-Favoured-Nation Treatment Obligation
- 4.4 Exhaustion of Intellectual Property Rights
- 5 Substantive Protection of Intellectual Property Rights
- 5.1 Copyright and Related Rights
- 5.2 Trademarks
- 5.3 Geographical Indications
- 5.4 Patents
- 6 Enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights
- 6.1 General Obligations
- 6.2 Civil and Administrative Procedures and Remedies
- 6.3 Provisional Measures and Border Measures
- 6.4 Criminal Procedures
- 6.5 Acquisition and Maintenance of Intellectual Property Rights
- 7 Institutional and Procedural Provisions of the TRIPS Agreement
- 7.1 Council for TRIPS
- 7.2 Transparency
- 7.3 Dispute Settlement
- 7.4 Security Exceptions
- 8 Special and Differential Treatment of Developing-Country Members
- 8.1 Transitional Periods
- 8.2 Technical Assistance and Transfer of Technology
- 9 Summary
- Further Reading
- Index
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- Útgáfuár : 2012
- Leyfi : 379