Lýsing:
Here is a new, fourth edition of this authoritative introductory survey of world prehistory, spanning the past 3,000,000 years and written by a team of twenty-four expert authors. This edition has been radically updated to be more thematic and accessible: chapters are connected by new key themes boxes (climate change, domestication, migration, social inequality and urbanism), which link global regions and encourage big-picture thinking.
The text has been streamlined and the books design completely revamped: it is now in full colour throughout, with more than 50% more colour images than the previous edition. There is increased coverage of the Americas, with a brand-new chapter, The Origins and Dispersal of the First Americans. Revisions take into account the latest sites and discoveries, including Homo naledi and the new LiDAR surveys of Angkor Wat.
Annað
- Höfundur: Chris Scarre
- Útgáfa:4
- Útgáfudagur: 04-10-2018
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- Format:Page Fidelity
- ISBN 13: 9780500774502
- Print ISBN: 9780500294208
- ISBN 10: 0500774501
Efnisyfirlit
- Front Matter
- Title Page
- Copyright
- Brief Contents
- Contents
- Contributors
- Preface
- New in this Edition
- Organization of the Book
- Special Features
- Student and Instructor Resources
- A Note on Dating
- Reviewers
- What Is Archaeology?
- Prehistory vs. History
- The Relevance of World Archaeology
- A Brief History of Archaeology
- Renaissance Beginnings
- Advances in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries: The First Excavations
- Developments in the Nineteenth Century: Understanding Chronology and Evolution
- Methods and Techniques
- Dating
- Radiocarbon Dating
- Potassium-Argon Dating
- Uranium-Series
- Electron Spin Resistance
- Luminescence Dating
- Paleomagnetism
- Tree-Ring Dating
- Other Field and Laboratory Methods
- Reconstructing Ancient Environments
- Genetics in Archaeology
- Archaeological Fieldwork
- Dating
- Processual and Postprocessual Archaeology
- Cultural Ecology and Agency Theory
- Common Models in Archaeology
- Innovation, Diffusion, Emulation, and Migration
- Linear and Cyclical Patterns
- 2 African Origins: Nicholas Toth and Kathy Schick, Indiana University
- Evolution and Human Origins
- The Human Evolutionary Record
- The Primate Ancestors of Apes and Humans
- What Is a Primate?
- Our Ape Ancestry: The Comparative Anatomical and Genetic Evidence
- Anatomical Evidence
- Genetic Evidence
- Evolution and Human Origins
- The Environmental Background
- Key Discovery: Ardipithecus ramidus and Other Early Fossils
- Climate Change and Early Hominin Evolution
- The Rise of the Earliest Hominins
- Key Theme: Climate Change Evolutionary Change
- The Australopithecines
- The Emergence of Homo: Homo habilis, Homo ergaster, and Homo rudolfensis
- Key Sites: Hadar and Laetoli: “Lucy,” the “First Family,” and Fossil Footsteps
- The First Stone Tools and the Oldowan
- Technology
- Who Made the Oldowan Tools?
- Key Site: Olduvai Gorge: The Grand Canyon of Prehistory
- The Nature of Oldowan Sites
- Key Controversy: Modern Apes as Oldowan Toolmakers?
- Key Discovery: Australopithecus garhi: The First Stone Toolmaker?
- Food Procurement and Diet
- Hunters or Scavengers?
- Food for Thought: Diet and Encephalization
- The Behavior of Oldowan Hominins
- Social Organization
- Diet
- Fire
- Art, Ritual, and Language
- Recent Trends in Approaches to the Oldowan
- Isotopic Studies
- Key Controversy: What Were Oldowan Tools Used For?
- Summary and Conclusions
- Further Reading
- Homo ergaster
- Anatomy
- The Turkana Boy
- Human Evolution and Inferences from the Turkana Boy
- Anatomy
- The Acheulean Hand Axe Tradition
- Hand Axe Function
- Variation within the Acheulean Tradition
- The Initial Expansion of Homo ergaster from Africa
- The Expansion of Homo ergaster to Eurasia: The Dmanisi Discoveries
- Dating the Dmanisi Fossils
- The Discovery and Dating of Homo erectus in Java and China
- China and the Peking Man
- The Movius Line
- The Persistence and Fate of Homo erectus
- Brain Expansion and Change within the Hand Axe Tradition
- The European Origin of the Neanderthals
- Other Raw Materials
- Site Modification and Housing
- Fire
- Art
- Diet and Food Procurement
- Plant Foods: Foraging
- Animal Foods: Hunting and Scavenging
- The Climatic Background
- Competing Hypotheses for the Origin of Homo sapiens
- The Multi-Regional Evolution Hypothesis
- The Out of Africa Hypothesis
- Other Hypotheses and Attempts at Consensus
- Key Theme: Climate Change Oscillations and Human Dispersal
- Evidence for the Rise of Modern Humans in Africa
- Earliest Homo sapiens
- Transitional Homo sapiens
- Anatomically Modern Humans
- Genetic Keys to the Origins of Modern Humans
- Mitochondrial DNA and the Theory of an Early African “Coalescence”
- Other Theories and Potential Consensus
- Mitochondrial DNA and the Evolution of Homo neanderthalensis
- Archaeology and the Emergence of “Modern” Behavior in Middle Stone Age Africa
- Hunting and Dietary Evidence
- Key Site: Klasies River Mouth: Middle Stone Age Hunters?
- Evidence of Site Modification and Art
- Key Controversy: The Evolution of Language
- The Neanderthals
- Key Site: Blombos Cave and the Origins of Symbolism
- The Anatomy of Homo neanderthalensis
- Exploitation of Resources: Hunting, Gathering, and Scavenging
- The Mousterian Lithic Industry
- Neanderthal Behavior
- Key Discovery: The Neanderthal Genome
- Early Dispersals of Homo sapiens into the Levantine Corridor
- Key Theme: Migration Changing Pleistocene Environments Drove Human Dispersals
- The Colonization of East Asia and Australia
- The Colonization of Europe, and the Middle to Upper Paleolithic Transition
- The Aurignacian
- Key Controversy: The Initial Upper Paleolithic and the Emergence of Modern Behavior
- The End of the Neanderthals and their Relationship to Incoming Homo sapiens
- Developments in Human Behavior: The European Mid- and Later Upper Paleolithic
- The Gravettian
- Gravettian Behavior
- Key Sites: Four Sites with Upper Paleolithic Art
- The Magdalenian and Mezinian
- Key Controversy: The Meaning of “Venus” Figurines
- Summary and Conclusions
- Further Reading and Suggested Websites
- Pleistocene Bridges and Barriers to America (35,000–11,600 Years Ago)
- The Archaeology of Beringia
- Colonization Complexities
- Key Discovery: Genetics and the First Americans
- When and How
- Key Sites: Pushing the Antiquity Envelope: Folsom, Clovis, and Monte Verde
- Key Theme: Migration Motives and Methods
- Learning New Landscapes
- The Clovis Occupation of North America (13,400–12,600 Years Ago)
- Key Theme: Climate Change The Effects of Climate Change on the First Americans
- North America after Clovis
- Key Controversy: Pleistocene Extinctions
- The Earliest South Americans
- Adapting to Diversity
- Summary and Conclusions
- Changes on the Horizon
- Further Reading
- 6 The World Transformed: From Foragers and Farmers to States and Empires: Chris Scarre, Durham Unive
- From Glacial to Postglacial
- Climate Change and Faunal Extinction at the End of the Pleistocene
- The Early Holocene Environment
- Hunter-Gatherer Adaptations to the Holocene
- The Adoption of Agriculture
- What Is Agriculture?
- The Development of Domesticates
- The Geography of Domestication
- Key Theme: Domestication The Domestication of the Dog
- Why Agriculture?
- Key Controversy: Explaining Agriculture
- The Spread of Agriculture
- The Consequences of Agriculture
- Settlement
- Social Complexity
- Material Culture
- Warfare
- Agricultural Intensification
- Cities, States, and Empires
- Key Controversy: Cities, States, and Civilizations Defined and Explained
- The Development of States
- The Geography of State Formation
- Archaeological Features of States
- Toward History: The Adoption of Writing
- States and Empires
- The Development of States
- Summary and Conclusions
- Further Reading and Suggested Website
- From Glacial to Postglacial
- 7 From Mobile Foragers to Complex Societies In Southwest Asia: Trevor Watkins, University of Edinbur
- Terminologies in Southwest Asia
- Landscapes and Environments of Southwest Asia: Defining the “Core Area”
- Changing Climate and Environments
- A Crescendo of Change (20,000–8800 bce)
- The Epipaleolithic in the Levant (c. 20,000–9600 bce)
- Key Controversy: Explaining the Neolithic Revolution
- Key Theme: Climate Change Environmental Shocks in Southwest Asia
- The Natufians in the Late Epipaleolithic Levant
- Key Site: Ohalo II: Epipaleolithic Lifeways in the Levant
- The Epipaleolithic beyond the South Levant
- Key Site: Abu Hureyra: The Transition from Foraging to Farming
- The Early Aceramic Neolithic: A Burst of New, Permanent Settlements
- Key Site: Jerf el Ahmar: A Neolithic Village
- Pre-Domestic Cultivation
- A Cascade of Rapid Change: The Later Aceramic Neolithic (8800–6500 bce)
- Settlements and Communities
- Key Site: Göbekli Tepe: Religious Structures at a “Central Place”
- Special Buildings for Special Purposes
- Ritual Cycles of Burial, Skull Retrieval, and Curation
- Key Site: Çatalhöyük
- Regional and Supra-Regional Networks of Sharing and Exchange
- Key Theme: Domestication A Story of Unintended Consequences
- Transformation, Dispersal, and Expansion (6500–6000 bce)
- The Levant
- Central and West Anatolia
- Key Site: Tell Sabi Abyad I
- What Was the Cause of Dispersal and Expansion?
- Summary and Conclusions
- Further Reading and Suggested Websites
- 8 East Asian Agriculture and Its Impact: Charles Higham, University of Otago
- Northern China
- The Origins of Millet Cultivation: The Yellow River Valley to 7000 bce
- The Development of Permanent Villages in the Yellow River Valley (c. 7000–5000 bce)
- Key Site: Jiahu: The Transition to Agriculture in the Huai River Valley
- Key Theme: Domestication The Consequences and Significance of Agriculture
- The Growth of Agricultural Communities (c. 5000–2600 bce): Neolithic Cultures in the Yellow River
- Central Plains and the Loess Plateau: The Yangshao Culture (c. 5000–3000 bce)
- The Middle Yangshao (c. 4000–3500 bce)
- Eastern China: The Dawenkou Culture (c. 4150–2600 bce)
- The Yangzi Valley
- The Origins of Rice Cultivation in the Yangzi River Valley
- Gathering Wild Rice: Yuchanyang
- The Transition from Wild to Cultivated Rice: Diaotonghuan and Xianrendong
- Key Controversy: The Origins of Rice Cultivation
- The Development of Permanent Villages in the Yangzi Valley
- The Middle Yangzi Valley
- The Lower Yangzi Valley
- Summary: The Origins of Rice Domestication
- The Development of Permanent Villages in the Yangzi Valley
- Key Site: Tianluoshan
- The Expansion of Neolithic Settlement in the Yangzi River Valley
- The Daxi Culture (c. 4500–3300 bce)
- The Qujialing Culture (c. 3300–2500 bce)
- The Lower Yangzi Region: The Majiabang and Songze Cultures (c. 5000–3300 bce)
- The Expansion of Rice and Millet Farmers
- The Expansion of Farmers into Southeast Asia
- Initial Dispersal into Southern China
- From Southern China into Vietnam
- Early Rice Farmers in Northeast Thailand
- Key Site: Man Bac
- Cambodia and the Dong Nai River
- The Bangkok Plain
- Khok Phanom Di
- Northern China
- Key Site: Ban Non Wat: Hunter-Gatherers and Early Rice Farmers
- The Expansion of Farmers into Korea and Japan
- Korea
- Key Theme: Social Inequality The Role of Agriculture and Metallurgy
- Japan
- Yayoi Rice Farmers
- Japan
- Australia
- Early Foragers in a Changing Landscape
- Key Site: South Molle Quarry: Aboriginal Foragers at the End of the Ice Age
- Technology in Uncertain Times
- Changing Life in Tasmania
- Key Controversy: Explaining Technological Change in Australia
- Changes in Aboriginal Perceptions of the Landscape: The Rainbow Serpent
- Key Controversy: Why Did the Tasmanians Stop Eating Fish?
- The Growth of Trade Networks
- Population and Settlement Change
- The Effects of Historic Foreign Contacts
- Key Site: Barlambidj: Aboriginal Contact with Southeast Asia
- The Indo-Pacific Islands of Southeast Asia and Oceania
- The First Homo sapiens in Island Southeast Asia
- Early Agriculturalists in New Guinea
- The Austronesian Dispersal
- Key Discovery: Early Farming in the New Guinea Highlands
- A Basic History of the Austronesian Languages
- The Archaeology of Early Austronesian Dispersal
- Taiwan
- Further Dispersals into Island Southeast Asia and to Madagascar
- Recent Debate over Movement through Taiwan
- The Colonization of Oceania: Lapita
- Key Site: Beinan and the Jade Trade
- Lapita Economy
- The Settlement of Polynesia
- Key Controversy: The Origins of Lapita 285
- Eastern Polynesia
- Key Sites: Talepakemalai and Teouma
- Key Controversy: Expert Navigation or Sheer Good Luck?
- Why Migrate?
- Key Controversy: Easter Island and South America
- The Austronesian World after Colonization
- Polynesian Complex Societies: Easter Island and Elsewhere
- Hawai‘i and New Zealand: Varying Social Responses to Environmental Constraints
- Key Theme: Climate Change Human Impact, Environmental Change, and Migration
- The Chiefdoms of Polynesia: Comparative Ethnographic Perspectives
- Theories of Social Evolution
- The Chiefdoms of Polynesia: Comparative Ethnographic Perspectives
- The Mexican Archaic and the Origins of Mesoamerican Agriculture, c. 9500–2500 bce
- The Earliest Cultigens
- Eastern North America
- Early to Middle Archaic, c. 9500–4000 bce
- Key Theme: Climate Change Changing Climates and Early Agricultural Developments in the Americas
- Key Site: Koster: An Archaic Camp in Illinois
- The Beginnings of Agriculture in the Middle and Late Archaic
- Key Sites: Watson Brake and Poverty Point, Louisiana
- Late Archaic Lifeways and Social Elaborations (c. 4000–1000 bce)
- The Carlston Annis Shell Mound in West Central Kentucky
- Horr’s Island, Florida
- The Earliest Pottery
- Late Archaic Lifeways and Social Elaborations (c. 4000–1000 bce)
- Early Woodland Period, c. 1000–200 bce
- Later Agricultural Developments
- Tobacco
- The Archaic Period (c. 7500 bce–1 ce)
- Agricultural Beginnings
- The Economic Impact of Maize and Other Crops
- Models of Agricultural Adoption and Dispersal
- Later Agricultural Developments and Systems
- Great Plains Bison Hunting
- The Pacific Northwest Maritime Cultures
- The Great Basin Desert Archaic
- The Archaic Period in California
- The North Pacific Coast
- The Peruvian Coast
- North Coast
- South Coast
- The Chilean Coast
- Southern Chile and Southern Argentina
- The Northern Andes
- The Central Andes
- Northern Peru
- Central Peru
- Southern Peru
- The Southern Andes
- Andean Animal and Plant Domestication
- Intensified Hunting, Gathering, and Fishing, c. 9000–5000 bCE
- Southern and Central Africa
- Southern African Rock Art
- Southern and Central Africa
- North Africa and the Sahara
- East Africa
- West Africa
- The Sahara
- The Nile Valley
- West Africa
- Northeast and East Africa
- Movements of Bantu-Speaking Peoples
- Ironworking Farmers
- Domesticated Plants and Animals
- Interaction between Hunter-Gatherers and Farmers
- The Predynastic Period
- The Early Dynastic Period
- The Old Kingdom
- The First and Second Intermediate Periods and the Middle Kingdom
- The New Kingdom and After
- Nubia and Ethiopia
- Kerma
- Napata and Meroë
- Aksum
- North and West Africa
- Eastern, Southern, and Central Africa
- The Swahili Coast
- The Zimbabwe Plateau
- Remoter Parts of Central Africa
- The Mediterranean, Southwest Asia, and the Red Sea
- The Indian Ocean
- The Atlantic Coast
- From Foraging to Farming
- After the Ice: Europe Transformed
- Key Site: Star Carr: A Mesolithic Campsite in Northeast England
- Farming Comes to Europe
- Key Theme: Migration The Spread of Farming to Europe
- Southeastern Europe
- The First Neolithic Settlements, c. 6600–6000 bce
- Developing Societies, c. 6000–3200 bce
- Key Theme: Migration Incursions from the Steppes
- Copper, Gold, and Secondary Products
- Key Site: The Varna Cemetery
- The Mediterranean Zone
- Social Distinctions in Mediterranean Europe, c. 3500–2500 bce
- Central Europe
- Key Discovery: The “Iceman”
- The Bandkeramik Culture, c. 5600–5000 bce
- Regional Diversification, c. 5000–3000 bce
- Key Discovery: The Talheim Death Pit
- Atlantic Europe
- Monuments and Society
- Polished Stone Axes
- Monuments and Society
- Monuments and Ritual
- Beaker Pottery and Metalwork
- Chiefly Elites and Long-Distance Contact
- “Princely Centers”
- The Earlier Bronze Age in Eastern Europe, c. 2300–1300 bce
- Urnfields, c. 1300–700 bce
- European Societies beyond the Mediterranean
- The So-Called “Celtic” Societies
- Bog Bodies
- The Expansion of Roman Control
- Farmers of the Early Chalcolithic: The Halaf and Ubaid Periods, c. 6000–4200 bce
- The Halaf Period, c. 6000–5400 bce
- The Ubaid Period, c. 5900–4200 bce
- Eridu
- Ubaid Sites beyond Lower Mesopotamia
- The Lower Mesopotamian Site of Uruk: The “First City”
- The Invention of Writing
- Cylinder Seals
- Uruk Expansion and Trade
- Sumerian City States
- Upper Mesopotamian, Iranian, and Anatolian Communities
- Kingdoms and Empires of the Later Third Millennium bce
- Lower Mesopotamia and the Persian Gulf
- Upper Mesopotamia and the Levant
- Upper Mesopotamia and Anatolia, c. 2000–1650 bce
- Anatolia and the Hittites
- The Levant in the Late Bronze Age
- Ugarit
- Upper Mesopotamia and Syria: Hurrian Mittani
- The Rise of Assyria
- Lower Mesopotamia: Kassite Babylonia
- Elam
- The End of the Late Bronze Age
- The Levant: Philistines, Phoenicians, Neo-Hittites
- The Philistines
- The Phoenicians
- The Neo-Hittites
- The Assyrian Empire
- The Levant: Israel and Judah
- Anatolian States
- Babylonia
- The Achaemenid Empire and the Conquest of Southwest Asia
- Defining the Mediterranean, Redefining Its Study
- The Bronze Age, c. 3500–1000 bce
- The Aegean Early Bronze Age
- Crete
- The Aegean Early Bronze Age
- The Cyclades
- The Greek Mainland and Troy
- Minoan Crete: The Palace Period
- The Palace at Knossos
- Peak Sanctuaries
- Life outside the Palaces
- The End of the Minoan Palaces
- Mycenaean Greece: Mycenae and the Mycenaean Kingdoms
- Other Mycenaean Palaces
- Overseas Influence
- The End of the Aegean Bronze Age
- Greece and the Aegean
- The Early Iron Age
- The Orientalizing and Archaic Periods
- The Classical Period
- Features of the Classical City
- Greek Colonization
- The Phoenicians and Phoenician Expansion
- The Etruscans and the Italian Peninsula
- Alexander and the East
- The Conquests of Alexander
- The Hellenistic World
- Carthage and the Carthaginian Empire
- The Rise of Rome
- Growth and Crisis
- Rome, Center of the World
- The Provinces and Frontiers
- Reactions to Roman Annexation
- The Roman Army
- The Later Empire
- Land and Language
- The Foundations, c. 26,000–6500 bce
- Western India
- The Ganga Plain
- Central India
- Sri Lanka
- Seasonality and Mobility
- Early Neolithic Villages: The First Food Producers
- Western Pakistan
- Kashmir and the Swat Valley
- Key Site: Mehrgarh: An Early Farming Community
- The Ganga Basin
- Peninsular India
- An Era of Regionalization: Early Harappan Proto-Urban Forms
- Kot Diji and Early Pointers toward the Indus Civilization
- Key Controversy: Foreign Contact and State Formation 1: The Indus Cities
- An Era of Integration: The Indus Civilization, c. 2600–1900 bce
- A Hierarchy of Settlement Forms
- Key Controversy: The Decipherment of the Indus Script
- Key Theme: Social Inequality Uniformity within the Indus Civilization
- Key Sites: Mohenjo-daro and Harappa
- Character of the Indus Civilization
- Subsistence and Trade
- The Western Borderlands
- An Era of Localization: The Eclipse of the Indus Civilization, c. 1900 bce
- The Core Cities
- Key Theme: Migration The Aryan Migration and the End of the Indus Cities
- Peripheral Areas
- Gandharan Grave Culture
- The Ganga–Yamuna Doab
- The Western Deccan
- Peripheral Areas
- Developments in the Northwest and East
- Painted Gray Ware
- “Great Territories”
- Southern India and Sri Lanka
- The Mauryan Empire
- Post-Mauryan Dynasties
- The Kushan, Satavahana, and Later Dynasties
- Early States of China
- The Longshan Culture, c. 3000–1900 bce
- The Xia Dynasty, c. 2070–1500 bce
- The Shang Dynasty, c. 1500–1045 bce
- Key Site: Zhengzhou: A Shang Capital
- Key Discovery: The Origins of Chinese Writing
- Southern Rivals to Shang Culture
- The Western Zhou Dynasty, 1045–771 bce
- Key Site: Sanxingdui
- Western Zhou Bronzeworking
- The Eastern Zhou Dynasty, 770–221 bce
- Technological and Social Changes
- The Qin Dynasty, 221–207 bce
- The Han Dynasty, 206 bce–220 ce
- Administration
- Agriculture
- Religious Beliefs
- Koguryo, 37 bce–668 ce
- Paekche, 18 bce—680 ce
- Silla, 37 bce–668 ce
- Great Silla, 668–918 ce
- Early Yamato
- The Growth of Yamato Power
- Decline and Civil War
- The Asuka Enlightenment
- The Transition from Yamato to Nara
- The Central Asian Silk Road
- Khotan
- A Maritime Silk Road
- Funan, the Mekong Delta
- Angkor, Cambodia
- The Pyu of Burma
- The Dvaravati of Thailand
- The Cham of Vietnam
- The Landscape and Its Peoples
- Key Discovery: The Mesoamerican Ball Game
- The Spread of Agriculture and the Rise of Complex Societies in Preclassic Mesoamerica
- Early Sedentism
- Key Theme: Domestication Social Consequences of Agriculture
- Key Site: Paso de la Amada and the Emergence of Social Complexity
- The Olmecs, c. 1200–400 bce (Early to Middle Preclassic)
- San Lorenzo and La Venta
- Key Controversy: The Olmecs: Mesoamerica’s “Mother Culture”?
- West Mexican Polities, c. 1500 bce–400 ce
- Late Preclassic Mesoamerica, c. 400 bce–250 ce
- Key Controversy: Metallurgy in Mesoamerica
- Calendars and Writing
- Kings, Courts, and Cities
- Key Discovery: The Mesoamerican Calendar
- Key Controversy: Who Invented Mesoamerican Writing?
- Monte Albán
- Teotihuacán
- Key Site: Teotihuacán
- The Classic Period: Teotihuacán and Its Neighbors
- Key Controversy: The Teotihuacán Writing System
- Teotihuacán’s Wider Influence: The Middle Horizon
- Key Site: Classic Monte Albán
- Cholula, Cantona, and the Teuchitlan Cultural Tradition—Independent Polities?
- The Demise of Teotihuacán
- Epiclassic Mesoamerica, c. 600–900 ce
- The Classic Maya
- Kingdoms and Capitals
- Key Theme: Urbanism Defining a City in Mesoamerica
- Maya Society
- Royalty
- Maya Society
- Lords and Officials
- Commoners
- Warfare
- The Rise of the Toltecs
- The Postclassic Maya
- The Puuc Florescence
- Chichén Itzá
- Mayapan
- The Maya of the Early Sixteenth Century
- The Aztecs and the Late Horizon: History and Myth
- The Aztec Empire in 1519
- Aztec Society
- The Spanish Conquest
- A Continent of Extremes
- The Andes
- Amazonia
- Coasts
- Floodplains
- Uplands
- Temple Mounds and Sunken Courts
- The Initial Period, c. 1800–400 bce
- The Early Horizon, c. 400–200 bce
- Paracas
- Pukara
- The Moche
- The Temples of the Sun and the Moon
- Nazca and the South Coast
- Nazca Lines
- The Middle Horizon, c. 650–1000 ce: Tiwanaku and Wari
- The Late Intermediate Period, c. 1000–1476 ce: Lambayeque and Chimor
- Chimor and Chan Chan
- Lambayeque and Batán Grande
- The Late Horizon, 1476–1533: Cuzco and the Incas
- Origins and Expansion
- Cuzco and the Trappings of Empire
- The Linguistic Evidence
- The Archaeological Evidence
- The Lower Amazon
- The Central Amazon
- The Upper Amazon
- The Orinoco and the Caribbean
- The Southern Amazon
- Eastern Woodlands
- Adena and Hopewell: The Early and Middle Woodland Period, c. 800 bce–400 ce
- Pervasive Intergroup Connections
- Adena and Hopewell: The Early and Middle Woodland Period, c. 800 bce–400 ce
- Establishing Food-Producing Economies
- Late Woodland Period, c. 400–1000 ce
- Changes in Social Relationships and Diets
- Mississippian Period, c. 1000–1650 ce
- Integral Roles of Mounds and Burials
- How People Lived
- Northern and Eastern Periphery, c. 1000–1650 ce
- Preclassic and Classic Hohokam, c. 700–1450 ce
- Pueblo Villages on the Colorado Plateau
- Agricultural Foundations
- Pueblo I, c. 750–900 ce
- The Great Kiva
- Pueblo II, c. 900–1150 ce
- The Chaco Phenomenon
- Pueblo III, c. 1150–1300 ce
- Pueblo IV, Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries ce: Abandonment of the Colorado Plateau
- Pottery Innovations and Group Expression
- Population Decline
- Village Life
- Widespread Exchange
- Southern California
- Pacific Northwest
- Life in Villages
- Warfare and Population Loss
- Dorset and Thule Cultures
- Demographic Increase
- Intensification and Degradation
- Biological Exchange
- Climate Change and Human Society
- The Wider Relevance of Archaeology
- Climate Change
- Domestication
- Urbanization
- Social Inequality
- Migration
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Þú getur auðkennt textabrot með mismunandi litum og skrifað glósur að vild í rafbókina. Þú getur jafnvel séð glósur og yfirstrikanir hjá bekkjarsystkinum og kennara ef þeir leyfa það. Allt á einum stað.
Hvað viltu sjá? / Þú ræður hvernig síðan lítur út
Þú lagar síðuna að þínum þörfum. Stækkaðu eða minnkaðu myndir og texta með multi-level zoom til að sjá síðuna eins og þér hentar best í þínu námi.
Fleiri góðir kostir
- Þú getur prentað síður úr bókinni (innan þeirra marka sem útgefandinn setur)
- Möguleiki á tengingu við annað stafrænt og gagnvirkt efni, svo sem myndbönd eða spurningar úr efninu
- Auðvelt að afrita og líma efni/texta fyrir t.d. heimaverkefni eða ritgerðir
- Styður tækni sem hjálpar nemendum með sjón- eða heyrnarskerðingu
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