Efnisyfirlit

• Cover
• Half Title
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Table of Contents
• List of illustrations
• The Author
• Acknowledgements
• Preface
• Abbreviations and Acronyms
• Introduction
  • Notes
  • References
• 1. Theories employed and methodology applied in this book
  • Notes
  • References
• 2. Pre-crisis and post-crisis economic and social performance of the Nordic countries and the Baltic States: an overview
  • Crisis response and the economic and social post-crisis consequences
  • Welfare and tax systems in the Baltic States and Nordic countries compared: the links to Baltic austerity
  • Austerity programmes in the Baltic States, human costs and long-term growth
  • Banking, investment and trade linkages in the Nordic and Baltic region
  • Notes
  • References
• 3. The Nordic countries and the Baltic States—small states and multilateralism
  • Definitions of ‘small states’
  • Small states as a group
  • Small states and multilateralism
  • System-determining, -influencing, -affecting or -ineffectual
  • Notes
  • References
• 4. European integration and the Nordic-Baltic region, Schengen and NATO
  • Free trade theories and economic integration
  • Economic integration and security concerns
  • Nordic-Baltic collective influence
  • Notes
  • References
• 5. Exchange rate policy: fixed or floating?
  • The Baltics ‘go hard’ with a fixed exchange rate: reasons and consequences
  • Does exchange rate policy matter for economic growth?
  • Exchange rate regimes, the path to euro adoption and the decision to devalue
  • Are fixed exchange rate regimes feasible?
  • The Baltic ‘bubble’ versus Polish exceptionalism
  • The crisis in Finland and Sweden in the early 1990s versus the Baltics in 2008/09
  • Summing up: Sweden versus the Baltics
  • The consequences of negative real interest rates
  • Notes
  • References
• 6. The challenges of euro area membership: Economic benefits versus security concerns, and the euro area versus NATO
  • The absence of a currency devaluation option
  • Currency union without fiscal union
  • Excessive austerity
  • The absence of a full banking union
  • The European Central Bank
  • The euro area and national security
  • The Baltic States, NATO and reliance on the USA
  • Notes
  • References
• 7. Nordic–Baltic banking interconnectedness and its consequences
  • Debt, public and private, pre- and post-crisis
  • Notes
  • References
• 8. International organizations as economic policy advisers for small states: the Baltics as victims?
  • The Bretton Woods and EU institutions as advisors to EU member states
  • Notes
  • References
• 9. The Nordic welfare model and the Baltic States’ Anglo-Saxon bias
  • Notes
  • References
• 10. Fragile Baltic democracy and the challenges posed by outbound migration
  • ‘Exit, Voice and Loyalty’
  • Post-crisis recovery and performance
  • Social and economic justice
  • Notes
  • References
• 11. The extreme cases of Iceland and Latvia during the global economic and financial crisis 1
  • What does ownership mean for the International Monetary Fund? Some definitions
  • Crisis response and ‘government ownership’ in Iceland and Latvia
  • The global reaction to Iceland’s crisis
  • Iceland’s dispute with the UK and the Netherlands
  • EU desperation and the Scandinavian rush to ‘rescue’ Latvia
  • The risks of Nordic-Baltic banking sector interconnectedness
  • Economic growth and unemployment
  • Social progress
  • Measures of economic performance and social progress
  • Going ‘beyond’ GDP when measuring ‘success’
  • Poverty, social exclusion and income inequality in Latvia and Iceland
  • Emigration
  • Have the reform programmes in Iceland and Latvia been successful?
  • Notes
  • References
• 12. The Nordic–Baltic region: successes, failures, lessons learned and future challenges
  • Crisis response, and the economic and social post-crisis consequences
  • The consequences of Nordic-Baltic interlinkages
  • The crisis in Sweden and Finland in the 1990s
  • Tax and welfare systems and the consequences of austerity
  • External challenges including further economic integration
  • Challenges
  • Challenges related to EU membership: a dysfunctional euro area?
  • Notes
  • References
• 13. The Nordic countries and the Baltic States—the need for further research
  • Why did the Baltics adopt neoliberal policies post-independence, and what policy mix could help make them more inclusive?
  • How can the Baltics promote business development and better share the benefits?
  • How can the Baltics become more democratic and achieve more circular flows of people instead of showing a tendency to one-way exodus?
  • What can the Baltics do to improve cohesion within their borders in order to improve their internal security during a time of growing external uncertainty?
  • How can small states reduce their vulnerability in their dealings with international organizations?
  • The Nordics have been very active in international development co-operation. How can the Baltics contribute more to development most notably in less advanced transition countries?
  • How do foreign banks (mostly Nordic in the case of the Baltic States) influence the policy stance of governments as well as international organizations?
  • How can the Baltics better diversify the ownership of their banking sector to reduce cross-border Nordic-Baltic vulnerabilities?
  • How can the Baltics develop a more vibrant export sector?
  • What level of global integration serves the long-term interest of the Baltics?
  • How can small states benefit from international organizations, obtain shelter and avoid vulnerabilities?
  • What policy mix, most notably in fiscal policy, is most suitable for small transition countries within the EU?
  • Note
  • References
• Index

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