Efnisyfirlit

• Cover
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Contents
• Preface: The Aims of This Edition
• Our Debts
• Dedication
• I  Research, Researchers, and Readers
  • Prologue: Becoming a Researcher
  • 1  Thinking in Print: The Uses of Research, Public and Private
    • 1.1  What Is Research?
    • 1.2  Why Write It Up?
    • 1.3  Why a Formal Paper?
    • 1.4  Writing Is Thinking
  • 2  Connecting with Your Reader: Creating a Role for Yourself and Your Readers
    • 2.1  Conversing with Your Readers
    • 2.2  Understanding Your Role
    • 2.3  Imagining Your Readers’ Role
    • ★  Quick Tip: A Checklist for Understanding Your Readers
• II  Asking Questions, Finding Answers
  • Prologue: Planning Your Project—An Overview
  • ★  Quick Tip: Creating a Writing Group
  • 3  From Topics to Questions
    • 3.1  From an Interest to a Topic
    • 3.2  From a Broad Topic to a Focused One
    • 3.3  From a Focused Topic to Questions
    • 3.4  The Most Significant Question: So What?
    • ★  Quick Tip: Finding Topics
  • 4  From Questions to a Problem
    • 4.1  Understanding Research Problems
    • 4.2  Understanding the Common Structure of Problems
    • 4.3  Finding a Good Research Problem
    • 4.4  Learning to Work with Problems
    • ★  Quick Tip: Manage the Unavoidable Problem of Inexperience
  • 5  From Problems to Sources
    • 5.1  Three Kinds of Sources and Their Uses
    • 5.2  Navigating the Twenty-First-Century Library
    • 5.3  Locating Sources on the Internet
    • 5.4  Evaluating Sources for Relevance and Reliability
    • 5.5  Looking Beyond Predictable Sources
    • 5.6  Using People to Further Your Research
    • ★  Quick Tip: The Ethics of Using People as Sources of Data
  • 6  Engaging Sources
    • 6.1  Recording Complete Bibliographical Information
    • 6.2  Engaging Sources Actively
    • 6.3  Reading for a Problem
    • 6.4  Reading for Arguments
    • 6.5  Reading for Data and Support
    • 6.6  Taking Notes
    • 6.7  Annotating Your Sources
    • ★  Quick Tip: Manage Moments of Normal Anxiety
• III  Making an Argument
  • Prologue: Assembling a Research Argument
  • 7  Making Good Arguments: An Overview
    • 7.1  Argument as a Conversation with Readers
    • 7.2  Supporting Your Claim
    • 7.3  Acknowledging and Responding to Anticipated Questions and Objections
    • 7.4  Connecting Claims and Reasons with Warrants
    • 7.5  Building a Complex Argument Out of Simple Ones
    • 7.6  Creating an Ethos by Thickening Your Argument
    • ★  Quick Tip: A Common Mistake—Falling Back on What You Know
  • 8  Making Claims
    • 8.1  Determining the Kind of Claim You Should Make
    • 8.2  Evaluating Your Claim
    • 8.3  Qualifying Claims to Enhance Your Credibility
  • 9  Assembling Reasons and Evidence
    • 9.1  Using Reasons to Plan Your Argument
    • 9.2  Distinguishing Evidence from Reasons
    • 9.3  Distinguishing Evidence from Reports of It
    • 9.4  Evaluating Your Evidence
  • 10  Acknowledgments and Responses
    • 10.1  Questioning Your Argument as Your Readers Will
    • 10.2  Imagining Alternatives to Your Argument
    • 10.3  Deciding What to Acknowledge
    • 10.4  Framing Your Responses as Subordinate Arguments
    • 10.5  The Vocabulary of Acknowledgment and Response
    • ★  Quick Tip: Three Predictable Disagreements
  • 11  Warrants
    • 11.1  Warrants in Everyday Reasoning
    • 11.2  Warrants in Academic Arguments
    • 11.3  Understanding the Logic of Warrants
    • 11.4  Testing Warrants
    • 11.5  Knowing When to State a Warrant
    • 11.6  Using Warrants to Test Your Argument
    • 11.7  Challenging Others’ Warrants
    • ★  Quick Tip: Reasons, Evidence, and Warrants
• IV  Writing Your Argument
  • Prologue: Planning Again
  • 12  Planning and Drafting
    • 12.1  Planning Your Paper
    • 12.2  Avoiding Three Common but Flawed Plans
    • 12.3  Turning Your Plan into a Draft
    • ★  Quick Tip: Work Through Procrastination and Writer’s Block
  • 13  Organizing Your Argument
    • 13.1  Thinking Like a Reader
    • 13.2  Revising Your Frame
    • 13.3  Revising Your Argument
    • 13.4  Revising the Organization of Your Paper
    • 13.5  Checking Your Paragraphs
    • 13.6  Letting Your Draft Cool, Then Paraphrasing It
    • ★  Quick Tip: Abstracts
  • 14  Incorporating Sources
    • 14.1  Quoting, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing Appropriately
    • 14.2  Integrating Direct Quotations into Your Text
    • 14.3  Showing Readers How Evidence Is Relevant
    • 14.4  The Social Importance of Citing Sources
    • 14.5  Four Common Citation Styles
    • 14.6  Guarding Against Inadvertent Plagiarism
    • ★  Quick Tip: Indicating Citations in Your Paper
  • 15  Communicating Evidence Visually
    • 15.1  Choosing Visual or Verbal Representations
    • 15.2  Choosing the Most Effective Graphic
    • 15.3  Designing Tables, Charts, and Graphs
    • 15.4  Specific Guidelines for Tables, Bar Charts, and Line Graphs
    • 15.5  Communicating Data Ethically
  • 16  Introductions and Conclusions
    • 16.1  The Common Structure of Introductions
    • 16.2  Step 1: Establishing a Context
    • 16.3  Step 2: Stating Your Problem
    • 16.4  Step 3: Stating Your Response
    • 16.5  Setting the Right Pace
    • 16.6  Organizing the Whole Introduction
    • 16.7  Finding Your First Few Words
    • 16.8  Writing Your Conclusion
    • ★  Quick Tip: Titles
  • 17  Revising Style: Telling Your Story Clearly
    • 17.1  Judging Style
    • 17.2  The First Two Principles of Clear Writing
    • 17.3  A Third Principle: Old Before New
    • 17.4  Choosing between the Active and Passive Voice
    • 17.5  A Final Principle: Complexity Last
    • 17.6  Spit and Polish
    • ★  Quick Tip: The Quickest Revision Strategy
• V  Some Last Considerations
  • The Ethics of Research
  • A Postscript for Teachers
  • Appendix: Bibliographical Resources
• Index

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