Lýsing:
This fully revised and updated edition of Social Psychology is an engaging exploration of the question, "what makes us who we are?" presented in a new, streamlined fashion. Grounded in the latest research, Social Psychology explains the methods by which social psychologists investigate human behavior in a social context and the theoretical perspectives that ground the discipline. Each chapter is designed to be a self-contained unit for ease of use in any classroom.
Annað
- Höfundar: John D. DeLamater, Jessica L. Collett
- Útgáfa:9
- Útgáfudagur: 2018-08-15
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- Format:ePub
- ISBN 13: 9781351015813
- Print ISBN: 9781138498709
- ISBN 10: 1351015818
Efnisyfirlit
- Cover
- Title
- Copyright
- Dedication
- BRIEF TABLE OF CONTENTS
- EXPANDED TABLE OF CONTENTS
- Preface
- 1 INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
- Introduction
- What Is Social Psychology?
- A Formal Definition
- Core Concerns of Social Psychology
- Sociology, Psychology, or Both?
- Theoretical Perspectives in Social Psychology
- Symbolic Interactionism
- Group Processes
- Social Structure and Personality
- Cognitive Perspectives
- Evolutionary Theory
- Five Complementary Perspectives
- Summary
- Critical Thinking Skill: An Introduction to Critical Thinking
- 2 RESEARCH METHODS IN SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
- Introduction
- Characteristics of Empirical Research
- Objectives of Research
- Research Hypotheses
- Validity of Findings
- Research Methods
- Surveys
- Diary Research
- Experiments
- Qualitative Methods
- Comparison of Research Methods
- Meta-Analysis
- Research in Diverse Populations
- Ethical Issues in Social Psychological Research
- Potential Sources of Harm
- Institutional Safeguards
- Potential Benefits
- Summary
- Critical Thinking Skill: Understanding the Importance of Sampling
- 3 SOCIALIZATION THROUGH THE LIFE COURSE
- Introduction
- Perspectives on Socialization
- The Developmental Perspective
- The Social Learning Perspective
- The Interpretive Perspective
- The Impact of Social Structure
- Agents of Childhood Socialization
- Family
- Peers
- School
- Mass Media
- Processes of Socialization
- Instrumental Conditioning
- Observational Learning
- Internalization
- Outcomes of Socialization
- Gender Role
- Linguistic and Cognitive Competence
- Moral Development
- Work Orientations
- The Life Course
- Components of the Life Course
- Influences on Life Course Progression
- Historical Variations
- Summary
- Critical Thinking Skill: Understanding the Difference Between Truth and Validity
- 4 SELF AND SELF-ESTEEM
- Introduction
- The Nature and Genesis of Self
- The Self as Source and Object of Action
- Self-Differentiation
- Role Taking
- The Social Origins of Self
- Identities: The Self We Know
- Role Identities
- Social Identities
- Research on Self-Concept Formation
- The Situated Self
- Identities: The Self We Enact
- Identities and Behavior
- Choosing an Identity to Enact
- Identities as Sources of Consistency
- Self-Awareness and Self-Discrepancies
- Self-Esteem
- Assessment of Self-Esteem
- Sources of Self-Esteem
- Self-Esteem and Behavior
- Protecting Self-Esteem
- Summary
- Critical Thinking Skill: Understanding the Influences on Your Self-Esteem
- 5 SELF-PRESENTATION AND IMPRESSION MANAGEMENT
- Introduction
- Self-Presentation in Everyday Life
- Definition of the Situation
- Self-Disclosure
- Tactical Impression Management
- Managing Appearances
- Ingratiation
- Aligning Actions
- Altercasting
- Impression Management Online
- Detecting Deceptive Impression Management
- Ulterior Motives
- Nonverbal Cues of Deception
- Ineffective Self-Presentation and Spoiled Identities
- Embarrassment and Saving Face
- Cooling-Out and Identity Degradation
- Stigma
- Summary
- Critical Thinking Skill: Defending Against Everyday Persuasive Techniques
- 6 EMOTIONS
- Introduction
- Defining Emotions
- Classical Ideas about the Origins of Emotion
- Facial Expressions and the Universality of Emotions
- Facial Expressions as Emotions
- Criticisms and Limitations
- Cultural Differences in Basic Emotions and Emotional Display
- Emotional Socialization
- Emotional Display
- The Social Psychology of Emotions
- Theories of Emotion
- Emotion Work
- Social Emotions
- Guilt
- Shame
- Love
- Jealousy
- Embarrassment
- Summary
- Critical Thinking Skill: Effortful Consideration of Ideas
- 7 SOCIAL PERCEPTION AND COGNITION
- Introduction
- Schemas
- Types of Schemas
- Schematic Processing
- Person Schemas and Group Stereotypes
- Person Schemas
- Group Stereotypes
- Impression Formation
- Trait Centrality
- First Impressions
- Impressions as Self-Fulfilling Prophecies
- Heuristics
- Attribution Theory
- Dispositional versus Situational Attributions
- Inferring Dispositions from Acts
- Bias and Error in Attribution
- Overattribution to Dispositions
- Focus-of-Attention Bias
- Actor-Observer Difference
- Motivational Biases
- Attributions of Success and Failure
- Observing Success and Failure
- Locus of Control
- Summary
- Critical Thinking Skill: Understanding Stereotyping
- 8 ATTITUDES
- Introduction
- The Nature of Attitudes
- The Components of an Attitude
- Attitude Formation
- The Functions of Attitudes
- Attitude Organization
- Attitude Structure
- Cognitive Consistency
- Balance Theory
- Theory of Cognitive Dissonance
- The Relationship between Attitudes and Behavior
- Do Attitudes Predict Behavior?
- Accessibility and Activation of the Attitude
- Characteristics of the Attitude
- Attitude-Behavior Correspondence
- Situational Constraints
- Reference Groups
- Summary
- Critical Thinking Skill: Analyzing Attitudes
- 9 SYMBOLIC COMMUNICATION AND LANGUAGE
- Introduction
- Language and Verbal Communication
- Linguistic Communication
- The Encoder-Decoder Model
- The Intentionalist Model
- The Perspective-Taking Model
- Nonverbal Communication
- Types of Nonverbal Communication
- Digital/Computer-Mediated Communication
- What’s in a Face?
- Combining Nonverbal and Verbal Communication
- Social Structure and Communication
- Gender and Communication
- Social Stratification and Speech Style
- Communicating Status and Intimacy
- Normative Distances for Interaction
- Normative Distances
- Conversational Analysis
- Initiating Conversations
- Regulating Turn Taking
- Feedback and Coordination
- Summary
- Critical Thinking Skill: Understanding the Importance of Clear Communication
- 10 SOCIAL INFLUENCE AND PERSUASION
- Introduction
- Forms of Social Influence
- Persuasion
- Communication-Persuasion Paradigm
- The Source
- The Message
- The Target
- Compliance with Threats and Promises
- Effectiveness of Threats and Promises
- Obedience to Authority
- Experimental Study of Obedience
- Factors Affecting Obedience to Authority
- Resisting Influence and Persuasion
- Inoculation
- Forewarning
- Reactance
- Summary
- Critical Thinking Skill: Evaluating Persuasive Messages
- Introduction
- 11 ALTRUISM AND PROSOCIAL BEHAVIOR
- Introduction
- Key Concepts
- Motivation to Help
- Egoism
- Altruism and Empathetic Concern
- Evolutionary Perspectives
- Characteristics of the Needy that Foster Helping
- Acquaintanceship and Liking
- Similarity
- Deservingness
- Normative Factors in Helping
- Norms of Responsibility and Reciprocity
- Personal Norms
- Gender Norms
- Situational Influences
- The Presence of Others
- Mood
- Costs
- Bystander Intervention in Emergency Situations
- The Decision to Intervene
- The Bystander Effect
- Seeking and Receiving Help
- Help and Obligation
- Threats to Self-Esteem
- Similarity of Help Provider
- Other Forms of Prosocial Behavior
- Philanthropy
- Volunteering
- Summary
- Critical Thinking Skill: Creative Thinking
- 12 AGGRESSION
- Introduction
- Aggression and the Motivation to Harm
- Aggression as Instinct
- Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis
- Aversive Emotional Arousal
- Social Learning and Aggression
- Characteristics of Targets that Influence Aggression
- Gender and Race
- Attribution of Intent
- Retaliatory Capacity
- Situational Impacts on Aggression
- Potential Rewards
- Modeling
- Norms
- Stress
- Aggressive Cues
- Reducing Aggressive Behavior
- Reducing Frustration
- Catharsis
- Punishment
- Nonaggressive Models
- Aggression in Society
- Sexual Assault
- Pornography and Violence
- Media Violence and Aggression
- Summary
- Critical Thinking Skill: Applying Scientific Research to Policy Decisions
- 13 DEVIANT BEHAVIOR AND SOCIETAL REACTION
- Introduction
- The Violation of Norms
- Norms
- Anomie Theory
- Control Theory
- Differential Association Theory
- Routine Activities Perspective
- Reactions to Norm Violations
- Reactions to Rule Breaking
- Determinants of the Reaction
- Consequences of Labeling
- Labeling and Secondary Deviance
- Societal Reaction
- Secondary Deviance
- Formal Social Controls
- Formal Labeling and the Creation of Deviance
- Long-Term Effects of Formal Labeling
- Summary
- Critical Thinking Skill: Applying Stigmatizing Labels Critically
- 14 INTERPERSONAL ATTRACTION AND RELATIONSHIPS
- Introduction
- Who Is Available?
- Routine Activities
- Proximity
- Familiarity
- Who Is Desirable?
- Social Norms
- Physical Attractiveness
- Exchange Processes
- The Determinants of Liking
- Similarity
- Shared Activities
- The Growth of Relationships
- Self-Disclosure
- Trust
- Interdependence
- Love and Loving
- Liking versus Loving
- Passionate Love
- The Romantic Love Ideal
- Love as a Story
- Committed Relationships
- Breaking Up
- Progress? Chaos?
- Unequal Outcomes and Instability
- Differential Commitment and Dissolution
- Responses to Dissatisfaction
- Summary
- Critical Thinking Skill: (Relationship) Decision Making and Problem Solving
- 15 UNDERSTANDING GROUPS
- Introduction
- What Is a Group?
- Group Cohesion
- The Nature of Group Cohesion
- Sources and Consequences of Cohesion
- Group Goals
- Group Goals and Individual Goals
- Group Norms
- Functions of Norms
- Conformity and Influence
- Increasing Conformity
- Intergroup Conflict
- Effects of Intergroup Conflict on Within-Group Processes
- Sources of Intergroup Conflict
- Opposition of Interest
- Discrimination and Bias against Out-Groups
- Aversive Events
- Persistence of Intergroup Conflict
- Out-Group Homogeneity
- Group Stereotypes and Images
- Ultimate Attribution Error
- Biased Evaluation of Group Performance
- Resolving Intergroup Conflict
- Superordinate Goals
- Intergroup Contact
- Summary
- Critical Thinking Skill: Promoting Higher-Order Cognitive Skills
- 16 GROUP PROCESSES
- Introduction
- The Systematic Study of Groups
- Robert Bales
- Role Differentiation
- Status and Expectations
- Status Characteristics
- Status Generalization
- Overcoming Status Generalization
- Status Construction and Status Value
- Group Decision Making
- Groupthink
- Risky Shift, Cautious Shift, and Group Polarization
- Social Exchange
- Power and Dependence
- Commitment and Trust
- Forms of Exchange
- Contemporary Exchange Theories
- Equity and Justice
- Distributive Justice Principles
- Responses to Inequity
- Procedural Justice
- Summary
- Critical Thinking Skill: Understanding Theory as a Bridge
- 17 SOCIAL STRUCTURE AND PERSONALITY
- Introduction
- Status Attainment
- Occupational Status
- Intergenerational Mobility
- Individual Values
- Occupational Role
- Education
- Social Influences on Health
- Physical Health
- Mental Health
- Alienation
- Self-Estrangement
- Powerlessness
- Summary
- Critical Thinking Skill: Thinking as Hypothesis Testing
- Glossary
- References
- Index
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- Gerð : 208
- Höfundur : 9443
- Útgáfuár : 2018
- Leyfi : 380