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• Cover
• Halftitle Page
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Dedication
• Preface
• User’s Guide
• Acknowledgments
• Path of Discovery Authors
• Images
• Brief Contents
• Expanded Contents
• List of Boxes
• Chapter One Neuroscience: Past, Present, and Future
  • Introduction
  • The Origins of Neuroscience
    • Views of the Brain in Ancient Greece
    • Views of the Brain During the Roman Empire
    • Views of the Brain from the Renaissance to the Nineteenth Century
    • Nineteenth-Century Views of the Brain
      • Nerves as Wires
      • Localization of Specific Functions to Different Parts of the Brain
      • The Evolution of Nervous Systems
      • The Neuron: The Basic Functional Unit of the Brain
  • Neuroscience Today
    • Levels of Analysis
      • Molecular Neuroscience
      • Cellular Neuroscience
      • Systems Neuroscience
      • Behavioral Neuroscience
      • Cognitive Neuroscience
    • Neuroscientists
    • The Scientific Process
      • Observation
      • Replication
      • Interpretation
      • Verification
    • The Use of Animals in Neuroscience Research
      • The Animals
      • Animal Welfare
      • Animal Rights
    • The Cost of Ignorance: Nervous System Disorders
  • Concluding Remarks
• Chapter Two Neurons and Glia
  • Introduction
  • The Neuron Doctrine
    • The Golgi Stain
    • Cajal’s Contribution
      • Box 2.1 Of Special Interest: Advances in Microscopy
  • The Prototypical Neuron
    • The Soma
      • The Nucleus
      • Neuronal Genes, Genetic Variation, and Genetic Engineering
        • Box 2.2 Brain Food: Expressing One’s Mind in the Post-Genomic Era
        • Box 2.3 Path of Discovery: Gene Targeting in Mice, by Mario Capecchi
      • Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
      • Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum and the Golgi Apparatus
      • The Mitochondrion
    • The Neuronal Membrane
    • The Cytoskeleton
      • Microtubules
        • Box 2.4 Of Special Interest: Alzheimer’s Disease and the Neuronal Cytoskeleton
      • Microfilaments
      • Neurofilaments
    • The Axon
      • The Axon Terminal
      • The Synapse
      • Axoplasmic Transport
        • Box 2.5 Of Special Interest: Hitching a Ride with Retrograde Transport
    • Dendrites
      • Box 2.6 Of Special Interest: Intellectual Disability and Dendritic Spines
  • Classifying Neurons
    • Classification Based on Neuronal Structure
      • Number of Neurites
      • Dendrites
      • Connections
      • Axon Length
    • Classification Based on Gene Expression
      • Box 2.7 Brain Food: Understanding Neuronal Structure and Function with Incredible Cre
  • Glia
    • Astrocytes
    • Myelinating Glia
    • Other Non-Neuronal Cells
  • Concluding Remarks
• Chapter Three The Neuronal Membrane at Rest
  • Introduction
  • The Cast of Chemicals
    • Cytosol and Extracellular Fluid
      • Water
      • Ions
    • The Phospholipid Membrane
    • Protein
      • Protein Structure
      • Channel Proteins
      • Ion Pumps
  • The Movement of Ions
    • Diffusion
      • Box 3.1 Brain Food: A Review of Moles and Molarity
    • Electricity
  • The Ionic Basis of The Resting Membrane Potential
    • Equilibrium Potentials
      • Box 3.2 Brain Food: The Nernst Equation
    • The Distribution of Ions Across the Membrane
    • Relative Ion Permeabilities of the Membrane at Rest
      • Box 3.3 Brain Food: The Goldman Equation
      • The Wide World of Potassium Channels
        • Box 3.4 Path of Discovery: Feeling Around Inside Ion Channels in the Dark, by Chris Miller
      • The Importance of Regulating the External Potassium Concentration
        • Box 3.5 Of Special Interest: Death by Lethal Injection
  • Concluding Remarks
• Chapter Four The Action Potential
  • Introduction
  • Properties of The Action Potential
    • The Ups and Downs of an Action Potential
      • Box 4.1 Brain Food: Methods of Recording Action Potentials
    • The Generation of an Action Potential
    • The Generation of Multiple Action Potentials
      • Optogenetics: Controlling Neural Activity with Light
        • Box 4.2 Path of Discovery: The Discovery of the Channelrhodopsins, by Georg Nagel
  • The Action Potential, In Theory
    • Membrane Currents and Conductances
    • The Ins and Outs of an Action Potential
  • The Action Potential, In Reality
    • The Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel
      • Sodium Channel Structure
      • Functional Properties of the Sodium Channel
        • Box 4.3 Brain Food: The Patch-Clamp Method
      • The Effects of Toxins on the Sodium Channel
    • Voltage-Gated Potassium Channels
    • Putting the Pieces Together
  • Action Potential Conduction
    • Factors Influencing Conduction Velocity
      • Box 4.4 Of Special Interest: Local Anesthesia
    • Myelin and Saltatory Conduction
      • Box 4.5 Of Special Interest: Multiple Sclerosis, a Demyelinating Disease
  • Action Potentials, Axons, and Dendrites
    • Box 4.6 Of Special Interest: The Eclectic Electric Behavior of Neurons
  • Concluding Remarks
• Chapter Five Synaptic Transmission
  • Introduction
    • Box 5.1 Of Special Interest: Otto Loewi’s Dream
  • Types Of synapses
    • Electrical Synapses
    • Chemical Synapses
      • CNS Chemical Synapses
        • Box 5.2 Path of Discovery: For the Love of Dendritic Spines, by Kristen M. Harris
      • The Neuromuscular Junction
  • Principles of Chemical Synaptic Transmission
    • Neurotransmitters
    • Neurotransmitter Synthesis and Storage
    • Neurotransmitter Release
      • Box 5.3 Brain Food: How to Snare a Vesicle
    • Neurotransmitter Receptors and Effectors
      • Transmitter-Gated Ion Channels
        • Box 5.4 Brain Food: Reversal Potentials
      • G-Protein-Coupled Receptors
      • Autoreceptors
    • Neurotransmitter Recovery and Degradation
    • Neuropharmacology
      • Box 5.5 Of Special Interest: Bacteria, Spiders, Snakes, and People
  • Principles of Synaptic Integration
    • The Integration of EPSPs
      • Quantal Analysis of EPSPs
      • EPSP Summation
    • The Contribution of Dendritic Properties to Synaptic Integration
      • Dendritic Cable Properties
      • Excitable Dendrites
    • Inhibition
      • Box 5.6 Of Special Interest: Startling Mutations and Poisons
      • IPSPs and Shunting Inhibition
      • The Geometry of Excitatory and Inhibitory Synapses
    • Modulation
  • Concluding Remarks
• Chapter Six Neurotransmitter Systems
  • Introduction
  • Studying Neurotransmitter Systems
    • Localization of Transmitters and Transmitter-Synthesizing Enzymes
      • Immunocytochemistry
      • In Situ Hybridization
    • Studying Transmitter Release
    • Studying Synaptic Mimicry
    • Studying Receptors
      • Neuropharmacological Analysis
      • Ligand-Binding Methods
        • Box 6.1 Path of Discovery: Finding Opiate Receptors, by Solomon H. Snyder
      • Molecular Analysis
  • Neurotransmitter Chemistry
    • Cholinergic Neurons
      • Box 6.2 Brain Food: Pumping Ions and Transmitters
    • Catecholaminergic Neurons
    • Serotonergic Neurons
    • Amino Acidergic Neurons
    • Other Neurotransmitter Candidates and Intercellular Messengers
      • Box 6.3 Of Special Interest: This Is Your Brain on Endocannabinoids
  • Transmitter-Gated Channels
    • The Basic Structure of Transmitter-Gated Channels
    • Amino Acid-Gated Channels
      • Glutamate-Gated Channels
        • Box 6.4 Of Special Interest: Exciting Poisons: Too Much of a Good Thing
      • GABA-Gated and Glycine-Gated Channels
  • G-Protein-Coupled Receptors and Effectors
    • The Basic Structure of G-Protein-Coupled Receptors
    • The Ubiquitous G-Proteins
    • G-Protein-Coupled Effector Systems
      • The Shortcut Pathway
      • Second Messenger Cascades
      • Phosphorylation and Dephosphorylation
      • The Function of Signal Cascades
  • Divergence and Convergence in Neurotransmitter Systems
  • Concluding Remarks
• Chapter Seven The Structure of the Nervous System
  • Introduction
  • Gross Organization of the Mammalian Nervous System
    • Anatomical References
    • The Central Nervous System
      • The Cerebrum
      • The Cerebellum
      • The Brain Stem
      • The Spinal Cord
    • The Peripheral Nervous System
      • The Somatic PNS
      • The Visceral PNS
      • Afferent and Efferent Axons
    • The Cranial Nerves
    • The Meninges
    • The Ventricular System
      • Box 7.1 Of Special Interest: Water on the Brain
    • New Views of the Brain
      • Imaging the Structure of the Living Brain
        • Box 7.2 Brain Food: Magnetic Resonance Imaging
      • Functional Brain Imaging
        • Box 7.3 Brain Food: PET and fMRI
  • Understanding Cns Structure Through Development
    • Formation of the Neural Tube
      • Box 7.4 Of Special Interest: Nutrition and the Neural Tube
    • Three Primary Brain Vesicles
    • Differentiation of the Forebrain
      • Differentiation of the Telencephalon and Diencephalon
      • Forebrain Structure-Function Relationships
    • Differentiation of the Midbrain
      • Midbrain Structure-Function Relationships
    • Differentiation of the Hindbrain
      • Hindbrain Structure-Function Relationships
    • Differentiation of the Spinal Cord
      • Spinal Cord Structure-Function Relationships
    • Putting the Pieces Together
    • Special Features of the Human CNS
  • A Guide to The Cerebral Cortex
    • Types of Cerebral Cortex
    • Areas of Neocortex
      • Neocortical Evolution and Structure-Function Relationships
        • Box 7.5 Path of Discovery: Connecting with the Connectome, by Sebastian Seung
  • Concluding Remarks
  • Appendix: An Illustrated Guide to Human Neuroanatomy
• Chapter Eight The Chemical Senses
  • Introduction
  • Taste
    • The Basic Tastes
      • Box 8.1 Of Special Interest: Strange Tastes: Fat, Starch, Carbonation, Calcium, Water?
    • The Organs of Taste
    • Taste Receptor Cells
    • Mechanisms of Taste Transduction
      • Saltiness
      • Sourness
      • Bitterness
      • Sweetness
      • Umami (Amino Acids)
    • Central Taste Pathways
      • Box 8.2 Of Special Interest: Memories of a Very Bad Meal
    • The Neural Coding of Taste
  • Smell
    • Box 8.3 Of Special Interest: Human Pheromones?
    • The Organs of Smell
    • Olfactory Receptor Neurons
      • Olfactory Transduction
      • Olfactory Receptor Proteins
      • cAMP-Gated Channels
        • Box 8.4 Path of Discovery: Channels of Vision and Smell, by Geoffrey Gold
    • Central Olfactory Pathways
    • Spatial and Temporal Representations of Olfactory Information
      • Olfactory Population Coding
      • Olfactory Maps
      • Temporal Coding in the Olfactory System
  • Concluding Remarks
• Chapter Nine The Eye
  • Introduction
  • Properties of Light
    • Light
    • Optics
  • The Structure of the Eye
    • Gross Anatomy of the Eye
    • Ophthalmoscopic Appearance of the Eye
      • Box 9.1 Of Special Interest: Demonstrating the Blind Regions of Your Eye
    • Cross-Sectional Anatomy of the Eye
      • Box 9.2 Of Special Interest: Eye Disorders
  • Image Formation By the Eye
    • Refraction by the Cornea
    • Accommodation by the Lens
      • Box 9.3 Of Special Interest: Vision Correction
    • The Pupillary Light Reflex
    • The Visual Field
    • Visual Acuity
  • Microscopic Anatomy of the Retina
    • The Laminar Organization of the Retina
    • Photoreceptor Structure
      • Box 9.4 Path of Discovery: Seeing Through the Photoreceptor Mosaic, by David Williams
    • Regional Differences in Retinal Structure and Their Visual Consequences
  • Phototransduction
    • Phototransduction in Rods
    • Phototransduction in Cones
      • Color Perception
        • Box 9.5 Of Special Interest: The Genetics of Color Vision
    • Dark and Light Adaptation
      • Calcium’s Role in Light Adaptation
      • Local Adaptation of Dark, Light, and Color
  • Retinal Processing and Output
    • The Receptive Field
    • Bipolar Cell Receptive Fields
    • Ganglion Cell Receptive Fields
      • Structure-Function Relationships
      • Color-Opponent Ganglion Cells
    • Ganglion Cell Photoreceptors
    • Parallel Processing
  • Concluding Remarks
• Chapter Ten The Central Visual System
  • Introduction
  • The Retinofugal Projection
    • The Optic Nerve, Optic Chiasm, and Optic Tract
    • Right and Left Visual Hemifields
    • Targets of the Optic Tract
      • Box 10.1 Of Special Interest: David and Goliath
      • Nonthalamic Targets of the Optic Tract
  • The Lateral Geniculate Nucleus
    • The Segregation of Input by Eye and by Ganglion Cell Type
    • Receptive Fields
    • Nonretinal Inputs to the LGN
  • Anatomy of The Striate Cortex
    • Retinotopy
    • Lamination of the Striate Cortex
      • The Cells of Different Layers
    • Inputs and Outputs of the Striate Cortex
      • Innervation of Other Cortical Layers from Layer IVC
      • Ocular Dominance Columns
      • Striate Cortex Outputs
    • Cytochrome Oxidase Blobs
  • Physiology of the Striate Cortex
    • Receptive Fields
      • Binocularity
      • Orientation Selectivity
        • Box 10.2 Brain Food: Cortical Organization Revealed by Optical and Calcium Imaging
      • Direction Selectivity
      • Simple and Complex Receptive Fields
      • Blob Receptive Fields
    • Parallel Pathways and Cortical Modules
      • Parallel Pathways
      • Cortical Modules
  • Beyond the Striate Cortex
    • The Dorsal Stream
      • Area MT
      • Dorsal Areas and Motion Processing
    • The Ventral Stream
      • Area V4
      • Area IT
        • Box 10.3 Path of Discovery: Finding Faces in the Brain, by Nancy Kanwisher
  • From Single Neurons to Perception
    • Box 10.4 Of Special Interest: The Magic of Seeing in 3D
    • Receptive Field Hierarchy and Perception
    • Parallel Processing and Perception
  • Concluding Remarks
• Chapter Eleven The Auditory and Vestibular Systems
  • Introduction
  • The Nature of Sound
    • Box 11.1 Of Special Interest: Ultrasound and Infrasound
  • The Structure of the Auditory System
  • The Middle Ear
    • Components of the Middle Ear
    • Sound Force Amplification by the Ossicles
    • The Attenuation Reflex
  • The Inner Ear
    • Anatomy of the Cochlea
    • Physiology of the Cochlea
      • The Response of the Basilar Membrane to Sound
      • The Organ of Corti and Associated Structures
        • Box 11.2 Of Special Interest: The Deaf Shall Hear: Cochlear Implants
      • Transduction by Hair Cells
      • Hair Cells and the Axons of the Auditory Nerve
      • Amplification by Outer Hair Cells
        • Box 11.3 Of Special Interest: Hearing with Noisy Ears
  • Central Auditory Processes
    • The Anatomy of Auditory Pathways
    • Response Properties of Neurons in the Auditory Pathway
  • Encoding Sound Intensity and Frequency
    • Stimulus Intensity
    • Stimulus Frequency, Tonotopy, and Phase Locking
      • Tonotopy
      • Phase Locking
        • Box 11.4 Path of Discovery: Capturing the Beat, by Donata Oertel
  • Mechanisms of Sound Localization
    • Localization of Sound in the Horizontal Plane
      • The Sensitivity of Binaural Neurons to Sound Location
    • Localization of Sound in the Vertical Plane
  • Auditory Cortex
    • Neuronal Response Properties
      • Box 11.5 Of Special Interest: How Does Auditory Cortex Work? Ask a Specialist
    • The Effects of Auditory Cortical Lesions and Ablation
      • Box 11.6 Of Special Interest: Auditory Disorders and Their Treatments
  • The Vestibular System
    • The Vestibular Labyrinth
    • The Otolith Organs
    • The Semicircular Canals
    • Central Vestibular Pathways and Vestibular Reflexes
      • The Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex (VOR)
    • Vestibular Pathology
  • Concluding Remarks
• Chapter Twelve The Somatic Sensory System
  • Introduction
  • Touch
    • Mechanoreceptors of the Skin
      • Vibration and the Pacinian Corpuscle
      • Mechanosensitive Ion Channels
      • Two-Point Discrimination
    • Primary Afferent Axons
    • The Spinal Cord
      • Segmental Organization of the Spinal Cord
        • Box 12.1 Of Special Interest: Herpes, Shingles, and Dermatomes
      • Sensory Organization of the Spinal Cord
    • The Dorsal Column–Medial Lemniscal Pathway
      • Box 12.2 Brain Food: Lateral Inhibition
    • The Trigeminal Touch Pathway
    • Somatosensory Cortex
      • Cortical Somatotopy
        • Box 12.3 Path of Discovery: Cortical Barrels, by Thomas Woolsey
      • Cortical Map Plasticity
      • The Posterior Parietal Cortex
  • Pain
    • Box 12.4 Of Special Interest: The Misery of Life Without Pain
    • Nociceptors and the Transduction of Painful Stimuli
      • Types of Nociceptors
        • Box 12.5 Of Special Interest: Hot and Spicy
      • Hyperalgesia and Inflammation
    • Itch
    • Primary Afferents and Spinal Mechanisms
    • Ascending Pain Pathways
      • The Spinothalamic Pain Pathway
      • The Trigeminal Pain Pathway
      • The Thalamus and Cortex
    • The Regulation of Pain
      • Afferent Regulation
      • Descending Regulation
      • The Endogenous Opioids
        • Box 12.6 Of Special Interest: Pain and the Placebo Effect
  • Temperature
    • Thermoreceptors
    • The Temperature Pathway
  • Concluding Remarks
• Chapter Thirteen Spinal Control of Movement
  • Introduction
  • The Somatic Motor System
  • The Lower Motor Neuron
    • The Segmental Organization of Lower Motor Neurons
    • Alpha Motor Neurons
      • Graded Control of Muscle Contraction by Alpha Motor Neurons
      • Inputs to Alpha Motor Neurons
    • Types of Motor Units
      • Neuromuscular Matchmaking
        • Box 13.1 Of Special Interest: ALS: Glutamate, Genes, and Gehrig
  • Excitation–Contraction Coupling
    • Box 13.2 Of Special Interest: Myasthenia Gravis
    • Muscle Fiber Structure
    • The Molecular Basis of Muscle Contraction
      • Box 13.3 Of Special Interest: Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
  • Spinal Control of Motor Units
    • Proprioception from Muscle Spindles
      • The Stretch Reflex
        • Box 13.4 Path of Discovery: Nerve Regeneration Does Not Ensure Full Recovery, by Timothy C. Cope
    • Gamma Motor Neurons
    • Proprioception from Golgi Tendon Organs
      • Proprioception from the Joints
    • Spinal Interneurons
      • Inhibitory Input
      • Excitatory Input
    • The Generation of Spinal Motor Programs for Walking
  • Concluding Remarks
• Chapter Fourteen Brain Control of Movement
  • Introduction
  • Descending Spinal Tracts
    • The Lateral Pathways
      • The Effects of Lateral Pathway Lesions
        • Box 14.1 Of Special Interest: Paresis, Paralysis, Spasticity, and Babinski
    • The Ventromedial Pathways
      • The Vestibulospinal Tracts
      • The Tectospinal Tract
      • The Pontine and Medullary Reticulospinal Tracts
  • The Planning of Movement by the Cerebral Cortex
    • Motor Cortex
    • The Contributions of Posterior Parietal and Prefrontal Cortex
    • Neuronal Correlates of Motor Planning
      • Box 14.2 Of Special Interest: Behavioral Neurophysiology
    • Mirror Neurons
  • The Basal Ganglia
    • Anatomy of the Basal Ganglia
    • Direct and Indirect Pathways through the Basal Ganglia
      • Basal Ganglia Disorders
        • Box 14.3 Of Special Interest: Do Neurons in Diseased Basal Ganglia Commit Suicide?
        • Box 14.4 Of Special Interest: Destruction and Stimulation: Useful Therapies for Brain Disorders
  • The Initiation of Movement by Primary Motor Cortex
    • The Input–Output Organization of M1
    • The Coding of Movement in M1
      • Box 14.5 Path of Discovery: Distributed Coding in the Superior Colliculus, by James T. McIlwain
      • The Malleable Motor Map
  • The Cerebellum
    • Box 14.6 Of Special Interest: Involuntary Movements—Normal and Abnormal
    • Anatomy of the Cerebellum
    • The Motor Loop through the Lateral Cerebellum
      • Programming the Cerebellum
  • Concluding Remarks
• Chapter Fifteen Chemical Control of the Brain and Behavior
  • Introduction
  • The Secretory Hypothalamus
    • An Overview of the Hypothalamus
      • Homeostasis
      • Structure and Connections of the Hypothalamus
    • Pathways to the Pituitary
      • Hypothalamic Control of the Posterior Pituitary
      • Hypothalamic Control of the Anterior Pituitary
        • Box 15.1 Of Special Interest: Stress and the Brain
  • The Autonomic Nervous System
    • ANS Circuits
      • Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions
      • The Enteric Division
      • Central Control of the ANS
    • Neurotransmitters and the Pharmacology of Autonomic Function
      • Preganglionic Neurotransmitters
      • Postganglionic Neurotransmitters
  • The Diffuse Modulatory Systems of the Brain
    • Anatomy and Functions of the Diffuse Modulatory Systems
      • Box 15.2 Of Special Interest: You Eat What You Are
      • The Noradrenergic Locus Coeruleus
        • Box 15.3 Path of Discovery: Exploring the Central Noradrenergic Neurons, by Floyd Bloom
      • The Serotonergic Raphe Nuclei
      • The Dopaminergic Substantia Nigra and Ventral Tegmental Area
      • The Cholinergic Basal Forebrain and Brain Stem Complexes
    • Drugs and the Diffuse Modulatory Systems
      • Hallucinogens
      • Stimulants
  • Concluding Remarks
• Chapter Sixteen Motivation
  • Introduction
  • The Hypothalamus, Homeostasis, and Motivated Behavior
  • The Long-Term Regulation of Feeding Behavior
    • Energy Balance
    • Hormonal and Hypothalamic Regulation of Body Fat and Feeding
      • Body Fat and Food Consumption
        • Box 16.1 Of Special Interest: The Starving Brains of the Obese
      • The Hypothalamus and Feeding
      • The Effects of Elevated Leptin Levels on the Hypothalamus
      • The Effects of Decreased Leptin Levels on the Hypothalamus
      • The Control of Feeding by Lateral Hypothalamic Peptides
  • The Short-Term Regulation of Feeding Behavior
    • Appetite, Eating, Digestion, and Satiety
      • Box 16.2 Of Special Interest: Marijuana and the Munchies
      • Ghrelin
      • Gastric Distension
      • Cholecystokinin
      • Insulin
        • Box 16.3 Of Special Interest: Diabetes Mellitus and Insulin Shock
  • Why Do We Eat?
    • Reinforcement and Reward
      • Box 16.4 Of Special Interest: Self-Stimulation of the Human Brain
    • The Role of Dopamine in Motivation
      • Box 16.5 Of Special Interest: Dopamine and Addiction
      • Box 16.6 Path of Discovery: Learning to Crave, by Julie Kauer
    • Serotonin, Food, and Mood
  • Other Motivated Behaviors
    • Drinking
    • Temperature Regulation
  • Concluding Remarks
    • Box 16.7 Of Special Interest: Neuroeconomics
• Chapter Seventeen Sex and the Brain
  • Introduction
  • Sex and Gender
    • The Genetics of Sex
      • Sex Chromosome Abnormalities
    • Sexual Development and Differentiation
  • The Hormonal Control of Sex
    • The Principal Male and Female Hormones
    • The Control of Sex Hormones by the Pituitary and Hypothalamus
  • The Neural Basis of Sexual Behaviors
    • Reproductive Organs and Their Control
    • Mammalian Mating Strategies
    • The Neurochemistry of Reproductive Behavior
      • Box 17.1 Path of Discovery: Bonding with Voles, by Thomas Insel
    • Love, Bonding, and the Human Brain
  • Why and How Male and Female Brains Differ
    • Sexual Dimorphisms of the Central Nervous System
    • Sexual Dimorphisms of Cognition
    • Sex Hormones, The Brain, and Behavior
      • Box 17.2 Of Special Interest: Bird Songs and Bird Brains
      • Masculinization of the Fetal Brain
      • Mismatches between Genetic Sex and Hormone Action
        • Box 17.3 Of Special Interest: David Reimer and the Basis of Gender Identity
    • Direct Genetic Effects on Behavior and Sexual Differentiation of the Brain
    • The Activational Effects of Sex Hormones
      • Brain Changes Associated with Maternal and Paternal Behavior
      • Estrogen Effects on Neuron Function, Memory, and Disease
    • Sexual Orientation
  • Concluding Remarks
• Chapter Eighteen Brain Mechanisms of Emotion
  • Introduction
  • Early Theories of Emotion
    • The James–Lange Theory
    • The Cannon–Bard Theory
      • Box 18.1 Of Special Interest: Butterflies in the Stomach
    • Implications of Unconscious Emotion
  • The Limbic System
    • Broca’s Limbic Lobe
    • The Papez Circuit
      • Box 18.2 Of Special Interest: Phineas Gage
    • Difficulties with the Concept of a Single System for Emotions
  • Emotion Theories and Neural Representations
    • Basic Emotion Theories
    • Dimensional Emotion Theories
    • What is an Emotion?
      • Box 18.3 Path of Discovery: Concepts and Names in Everyday Science, by Antonio Damasio
  • Fear and The Amygdala
    • The Klüver–Bucy Syndrome
    • Anatomy of the Amygdala
    • Effects of Amygdala Stimulation and Lesions
    • A Neural Circuit for Learned Fear
  • Anger and Aggression
    • The Amygdala and Aggression
      • Surgery to Reduce Human Aggression
        • Box 18.4 Of Special Interest: The Frontal Lobotomy
    • Neural Components of Anger and Aggression Beyond the Amygdala
      • Anger, Aggression, and the Hypothalamus
      • The Midbrain and Aggression
    • Serotonergic Regulation of Anger and Aggression
  • Concluding Remarks
• Chapter Nineteen Brain Rhythms and Sleep
  • Introduction
  • The Electroencephalogram
    • Recording Brain Waves
      • Box 19.1 Path of Discovery: The Puzzle of Brain Rhythms, by Stephanie R. Jones
    • EEG Rhythms
    • Mechanisms and Meanings of Brain Rhythms
      • The Generation of Synchronous Rhythms
      • Functions of Brain Rhythms
    • The Seizures of Epilepsy
  • Sleep
    • The Functional States of the Brain
    • The Sleep Cycle
      • Box 19.2 Of Special Interest: Walking, Talking, and Screaming in Your Sleep
    • Why Do We Sleep?
      • Box 19.3 Of Special Interest: The Longest All-Nighter
    • Functions of Dreaming and REM Sleep
    • Neural Mechanisms of Sleep
      • Wakefulness and the Ascending Reticular Activating System
        • Box 19.4 Of Special Interest: Narcolepsy
      • Falling Asleep and the Non-REM State
      • Mechanisms of REM Sleep
      • Sleep-Promoting Factors
      • Gene Expression during Sleeping and Waking
  • Circadian Rhythms
    • Biological Clocks
    • The Suprachiasmatic Nucleus: A Brain Clock
      • Box 19.5 Of Special Interest: Mutant Hamster Clocks
    • SCN Mechanisms
  • Concluding Remarks
• Chapter Twenty Language
  • Introduction
  • What is Language?
    • Human Sound and Speech Production
      • Box 20.1 Of Special Interest: Thinking in Different Languages
    • Language in Animals
    • Language Acquisition
    • Genes Involved in Language
      • FOXP2 and Verbal Dyspraxia
      • Genetic Factors in Specific Language Impairment and Dyslexia
  • The Discovery of Specialized Language Areas in the Brain
    • Broca’s Area and Wernicke’s Area
      • Box 20.2 Of Special Interest: Assessing Hemispheric Language Dominance
  • Language Insights From The Study of Aphasia
    • Box 20.3 Path of Discovery: Uncovering Language Areas of the Brain, by Nina Dronkers
    • Broca’s Aphasia
    • Wernicke’s Aphasia
    • The Wernicke–Geschwind Model of Language and Aphasia
    • Conduction Aphasia
    • Aphasia in Bilinguals and Deaf People
  • Asymmetrical Language Processing in the Two Cerebral Hemispheres
    • Language Processing in Split-Brain Humans
      • Left Hemisphere Language Dominance
      • Language Functions of the Right Hemisphere
    • Anatomical Asymmetry and Language
  • Language Studies Using Brain Stimulation and Human Brain Imaging
    • The Effects of Brain Stimulation on Language
    • Imaging of Language Processing in the Human Brain
      • Box 20.4 Of Special Interest: Hearing Sight and Seeing Touch
  • Concluding Remarks
• Chapter Twenty-One The Resting Brain, Attention, and Consciousness
  • Introduction
  • Resting State Brain Activity
    • The Brain’s Default Mode Network
      • Functions of the Default Network
  • Attention
    • Box 21.1 Of Special Interest: Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
    • Behavioral Consequences of Attention
      • Attention Enhances Visual Sensitivity
      • Attention Speeds Reaction Times
    • Physiological Effects of Attention
      • Functional MRI Imaging of Human Attention to Location
      • PET Imaging of Human Attention to Features
      • Attention Enhances Responses of Neurons in Parietal Cortex
      • Attention Focuses Receptive Fields in Area V4
    • Brain Circuits for the Control of Attention
      • The Pulvinar, a Subcortical Component
      • The Frontal Eye Fields, Eye Movements, and Attention
      • Directing Attention with Salience and Priority Maps
      • A Priority Map in the Parietal Lobe
        • Box 21.2 Of Special Interest: Hemispatial Neglect Syndrome
      • The Frontoparietal Attention Network
  • Consciousness
    • What Is Consciousness?
    • Neural Correlates of Consciousness
      • Box 21.3 Path of Discovery: Tracking the Neuronal Footprints of Consciousness, by Christof Koch
      • Neuronal Correlates of Alternating Perception in Binocular Rivalry
      • Visual Awareness and Human Brain Activity
      • Challenges in the Study of Consciousness
  • Concluding Remarks
• Chapter Twenty-Two Mental Illness
  • Introduction
  • Mental Illness and The Brain
    • Psychosocial Approaches to Mental Illness
    • Biological Approaches to Mental Illness
      • The Promise and Challenge of Molecular Medicine in Psychiatry
  • Anxiety Disorders
    • A Description of Anxiety Disorders
      • Panic Disorder
      • Agoraphobia
        • Box 22.1 Of Special Interest: Agoraphobia with Panic Attacks
    • Other Disorders Characterized by Increased Anxiety
      • Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
      • Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
    • Biological Bases of Anxiety Disorders
      • The Stress Response
      • Regulation of the HPA Axis by the Amygdala and Hippocampus
    • Treatments for Anxiety Disorders
      • Psychotherapy
      • Anxiolytic Medications
  • Affective Disorders
    • A Description of Affective Disorders
      • Major Depression
      • Bipolar Disorder
        • Box 22.2 Of Special Interest: A Magical Orange Grove in a Nightmare
    • Biological Bases of Affective Disorders
      • The Monoamine Hypothesis
      • The Diathesis–Stress Hypothesis
      • Anterior Cingulate Cortex Dysfunction
    • Treatments for Affective Disorders
      • Electroconvulsive Therapy
      • Psychotherapy
      • Antidepressants
      • Lithium
      • Deep Brain Stimulation
        • Box 22.3 Path of Discovery: Tuning Depression Circuits, by Helen Mayberg
  • Schizophrenia
    • A Description of Schizophrenia
    • Biological Bases of Schizophrenia
      • Genes and the Environment
      • The Dopamine Hypothesis
      • The Glutamate Hypothesis
    • Treatments for Schizophrenia
  • Concluding Remarks
• Chapter Twenty-Three Wiring the Brain
  • Introduction
  • The Genesis of Neurons
    • Cell Proliferation
      • Box 23.1 Of Special Interest: Neurogenesis in Adult Humans
    • Cell Migration
    • Cell Differentiation
    • Differentiation of Cortical Areas
      • Box 23.2 Path of Discovery: Making a Map of the Mind, by Pasko Rakic
  • The Genesis of Connections
    • The Growing Axon
    • Axon Guidance
      • Guidance Cues
      • Establishing Topographic Maps
        • Box 23.3 Of Special Interest: Why Our CNS Axons Don’t Regenerate
    • Synapse Formation
  • The Elimination of Cells and Synapses
    • Box 23.4 Of Special Interest: The Mystery of Autism
    • Cell Death
    • Changes in Synaptic Capacity
  • Activity-Dependent Synaptic Rearrangement
    • Synaptic Segregation
      • Segregation of Retinal Inputs to the LGN
      • Segregation of LGN Inputs in the Striate Cortex
        • Box 23.5 Brain Food: Three-Eyed Frogs, Ocular Dominance Columns, and Other Oddities
        • Box 23.6 Brain Food: The Critical Period Concept
    • Synaptic Convergence
    • Synaptic Competition
    • Modulatory Influences
  • Elementary Mechanisms of Cortical Synaptic Plasticity
    • Excitatory Synaptic Transmission in the Immature Visual System
    • Long-Term Synaptic Potentiation
    • Long-Term Synaptic Depression
  • Why Critical Periods End
  • Concluding Remarks
• Chapter Twenty-Four Memory Systems
  • Introduction
  • Types of Memory and Amnesia
    • Declarative and Nondeclarative Memory
      • Box 24.1 Of Special Interest: Extraordinary Memory
    • Types of Procedural Memory
      • Nonassociative Learning
      • Associative Learning
    • Types of Declarative Memory
    • Amnesia
  • Working Memory
    • The Prefrontal Cortex and Working Memory
      • Imaging Working Memory in the Human Brain
    • Area LIP and Working Memory
  • Declarative Memory
    • The Neocortex and Declarative Memory
      • Hebb and the Cell Assembly
    • Studies Implicating the Medial Temporal Lobes
      • Anatomy of the Medial Temporal Lobe
      • Electrical Stimulation of the Human Temporal Lobes
      • Neural Recordings from the Human Medial Temporal Lobe
    • Temporal Lobe Amnesia
      • The Case of H.M.: Temporal Lobectomy and Amnesia
      • An Animal Model of Human Amnesia
        • Box 24.2 Of Special Interest: Korsakoff’s Syndrome and the Case of N.A.
    • Memory Functions of the Hippocampal System
      • The Effects of Hippocampal Lesions in Rats
      • Spatial Memory, Place Cells, and Grid Cells
        • Box 24.3 Path of Discovery: How the Brain Makes Maps, by Edvard and May-Britt Moser
      • Hippocampal Functions Beyond Spatial Memory
    • Consolidating Memories and Retaining Engrams
      • Standard and Multiple Trace Models of Consolidation
      • Reconsolidation
        • Box 24.4 Of Special Interest: Introducing False Memories and Erasing Bad Memories
  • Procedural Memory
    • The Striatum and Procedural Memory in Rodents
    • Habit Learning in Humans and Nonhuman Primates
  • Concluding Remarks
• Chapter Twenty-five Molecular Mechanisms of Learning and Memory
  • Introduction
  • Memory Acquisition
    • Cellular Reports of Memory Formation
      • Distributed Memory Storage
        • Box 25.1 Path of Discovery: What Attracted Me to the Study of Learning and Memory in Aplysia? by Eric Kandel
    • Strengthening Synapses
      • Anatomy of the Hippocampus
      • Properties of LTP in CA1
      • Mechanisms of LTP in CA1
        • Box 25.2 Brain Food: Synaptic Plasticity: Timing Is Everything
    • Weakening Synapses
      • Box 25.3 Path of Discovery: Memories of Memory, by Leon Cooper
      • Box 25.4 Brain Food: The Wide World of Long-Term Synaptic Depression
      • Mechanisms of LTD in CA1
      • Glutamate Receptor Trafficking
    • LTP, LTD, and Memory
      • Box 25.5 Of Special Interest: Memory Mutants
    • Synaptic Homeostasis
      • Metaplasticity
      • Synaptic Scaling
  • Memory Consolidation
    • Persistently Active Protein Kinases
      • CaMKII
      • Protein Kinase M Zeta
    • Protein Synthesis and Memory Consolidation
      • Synaptic Tagging and Capture
      • CREB and Memory
      • Structural Plasticity and Memory
  • Concluding Remarks
• Glossary
• References
• Index

UM RAFBÆKUR Á HEIMKAUP.IS

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Fleiri góðir kostir
- Þú getur prentað síður úr bókinni (innan þeirra marka sem útgefandinn setur)
- Möguleiki á tengingu við annað stafrænt og gagnvirkt efni, svo sem myndbönd eða spurningar úr efninu
- Auðvelt að afrita og líma efni/texta fyrir t.d. heimaverkefni eða ritgerðir
- Styður tækni sem hjálpar nemendum með sjón- eða heyrnarskerðingu