Efnisyfirlit

• Cover image
• Title page
• Table of Contents
• Copyright
• Preface
• Contributors
• Acknowledgements
• What is ‘pharmaceutics’?
• Chapter 1. Design of dosage forms
  • Principles of dosage form design
  • Biopharmaceutical aspects of dosage form design
  • Drug factors in dosage form design
  • Therapeutic considerations in dosage form design
  • Manufacture and quality assurance of medicines
  • Summary
• Part 1. Scientific principles of dosage form design
  • Chapter 2. Dissolution and solubility
    • Introduction
    • Definition of terms
    • Process of dissolution
    • Dissolution rates of solids in liquids
    • Solubility
    • Summary
  • Chapter 3. Properties of solutions
    • Introduction
    • Types of solution
    • Ionization of solutes
    • Colligative properties
    • Diffusion in solution
    • Summary
  • Chapter 4. Surfaces and interfaces
    • Introduction
    • Surface tension
    • Solid wettability
    • Adsorption at interfaces
    • Solid–vapour adsorption isotherms
    • Interactions between powders and water vapour
    • Inverse phase gas chromatography (IGC)
  • Chapter 5. Disperse systems
    • Introduction
    • Colloids
    • Gels
    • Surface-active agents
    • Coarse disperse systems
  • Chapter 6. Rheology
    • Viscosity, rheology and the flow of fluids
    • Newtonian fluids
    • Non-Newtonian fluids
    • The applications of rheology in pharmaceutical formulation
  • Chapter 7. Kinetics
    • Introduction
    • Rate laws and order of reaction
    • Complex reactions
    • The Michaelis–Menten equation
    • Effect of temperature on reaction rate
    • Summary
• Part 2. Particle science and powder technology
  • Chapter 8. Solid-state properties
    • Solid state
    • Crystallization
    • Polymorphism
    • Hydrates and solvates
    • Amorphous state
    • Crystal habit
    • Surface nature of particles
  • Chapter 9. Particle size analysis
    • Introduction
    • Particle size
    • Particle size analysis methods
    • Selection of a particle size analysis method
  • Chapter 10. Particle size reduction and size separation
    • Introduction to size reduction
    • Influence of material properties on size reduction
    • Influence of size reduction on size distribution
    • Size reduction methods
    • Selection of the particle size reduction method
    • Introduction to size separation
    • Size separation methods
    • Selection of a size separation process
  • Chapter 11. Mixing
    • Mixing principles
    • Mechanisms of mixing and demixing
    • Mixing of powders
    • Mixing of miscible liquids and suspensions
    • Mixing of semisolids
  • Chapter 12. Powder flow
    • Introduction
    • Particle properties
    • Process conditions: hopper design
    • Characterization of powder flow
    • Improvement of powder flowability
    • Summary
• Part 3. Pharmaceutical microbiology and sterilization
  • Chapter 13. Fundamentals of microbiology
    • Introduction
    • Viruses
    • Reproduction of viruses
    • Latent infections
    • Oncogenic viruses
    • Bacteriophages
    • Archaea
    • Bacteria
    • Fungi
  • Chapter 14. Pharmaceutical applications of microbiological techniques
    • Introduction
    • Measurement of antimicrobial activity
    • Microbiological quality of pharmaceutical materials
  • Chapter 15. Action of physical and chemical agents on microorganisms
    • Introduction
    • Kinetics of cell inactivation
    • Antimicrobial effects of moist and dry heat
    • Ionizing radiation
    • Ultraviolet radiation
    • Gases
    • Antimicrobial effects of chemical agents
  • Chapter 16. Principles of sterilization
    • Introduction
    • Need for sterility
    • Sterilization parameters
    • Principles of sterilization processes
    • New technologies
    • Summary
  • Chapter 17. Sterilization in practice
    • Sterile products
    • Determination of sterilization protocols
    • Recommended pharmacopoeial sterilization processes
    • High-level disinfection
    • Statistical considerations of sterility testing and sterility assurance level
    • Test for sterility of the product
    • Validation of a sterilization process
    • Limitations of sterilization methods
    • Summary
• Part 4. Biopharmaceutical principles of drug delivery
  • Chapter 18. Introduction to biopharmaceutics
    • What is biopharmaceutics?
    • Concept of bioavailability
    • Concept of biopharmaceutics
    • Summary
  • Chapter 19. Gastrointestinal tract – physiology and drug absorption
    • Introduction
    • Physiological factors influencing oral drug absorption
    • Physiology of the gastrointestinal tract
    • Transit of pharmaceuticals in the gastrointestinal tract
    • Barriers to drug absorption
    • Summary
  • Chapter 20. Bioavailability – physicochemical, dosage form and formulation factors
    • Introduction
    • Physicochemical factors influencing bioavailability
    • Physiological factors affecting the dissolution rate of drugs
    • Drug factors affecting dissolution rate
    • Factors affecting the concentration of drug in solution in gastrointestinal fluids
    • Improving the bioavailability of drugs due to poor aqueous solubility
    • Formulation approaches to improving drug bioavailability
    • Improving the bioavailability of drugs with poor permeability
    • Dosage form factors influencing bioavailability
    • Influence of formulation excipients on drug dissolution and absorption
    • Summary
  • Chapter 21. Assessment of biopharmaceutical properties
    • Introduction
    • Measurement of key biopharmaceutical properties
    • Assessment of bioavailability
    • Bioequivalence
    • Assessment at site of release in vivo
    • Biopharmaceutics Classification System
    • Summary
  • Chapter 22. Dosage regimens
    • Dosage regimens: influence on the plasma concentration–time profile of a drug in the body
    • One-compartment open model of drug disposition in the body
    • Important factors influencing steady-state plasma concentrations of a drug
    • Summary
• Part 5. Dosage form design and manufacture
  • Chapter 23. Pharmaceutical preformulation
    • The concept of preformulation
    • Assay development
    • Solubility
    • Molecular dissociation
    • Partitioning
    • Dissolution rate
    • Hygroscopicity
    • Physical form
    • Powder properties
    • Compaction properties
    • Summary
  • Chapter 24. Solutions
    • Introduction
    • Pharmaceutical solutions
    • Solution stability
    • Enhancement of drug solubility
  • Chapter 25. Clarification
    • Introduction
    • Filtration
    • Filtration equipment
    • Centrifugation
  • Chapter 26. Suspensions
    • Introduction
    • Definition of a suspension
    • Solid particle–liquid vehicle interactions
    • Particle movement in suspensions
    • Dispersibility issues – surface wetting
    • Dissolution issues
    • Ostwald ripening
    • General suspension formulation considerations
    • Stability considerations for suspensions
    • Manufacturing considerations
    • Summary
  • Chapter 27. Emulsions and creams
    • Introduction
    • Emulsions in pharmacy
    • Formulation of pharmaceutical emulsions
    • Emulsifying agents (emulsifiers)
    • Creams
    • Manufacture and processing of emulsions and creams
    • Emulsion properties
    • Emulsion stability
    • Stability testing
  • Chapter 28. Ointments, pastes, gels, cutaneous patches and topical sprays
    • Introduction
    • Topical semisolid preparations
    • Ointments
    • Pastes
    • Gels
    • Emulgels
    • Cutaneous patches/medicated plasters
    • Topical sprays
    • Small-scale manufacturing (compounding) of ointments and pastes
    • Large-scale manufacturing of topical semisolid preparations
    • Regulatory requirements and testing for topical semisolid preparations
    • Summary
  • Chapter 29. Powders, granules and granulation
    • Introduction to powders and granules
    • Powdered and granulated products as dosage forms
    • Granules used as an intermediate in tablet manufacture
    • Pharmaceutical technology of granule production
    • Granulation mechanisms
    • Pharmaceutical granulation equipment and processes
  • Chapter 30. Drying
    • Introduction
    • Drying of wet solids
    • Types of drying method
    • Convective drying of wet solids
    • Conductive drying of wet solids
    • Radiation drying of wet solids
    • Drying of solutions and suspensions
    • Freeze-drying (lyophilization)
    • Solute migration during drying
  • Chapter 31. Tablets and compaction
    • Introduction
    • Quality attributes of tablets
    • Tablet manufacturing
    • Tablet excipients
    • Tablet types
    • Tablet testing
    • Fundamental aspects of the compression of powders
    • Fundamental aspects of the compaction of powders
    • Relationships between material properties and tablet strength
  • Chapter 32. Modified-release oral drug delivery
    • Modified-release oral drug delivery
    • Designing a modified-release formulation: factors to consider
    • Conclusions
  • Chapter 33. Coating of tablets and multiparticulates
    • Introduction
    • Film coating
    • Sugar coating
    • Compression coating
    • Coating of tablets
    • Coating of multiparticulates
  • Chapter 34. Continuous manufacturing of tablets
    • Introduction
    • Batch versus continuous manufacturing
    • Advantages of continuous manufacturing
    • Drawbacks of continuous manufacturing
    • Continuous manufacturing processes
    • Process Analytical Technology (PAT)
    • Summary
  • Chapter 35. Hard capsules
    • Introduction
    • Raw materials
    • Manufacture
    • Formulation
  • Chapter 36. Soft capsules
    • Introduction
    • Soft capsule manufacturing
    • Shell polymer systems
    • Fill formulation
    • Quality considerations
    • Summary
  • Chapter 37. Dissolution testing of solid dosage forms
    • The relevance of drug dissolution and dissolution testing
    • Dissolution testing
    • Dissolution testing for quality control
    • Predictive dissolution testing
    • Conclusions
  • Chapter 38. Parenteral drug delivery
    • Introduction
    • Routes of parenteral administration
    • Pharmacopoeial requirements
    • Absorption from injection sites
    • Excipients
    • Containers
  • Chapter 39. Pulmonary drug delivery
    • Inhaled drug delivery
    • Formulating and delivering therapeutic inhalation aerosols
    • Methods of aerosol size analysis
  • Chapter 40. Nasal drug delivery
    • Introduction
    • Anatomy and physiology
    • Drug delivery
    • Nasal delivery systems
    • Summary
  • Chapter 41. Ocular drug delivery
    • Introduction
    • Anatomy and physiology of the eye
    • Some common ocular conditions and pharmacological interventions
    • Topical ophthalmic preparations
    • Formulating ophthalmic preparations
    • Topical, liquid ophthalmic preparations
    • Barriers to topical ocular drug absorption
    • Increasing drug solubility and absorption in topical ophthalmic preparations
    • Sterility of ophthalmic preparations
    • Ocular drug pharmacokinetics
    • Targeting the posterior segment of the eye
    • Problems with traditional and new ocular drug delivery systems
    • Patient adherence and instillation of eye drops
  • Chapter 42. Otic drug delivery
    • Introduction
    • Anatomy and physiology of the ear
    • Barriers to otic drug delivery
    • Major ear diseases and therapies
    • Administration routes for otic drug delivery
    • Formulations for otic drug delivery systems
    • Progress and challenges in otic drug delivery
    • Summary
  • Chapter 43. Topical and transdermal drug delivery
    • Introduction
    • Skin structure and function
    • Transport through the skin
    • Experimental methods for studying transdermal drug delivery
    • Transdermal and topical preparations
    • Enhancement of transdermal and topical drug delivery
    • Nail delivery
  • Chapter 44. Rectal and vaginal drug delivery
    • Introduction
    • Rectal drug delivery
    • Rectal dosage forms
    • Vaginal drug delivery
    • Vaginal dosage forms
    • Manufacture of rectal and vaginal dosage forms
    • Quality control of rectal and vaginal dosage forms
  • Chapter 45. Preparation and delivery of biopharmaceuticals
    • Biopharmaceuticals
    • Protein and peptide drugs
    • Vaccines
    • Nucleic acid drugs
    • Cell-based therapies
    • Summary
  • Chapter 46. Pharmaceutical nanotechnology and nanomedicines
    • Introduction
    • Applications of pharmaceutical nanotechnology
    • Polymer–drug conjugates
    • Antibodies and antibody–drug conjugates
    • Dendrimers
    • Micelle systems
    • Solid nanoparticles
    • Liposomes, bilayer vesicles and lipid nanoparticles
    • Microcapsules and microspheres
    • Ongoing developments
  • Chapter 47. Radiopharmaceuticals
    • Introduction
    • Design of radiopharmaceuticals
    • Delivery and localization of radiopharmaceuticals
    • Formulation of radiopharmaceuticals
    • Radionuclide production: cyclotrons, reactors and radionuclide generators
    • Functions of a radiopharmacy facility
    • Summary
  • Chapter 48. The formulation and manufacture of plant medicines
    • Introduction
    • Plant-based products in medicinal use
    • Quality control of crude plant drugs
    • Production methods used to obtain plant-derived active constituents
    • Formulation and manufacture of plant-based medicines
    • Summary
  • Chapter 49. Design and administration of medicines for paediatric and geriatric patients
    • Human development, ageing and drug administration
    • Formulation design for paediatric and geriatric patients
    • Adaptation of existing dosage forms
    • Future developments in the formulation of paediatric and geriatric medicines
    • Summary
• Part 6. Packaging, stability and pharmaceutical regulation
  • Chapter 50. Packaging
    • Introduction
    • The pharmaceutical pack
    • Packaging materials
    • Packaging and regulatory bodies
    • Repackaging
    • Designing packaging for safe medicine use
  • Chapter 51. Chemical stability in dosage forms
    • Introduction
    • Chemical degradation reactions
    • Stability of proteins and peptides
    • Stability of antibody–drug conjugates
  • Chapter 52. Microbial contamination, spoilage and preservation of medicines
    • The need to protect medicines against microbial spoilage
    • Products and materials vulnerable to spoilage
    • Sources and control of microbial contamination
    • Selection and use of antimicrobial preservatives
    • Preservative interactions with formulation components and containers
  • Chapter 53. Product stability and stability testing
    • Introduction
    • Mechanisms of degradation
    • Stability testing of pharmaceutical products
    • Summary
  • Chapter 54. Pharmaceutical quality: the application of pharmaceutics in medicines regulation
    • Quality, safety and efficacy
    • Pharmaceutical quality
    • Medicines regulation
    • Common Technical Document (CTD)
    • Drug substance
    • Drug product
    • Regulatory applications for generic medicinal products (abridged applications)
    • Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP)
    • Unlicensed medicines and off-label use of licensed medicines
    • Summary
• Self Assessment Answers
• Index

UM RAFBÆKUR Á HEIMKAUP.IS

Bókahillan þín er þitt svæði og þar eru bækurnar þínar geymdar. Þú kemst í bókahilluna þína hvar og hvenær sem er í tölvu eða snjalltæki. Einfalt og þægilegt!

Rafbók til eignar
Rafbók til eignar þarf að hlaða niður á þau tæki sem þú vilt nota innan eins árs frá því bókin er keypt.

Þú kemst í bækurnar hvar sem er
Þú getur nálgast allar raf(skóla)bækurnar þínar á einu augabragði, hvar og hvenær sem er í bókahillunni þinni. Engin taska, enginn kyndill og ekkert vesen (hvað þá yfirvigt).

Auðvelt að fletta og leita
Þú getur flakkað milli síðna og kafla eins og þér hentar best og farið beint í ákveðna kafla úr efnisyfirlitinu. Í leitinni finnur þú orð, kafla eða síður í einum smelli.

Glósur og yfirstrikanir
Þú getur auðkennt textabrot með mismunandi litum og skrifað glósur að vild í rafbókina. Þú getur jafnvel séð glósur og yfirstrikanir hjá bekkjarsystkinum og kennara ef þeir leyfa það. Allt á einum stað.

Hvað viltu sjá? / Þú ræður hvernig síðan lítur út
Þú lagar síðuna að þínum þörfum. Stækkaðu eða minnkaðu myndir og texta með multi-level zoom til að sjá síðuna eins og þér hentar best í þínu námi.



Fleiri góðir kostir
- Þú getur prentað síður úr bókinni (innan þeirra marka sem útgefandinn setur)
- Möguleiki á tengingu við annað stafrænt og gagnvirkt efni, svo sem myndbönd eða spurningar úr efninu
- Auðvelt að afrita og líma efni/texta fyrir t.d. heimaverkefni eða ritgerðir
- Styður tækni sem hjálpar nemendum með sjón- eða heyrnarskerðingu