Efnisyfirlit

• About this Book
  • Cover Page
  • Halftitle Page
  • Title Page
  • Copyright Page
  • About the Author
  • Dedication
  • Brief Contents
  • Contents
  • Preface
• Chapter 1 The Science of Cognition
  • Motivations for Studying Cognitive Psychology
    • Intellectual Curiosity
    • Implications for Other Fields
    • Practical Applications
    • Implications 1.1 What Does Cognitive Psychology Tell Us about How to Study Effectively?
  • The History of Cognitive Psychology
    • Early History
    • Psychology in Germany: Focus on Introspective Observation
    • Psychology in America: Focus on Behavior
    • The Cognitive Revolution: AI, Information Theory, and Linguistics
    • Information-Processing Analyses
    • Implications 1.2 The Replicability Crisis
    • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Information Processing: The Communicative Neurons
    • The Neuron
    • Neural Representation of Information
  • Organization of the Brain
    • Localization of Function
    • Topographic Organization
  • Methods in Cognitive Neuroscience
    • Neural Imaging Techniques
    • Using fMRI to Study Equation Solving
  • A Cognitive Neuroscience Revolution?
  • Chapter Review
    • Questions for Thought
    • Key Terms
• Chapter 2 Perception
  • Visual Perception in the Brain
    • Early Visual Information Processing
    • Information Coding by Neurons in the Visual System
    • Depth and Surface Perception
    • Object Segmentation
  • Visual Pattern Recognition
    • Template-Matching Models
    • Implications 2.1 CAPTCHAs: Separating Humans from Bots
    • Feature Analysis
    • Object Recognition by Deep Convolutional Networks
    • Face Recognition
    • Implications 2.2 New Developments in Face-Recognition Software
  • Speech Recognition
    • Feature Analysis of Speech
  • Categorical Perception
  • Context and Pattern Recognition
    • Massaro’s FLMP Model for Combination of Context and Feature Information
    • Other Examples of Context and Recognition
  • Conclusions
  • Chapter Review
    • Questions for Thought
    • Key Terms
• Chapter 3 Attention and Performance
  • Serial Bottlenecks
  • Auditory Attention
    • The Filter Theory
    • The Attenuation Theory and a Late-Selection Theory
  • Visual Attention
    • The Neural Basis of Visual Attention
    • Inattentional Blindness
    • Visual Search
    • The Binding Problem
    • Neglect of the Visual Field
    • Object-Based Attention
  • Central Attention: Selecting Lines of Thought to Pursue
    • Implications 3.1 Cell Phones and Distraction
    • Automaticity: Expertise through Practice
    • The Stroop Effect
    • Prefrontal Sites of Executive Control
  • Conclusions
  • Chapter Review
    • Questions for Thought
    • Key Terms
• Chapter 4 Mental Imagery
  • Verbal Imagery Versus Visual Imagery
    • Implications 4.1 Using Brain Activation to Read People’s Minds
  • Visual Imagery
    • Mental Rotation
    • Image Scanning
    • Mental Comparison of Magnitudes
    • Are Visual Images Like Visual Perception?
    • Visual Imagery and Brain Areas
    • Imagery Involves Both Spatial and Visual Components
    • Individual Difference in Visual Imagery
    • Implications 4.2 Spatial Skills and STEM Education
    • Cognitive Maps
    • Egocentric and Allocentric Representations of Space
    • Map Distortions
  • Conclusions: Visual Perception and Visual Imagery
  • Chapter Review
    • Questions for Thought
    • Key Terms
• Chapter 5 Representation of Knowledge
  • Knowledge and Regions of the Brain
  • Memory for Meaningful Interpretations of Events
    • Memory for Verbal Information
    • Memory for Visual Information
    • Importance of a Meaningful Interpretation to Memory
    • Implications 5.1 Mnemonic Techniques for Remembering Vocabulary Items
  • Propositional Representations
  • Amodal Versus Perceptual Symbol Systems
  • Embodied Cognition
  • Conceptual Knowledge
    • Semantic Networks
    • Schemas
    • House
    • Prototype Theories Versus Exemplar Theories
    • Rule-Based and Theory-Based Structures of Categories
    • Natural Categories and Their Brain Representations
  • Conclusions
  • Chapter Review
    • Questions for Thought
    • Key Terms
• Chapter 6 Human Memory: Encoding and Storage
  • Memory and the Brain
  • Sensory Memory
    • Visual Sensory Memory
    • Auditory Sensory Memory
  • Short-Term Memory and Working Memory
    • A Theory of Short-Term Memory
    • Baddeley’s Theory of Working Memory
    • The Frontal Cortex and Primate Working Memory
  • Activation and Long-Term Memory
    • Activation Calculations
    • Spreading Activation
  • Practice and Memory Strength
    • The Power Law of Learning
    • Neural Correlates of the Power Law
  • Factors Influencing Memory
    • Spacing Effects
    • Elaborative Processing
    • Implications 6.1 How Does the Method of Loci Help Us Organize Recall?
    • Techniques for Studying Textual Material
    • Incidental Versus Intentional Learning
    • Flashbulb Memories
  • Conclusions
  • Chapter Review
    • Questions for Thought
    • Key Terms
• Chapter 7 Human Memory: Retention and Retrieval
  • Are Memories Really Forgotten?
  • The Retention Function
  • How Interference Affects Memory
    • The Fan Effect: Networks of Associations
    • The Interfering Effect of Preexisting Memories
    • Both Decay and Interference?
    • An Inhibitory Explanation of Forgetting?
    • Implications 7.1 Is Forgetting Adaptive?
    • Relatedness Protects Against Interference
  • Retrieval and Inference
    • Plausible Retrieval
    • The Interaction of Elaboration and Inferential Reconstruction
    • Eyewitness Testimony and the False-Memory Controversy
    • Implications 7.2 How Have Advertisers Used Knowledge of Cognitive Psychology?
    • False Memories and the Brain
  • Associative Structure and Retrieval
    • The Effects of Encoding Context
    • The Encoding-Specificity Principle
  • The Hippocampal Formation and Amnesia
  • Implicit Versus Explicit Memory
    • Implicit Versus Explicit Memory in Normal Participants
    • Procedural Memory
  • Conclusions: The Many Varieties of Memory in the Brain
  • Chapter Review
    • Questions for Thought
    • Key Terms
• Chapter 8 Problem Solving
  • The Nature of Problem Solving
    • A Comparative Perspective on Problem Solving
    • The Problem-Solving Process: Problem Space and Search
  • Problem-Solving Operators
    • Acquisition of Operators
    • Analogy and Imitation
    • Analogy and Imitation from an Evolutionary and Brain Perspective
  • Operator Selection
    • Difference Reduction
    • Means–Ends Analysis
    • The Tower of Hanoi Problem
    • Goal Structures and the Prefrontal Cortex
    • Giving Up on Problem Solving
  • Problem Representation
    • The Importance of the Correct Representation
    • Functional Fixedness
    • Implications 8.1 When Humans Are Better at Solving Problems Than Computers
  • Set Effects
    • Incubation Effects
    • Insight
  • Conclusions
  • Chapter Review
    • Questions for Thought
    • Key Terms
• Chapter 9 Expertise
  • Skill Acquisition and Brain Activity
  • General Characteristics of Skill Acquisition
    • Three Phases of Skill Acquisition
    • Power Law of Learning
  • The Nature of Expertise
    • Proceduralization
    • Tactical Learning
    • Strategic Learning
    • Problem Perception
    • Pattern Learning and Memory
    • Implications 9.1 Computers Achieve Chess Expertise Differently Than Humans Do
    • Long-Term Memory and Expertise
    • The Role of Deliberate Practice
    • Talent versus Deliberate Practice
  • Transfer of Skill
  • Theory of Identical Elements
  • Educational Implications
  • Conclusions
  • Chapter Review
    • Questions for Thought
    • Key Terms
• Chapter 10 Reasoning
  • Reasoning and the Brain
  • Reasoning About Conditionals
    • Two Valid Rules of Inference
    • Two Invalid Patterns of Inference
    • Causal Reasoning
    • The Wason Selection Task
    • Permission Interpretation of the Conditional
    • Probabilistic Interpretation of the Conditional
    • Final Thoughts on the Connective If
  • Reasoning About Quantifiers
    • Categorical Syllogisms
    • The Atmosphere Hypothesis
    • Limitations of the Atmosphere Hypothesis
    • Process Explanations
  • Inductive Reasoning and Hypothesis Testing
    • Hypothesis Formation
    • Hypothesis Testing
    • Scientific Discovery
    • Implications 10.1 How Convincing Is a 10% Result?
  • Dual-Process Theories
  • Conclusions
  • Chapter Review
    • Questions for Thought
    • Key Terms
• Chapter 11 Decision Making
  • The Brain and Decision Making
  • Probabilistic Judgment
    • Bayes’s Theorem
    • Base-Rate Neglect
    • Conservatism
    • Correspondence to Bayes’s Theorem with Experience
    • Judgments of Probability
    • The Adaptive Nature of the Recognition Heuristic
  • Making Decisions Under Uncertainty
    • Implications 11.1 What Can We Believe with High Confidence?
    • Framing Effects
    • Implications 11.2 Why Are Adolescents More Likely Than Adults to Make Bad Decisions?
    • Choosing Among Many Alternatives
    • Neural Representation of Subjective Utility and Probability
  • Conclusions
  • Chapter Review
    • Questions for Thought
    • Key Terms
• Chapter 12 Language Structure
  • Language and the Brain
  • The Field of Linguistics
    • Productivity and Regularity
    • Linguistic Intuitions
    • Competence Versus Performance
  • Syntactic Formalisms
    • Phrase Structure
    • Pause Structure in Speech
    • Speech Errors
    • Transformations
  • Is Human Language Special?
    • Arbitrary Association of Sign and Meaning
    • Displacement in Time and Space
    • Discreteness and Productivity
    • Can Apes Use Human Language?
    • Implications 12.1 Apes and the Ethics of Experimentation
  • The Relation Between Language and Thought
    • The Behaviorist Proposal
    • Linguistic Determinism
    • Does Language Depend on Thought?
    • The Modularity of Language
  • Language Acquisition
    • The Issue of Rules and the Case of Past Tense
    • The Quality of Input
    • Is There a Critical Period for Language Acquisition?
    • Implications 12.2 Does Bilingualism Confer a Cognitive Advantage?
    • Language Universals
    • Constraints on Transformations
    • Parameter Setting
  • Conclusions: The Uniqueness of Language: A Summary
  • Chapter Review
    • Questions for Thought
    • Key Terms
• Chapter 13 Language Comprehension
  • Implications 13.1 Intelligent Chatterboxes
  • Brain and Language Comprehension
  • Parsing
    • Constituent Structure
    • Immediacy of Interpretation
    • Processing Syntactic Structure
    • Semantic Considerations
    • The Integration of Syntax and Semantics
    • Neural Indicants of Syntactic and Semantic Processing
    • Ambiguity
    • Neural Indicants of the Processing of Transient Ambiguity
    • Lexical Ambiguity
    • Modularity Compared with Interactive Processing
  • Utilization
    • Bridging Inferences and Elaborative Inferences
    • Inference of Reference
    • Pronominal Reference
    • Negatives
  • Processing Extended Texts: Levels of Representation, and Situation Models
    • Dimensions of Information in Situation Models
    • Implications 13.2 Nonverbal Communication
  • Conclusions
  • Chapter Review
    • Questions for Thought
    • Key Terms
• Chapter 14 Individual Differences in Cognition
  • Cognitive Development
    • Piaget’s Stages of Development
    • Conservation
    • What Develops?
    • The Empiricist–Nativist Debate
    • Increased Mental Capacity
    • Increased Knowledge
  • Cognition and Aging
    • Implications 14.1 Is There a Relationship Between Age and Job Performance?
  • Psychometric Studies of Cognition
    • Intelligence Tests
    • Implications 14.2 Does IQ Determine Success in Life?
    • Factor Analysis
  • Different Dimensions of Intelligence
    • Verbal Ability
    • Spatial Ability
    • Cognitive and Neural Correlates of Intelligence
  • Conclusions
  • Chapter Review
    • Questions for Thought
    • Key Terms
• Glossary
• References
• Name Index
• Subject Index
• Back Cover

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