Efnisyfirlit

• Preface
• CHAPTER 1 Review of Renal Physiology
  • Introduction
  • Relationship between Filtration and Excretion
  • General Mechanism of Transtubular Sodium Reabsorption
  • Tight Junctions and Membrane Polarity
  • Segmental Sodium Reabsorption
  • Proximal Tubule
  • Loop of Henle
  • Distal Tubule
  • Calcium Transport
  • Collecting Ducts
  • Water Transport
  • Countercurrent Mechanism
  • Glomerular Filtration Rate
  • Determinants of Glomerular Filtration
  • Arteriolar Resistance and Glomerular Filtration Rate
  • Clinical Estimation of Glomerular Filtration Rate
  • Creatinine Clearance
  • Plasma Creatinine Concentration and Glomerular Filtration Rate
  • Blood Urea Nitrogen and Glomerular Filtration Rate
• CHAPTER 2 Regulation of Salt and Water Balance
  • Introduction
  • Physiologic Role of Osmotic Pressure
  • Osmotic Pressure and Distribution of Body Water
  • Relationship between Plasma Osmolality and Sodium Concentration
  • Osmoregulation and Volume Regulation
  • Hormonal Role in Water and Sodium Balance
  • Osmoregulation
  • Volume Regulation
  • Antidiuretic Hormone, Thirst, and Maintenance of Water Balance
  • Actions
  • Vascular Resistance
  • Renal Prostaglandins
  • Control of Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion
  • Osmoreceptors
  • Thirst
  • Volume Receptors
  • Interactions of Osmotic and Volume Stimuli
  • Hormonal Regulation of Sodium Excretion
  • Definition of Effective Circulating Volume
  • Renin–Angiotensin System
  • Actions
  • Aldosterone
  • Actions
  • Control of Aldosterone Secretion
  • Maintenance of Sodium and Potassium Balance
  • Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
  • Actions
  • Control of Atrial Natriuretic Peptide Secretion
  • Physiologic Role of Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
  • Other Atrial Natriuretic Peptide-like Hormones
  • Pressure Natriuresis
  • Steady State
  • Role of Impaired Renal Excretion in Electrolyte Disorders
  • Time Course of Diuretic Action
• CHAPTER 3 Disorders of Water Balance: Hyponatremia, Hypernatremia, and Polyuria
  • Determinants of Plasma Sodium Concentration
  • Clinical Importance of Osmoregulation
  • Osmolytes and Cell Volume Regulation
  • Implications for Symptoms and Treatment
  • Hyponatremia
  • Etiology
  • Congestive Heart Failure
  • Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone
  • Reset Osmostat
  • Diagnosis
  • Plasma Osmolality
  • Urine Osmolality
  • Urine Sodium Concentration
  • Basic Principles of Therapy
  • Hypernatremia
  • Etiology
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Water Deficit
  • Concept of Free Water Clearance
  • Polyuria
  • Diagnosis
  • Primary Polydipsia
  • Central Diabetes Insipidus
  • Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus
  • Treatment
• CHAPTER 4 Edematous Conditions and the Use of Diuretics
  • Pathophysiology of Edema Formation
  • Capillary Hemodynamics
  • Starling’s Law
  • Capillary Hydraulic Pressure
  • Interstitial Oncotic Pressure
  • Normal Values in Different Organs
  • Edema Formation
  • Renal Sodium Retention
  • Primary Renal Sodium Retention
  • Compensatory Response to Effective Circulating Volume Depletion
  • Compensated State
  • Renal Disease and Nephrotic Syndrome
  • Nephrotic Syndrome
  • Congestive Heart Failure
  • Hepatic Cirrhosis and Ascites
  • Splanchnic Vasodilatation
  • Physical Examination and Site of Edema Formation
  • Site of Edema Formation
  • Diuretics and Treatment of Edema
  • Diuretic Potency
  • Diuretic Dose
  • Quantity of Sodium Reabsorbed at the Diuretic-Sensitive Site
  • Increased Reabsorption in Other Nephron Segments
  • Diuretic-Induced Side Effects
  • Excess Fluid Removal
  • Potassium Balance
  • Metabolic Alkalosis
  • Hyperuricemia
• CHAPTER 5 Acid–Base Physiology and Metabolic Alkalosis
  • Introduction
  • Acids and Bases
  • Law of Mass Action
  • Bicarbonate–Carbon Dioxide System
  • Acidosis and Alkalosis
  • Response to the Daily Acid Load
  • Buffering
  • Renal Acid Excretion
  • Cell Model for Proximal Bicarbonate Reabsorption and Hydrogen Secretion
  • Regulation of Renal Acid Excretion
  • Extracellular pH
  • Effective Circulating Volume Depletion
  • Plasma Potassium Concentration
  • Metabolic Alkalosis
  • Pathogenesis
  • Generation of Metabolic Alkalosis
  • Maintenance of Metabolic Alkalosis
  • Urine Chloride Concentration in Diagnosis of Metabolic Alkalosis
  • Relationship between Urinary Bicarbonate Sodium, Potassium, and Chloride
  • Urinary Electrolytes in Metabolic Alkalosis
  • Treatment
  • Edematous States
• CHAPTER 6 Metabolic Acidosis
  • Introduction
  • Decreased Acid Excretion
  • Renal Failure
  • Treatment
  • Type 1 Renal Tubular Acidosis
  • Type 2 Renal Tubular Acidosis
  • Increased Acid Generation
  • Anion Gap in Diagnosis of Metabolic Acidosis
  • Lactic Acidosis
  • Arterial versus Mixed Venous pH
  • The Role of Bicarbonate in the Treatment of Lactic Acidosis
  • Diabetic Ketoacidosis
  • Ingestions
  • Salicylate Intoxication
  • Other Intoxications
  • Anion Gap in Renal Failure
  • Bicarbonate Loss
  • Treatment
  • Urine Anion Gap
• CHAPTER 7 Disorders of Potassium Balance
  • Physiologic Effects of Potassium
  • Regulation of Potassium Balance
  • Potassium Uptake by Cells
  • Urinary Potassium Excretion
  • Hyperkalemia
  • Etiology
  • Metabolic Acidosis
  • Insulin Deficiency and Hyperglycemia
  • Exercise
  • Renal Failure
  • Hypoaldosteronism
  • Symptoms
  • Treatment
  • Hypokalemia
  • Etiology
  • Urinary Potassium Wasting
  • Hypokalemia and Metabolic Alkalosis with and without Hypertension
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • SUGGESTED READINGS
• CHAPTER 8 Urinalysis and Approach to the Patient with Renal Disease
  • Introduction
  • Urinalysis
  • Proteinuria
  • Limitations of the Dipstick
  • Normal Values and Quantitation
  • Specific Gravity and Osmolality
  • Examination of Urine Sediment
  • Casts
  • Red Cells
  • White Cells
  • Epithelial Cells and Lipiduria
  • Crystals
  • Normal Urine Sediment
  • Acute versus Chronic Renal Disease
  • Correlation of Urinalysis with Differential Diagnosis
  • Urine Sodium Excretion
  • Urine Sodium Concentration
  • Fractional Excretion of Sodium
  • Urine Volume
• CHAPTER 9 Pathogenesis of Major Glomerular and Vascular Diseases
  • Introduction
  • Nephrotic versus Nephritic Syndromes
  • Nephritic Syndrome
  • Structure and Function of the Glomerular Microcirculation
  • Glomerulus as a Size-Selective and Charge-Selective Barrier
  • Mechanisms of Glomerular Proteinuria
  • Mechanisms of Glomerular Disease
  • Visceral Epithelial Cell Injury
  • Secondary Focal and Segmental Glomerulosclerosis
  • Immune Complex Formation
  • Immune Complex Formation in the Lamina Rara Externa (or Subepithelial Space)
  • Immune Complex Formation in the Lamina Rara Interna (or Subendothelial Space) and the Mesangium
  • Antibodies Directed against Glomerular Basement Membrane Antigens
  • Crescent Formation and Cell-Mediated Immunity
  • Basement Membrane Abnormalities
  • Mechanisms of Vascular Injury
  • Systemic Vasculitis and Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibodies
  • Thrombotic Angiopathies
  • Direct Injury to the Endothelium
  • Direct Activation of Platelets
  • Antibody-Mediated Endothelial Injury
• CHAPTER 10 Tubulointerstitial Diseases
  • Anatomic Relationships
  • Clinical Manifestations
  • Mechanisms of Tubulointerstitial Injury
  • Bacterial Infection
  • Pathogenesis
  • Symptoms
  • Pathology
  • Reflux Nephropathy
  • Acute Drug-Induced Interstitial Nephritis
  • Pathogenesis
  • Pathology
  • Clinical Course
  • Drug-Induced Tubular Injury
  • Analgesic Abuse Nephropathy
  • Pathology
  • Pathogenesis
  • Course
  • Urinary Tract and Intratubular Obstruction
  • Intratubular Obstruction and Myeloma Kidney
  • Obstruction in the Collecting Systems
  • Prognosis
  • Cyst Formation
  • Pathogenesis
  • Acquired Cystic Kidney Disease
• CHAPTER 11 Acute Kidney Injury
  • Definition of Renal Injury
  • Early Renal Disease
  • Acute Kidney Injury
  • Diagnostic Approach
  • Time of Onset
  • Exclusion of Urinary Tract Obstruction
  • Urinalysis
  • Distinction between Prerenal Disease and Acute Tubular Necrosis
  • Blood Urea Nitrogen to Plasma Creatinine Ratio
  • Urine Sodium Concentration and Fractional Excretion of Sodium
  • Urine Osmolality
  • Prerenal Disease
  • Hepatorenal Syndrome
  • Renal Artery Stenosis and Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors
  • Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs
  • Acute Tubular Necrosis
  • Pathogenesis
  • Treatment and Prevention
  • Aminoglycoside-Induced Acute Tubular Necrosis
  • Pathogenesis
  • Prevention
  • Contrast Nephropathy
  • Pathogenesis
  • Prevention
  • Clinical Course
• CHAPTER 12 Signs and Symptoms of Chronic Renal Failure
  • Pathogenesis of Uremia
  • Diminished Excretion of Electrolytes and Water
  • Steady State in Chronic Renal Failure
  • Intact Nephron Hypothesis
  • Reduced Excretion of Organic Solutes
  • Decreased Renal Production of Hormones
  • Trade-off Hypothesis
  • Renal Osteodystrophy
  • Hormonal Regulation of Calcium and Phosphate Homeostasis
  • Parathyroid Hormone
  • Fibroblast Growth Factor 23
  • Vitamin D
  • Phosphate and Calcium Metabolism in Renal Failure
  • Renal Bone Disease and Treatment of Hyperphosphatemia
  • Treatment of Hyperphosphatemia
  • Hypertension
  • Potential Role of Pressure Natriuresis
  • Anemia of Chronic Renal Failure
  • Pathogenesis
  • Treatment
  • What Treatment Options Are Available When Kidneys Fail?
  • Solute Diffusion
  • Efficacy of Dialysis
  • Fluid Removal
  • Solute Removal
• CHAPTER 13 Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease
  • Introduction
  • Remnant Kidney Model of Focal Glomerulosclerosis
  • Functional Adaptations
  • Structural Adaptations
  • Pathogenesis of Proteinuria and Glomerulosclerosis
  • Epithelial Cell Injury
  • Hyaline Accumulation and Mesangial Expansion
  • Microaneurysm Formation
  • Endothelial Cell Dysfunction
  • Vascular and Tubulointerstitial Damage
  • Prevention of Secondary Glomerular Injury
  • Dietary Protein Restriction
  • Antihypertensive Therapy
  • Lipid-Lowering Therapy
  • Experimental Diabetic Nephropathy
  • Human Studies
  • Kidney Response to Nephron Loss
  • Effect on Evaluation of Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease
  • Diabetic Nephropathy
  • Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
  • Effect of Strict Glycemic Control
  • Kidney Function at Onset of Overt Disease
  • Efficacy of Dietary Protein Restriction
  • Response in Diabetic Nephropathy
  • Efficacy of Antihypertensive Therapy
  • Reduction in Protein Excretion
• Index

UM RAFBÆKUR Á HEIMKAUP.IS

Bókahillan þín er þitt svæði og þar eru bækurnar þínar geymdar. Þú kemst í bókahilluna þína hvar og hvenær sem er í tölvu eða snjalltæki. Einfalt og þægilegt!

Rafbók til eignar
Rafbók til eignar þarf að hlaða niður á þau tæki sem þú vilt nota innan eins árs frá því bókin er keypt.

Þú kemst í bækurnar hvar sem er
Þú getur nálgast allar raf(skóla)bækurnar þínar á einu augabragði, hvar og hvenær sem er í bókahillunni þinni. Engin taska, enginn kyndill og ekkert vesen (hvað þá yfirvigt).

Auðvelt að fletta og leita
Þú getur flakkað milli síðna og kafla eins og þér hentar best og farið beint í ákveðna kafla úr efnisyfirlitinu. Í leitinni finnur þú orð, kafla eða síður í einum smelli.

Glósur og yfirstrikanir
Þú getur auðkennt textabrot með mismunandi litum og skrifað glósur að vild í rafbókina. Þú getur jafnvel séð glósur og yfirstrikanir hjá bekkjarsystkinum og kennara ef þeir leyfa það. Allt á einum stað.

Hvað viltu sjá? / Þú ræður hvernig síðan lítur út
Þú lagar síðuna að þínum þörfum. Stækkaðu eða minnkaðu myndir og texta með multi-level zoom til að sjá síðuna eins og þér hentar best í þínu námi.



Fleiri góðir kostir
- Þú getur prentað síður úr bókinni (innan þeirra marka sem útgefandinn setur)
- Möguleiki á tengingu við annað stafrænt og gagnvirkt efni, svo sem myndbönd eða spurningar úr efninu
- Auðvelt að afrita og líma efni/texta fyrir t.d. heimaverkefni eða ritgerðir
- Styður tækni sem hjálpar nemendum með sjón- eða heyrnarskerðingu