Efnisyfirlit

• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Brief Contents
• Contents
• About Revel and This Course
• About the Authors
• Psychology in Action Secrets for Surviving College and Improving Your Grades
  • PIA.1 Study Skills
  • PIA.2 Managing Time and Tasks
  • PIA.3 Reading the Text: Textbooks Are Not Meatloaf
    • Survey
    • Question
    • Read
    • Recite
    • Recall/Review
  • PIA.4 Getting the Most Out of Lectures
  • PIA.5 Studying for Exams: Cramming Is Not an Option
  • PIA.6 Improving Your Memory
  • PIA.7 Writing Papers
  • Pia.8 Your Ethical Responsibility as a Student
• 1 The Science of Psychology
  • 1.1–1.2 the History of Psychology
    • 1.1 In the Beginning: Wundt, Titchener, and James
    • 1.2 Three Influential Approaches: Gestalt, Psychoanalysis, and Behaviorism
  • 1.3–1.4 the Field of Psychology Today
    • 1.3 Modern Perspectives
    • 1.4 Psychological Professionals and Areas of Specialization
  • 1.5–1.10 Scientific Research
    • 1.5 Thinking Critically About Critical Thinking
    • 1.6 the Scientific Approach
    • 1.7 Descriptive Methods
    • 1.8 Correlations: Finding Relationships
    • 1.9 The Experiment
    • 1.10 Experimental Hazards and Controlling for Effects
  • APA Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry andCritical Thinking
  • 1.11–1.12 Ethics of Psychological Research
    • 1.11 the Guidelines for Doing Research with People
    • 1.12 Animal Research
  • Applying Psychology to Everyday Life: Critical Thinking and Social Media
    • Chapter Summary
    • Test Yourself
• 2 The Biological Perspective
  • 2.1–2.3 Neurons and Neurotransmitters
    • 2.1 Structure of the Neuron: the Nervous System’s Building Block
    • 2.2 Generating the Message Within the Neuron: the Neural Impulse
    • 2.3 Neurotransmission
  • 2.4–2.5 Looking Inside the Living Brain
    • 2.4 Methods for Studying Specific Regions of the Brain
    • 2.5 Neuroimaging Techniques
  • 2.6–2.10 From the Bottom Up: The Structures of the Brain
    • 2.6 The Hindbrain
    • 2.7 Structures Under the Cortex: The Limbic System
    • 2.8 The Cortex
    • 2.9 The Association Areas of the Cortex
  • Classic Studies in Psychology: Through the Looking Glass—Spatial Neglect
    • 2.10 The Cerebral Hemispheres
  • 2.11–2.12 The Nervous System: the Rest of the Story
    • 2.11 The Central Nervous System: The “Central Processing Unit”
    • 2.12 The Peripheral Nervous System: Nerves on the Edge
  • 2.13–2.14 the Endocrine Glands
    • 2.13 the Pituitary: Master of the Hormonal Universe
    • 2.14 Other Endocrine Glands
  • APA Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking: Phineas Gage and Neuroplasticity
  • Applying Psychology to Everyday Life: Minimizing the Impact of Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity
    • Chapter Summary
    • Test Yourself
• 3 Sensation and Perception
  • 3.1–3.3 The Abcs of Sensation
    • 3.1 Transduction
    • 3.2 Sensory Thresholds
    • 3.3 Habituation and Sensory Adaptation
  • 3.4–3.6 The Science of Seeing
    • 3.4 Light and the Eye
    • 3.5 The Visual Pathway
    • 3.6 Perception of Color
  • 3.7–3.9 The Hearing Sense: Can You Hear Me Now?
    • 3.7 Sound Waves and the Ear
    • 3.8 Perceiving Pitch
    • 3.9 Types of Hearing Impairments
  • 3.10–3.11 Chemical Senses: It Tastes Good and Smells Even Better
    • 3.10 Gustation: How We Taste the World
    • 3.11 The Sense of Scents: Olfaction
  • 3.12–3.13 The Other Senses: What the Body Knows
    • 3.12 Somesthetic Senses
    • 3.13 Body Movement and Position
  • 3.14–3.16 The Abcs of Perception
    • 3.14 How We Organize Our Perceptions
    • 3.15 Depth Perception
    • 3.16 Perceptual Illusions
  • APA Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking: Perceptual Influences on Metacognition
  • Applying Psychology to Everyday Life: Using Your Senses to Be More Mindful
    • Chapter Summary
    • Test Yourself
• 4 Consciousness
  • 4.1–4.2 What Is Consciousness?
    • 4.1 Definition of Consciousness
    • 4.2 Altered States of Consciousness
  • 4.3–4.6 Sleep
    • 4.3 The Biology of Sleep
    • 4.4 Why We Sleep
    • 4.5 The Stages of Sleep
    • 4.6 Sleep Disorders
  • APA Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking: Weight Gain and Sleep
  • 4.7–4.8 Dreams
    • 4.7 Why Do We Dream?
    • 4.8 What Do People Dream About?
  • 4.9–4.10 Hypnosis
    • 4.9 How Hypnosis Works
    • 4.10 Theories of Hypnosis
  • 4.11–4.14 The Influence of Psychoactive Drugs
    • 4.11 Dependence
    • 4.12 Stimulants: Up, Up, and Away
    • 4.13 Down in the Valley: Depressants
    • 4.14 Hallucinogens: Higher and Higher
  • Applying Psychology to Everyday Life: Can You Really Multitask?
    • Chapter Summary
    • Test Yourself
• 5 Learning
  • 5.1 Definition of Learning
  • 5.2–5.3 It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning
    • 5.2 Pavlov and the Salivating Dogs
    • 5.3 Classical Conditioning Applied to Human Behavior
  • 5.4–5.9 What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning
    • 5.4 The Contributions of Thorndike and Skinner
    • 5.5 The Concept of Reinforcement
    • 5.6 Schedules of Reinforcement: Why the One-armed Bandit Is So Seductive
    • 5.7 The Role of Punishment in Operant Conditioning
    • 5.8 Other Aspects of Operant Conditioning
    • 5.9 Applications of Operant Conditioning: Shaping and Behavior Modification
  • Classic Studies in Psychology: Biological Constraints on Operant Conditioning
  • APA Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking: Spare the Rod, Spoil the Child?
  • 5.10–5.12 Cognitive Learning Theory
    • 5.10 Tolman’s Maze-running Rats: Latent Learning
    • 5.11 Köhler’s Smart Chimp: Insight Learning
    • 5.12 Seligman’s Depressed Dogs: Learned Helplessness
  • 5.13–5.14 Observational Learning
    • 5.13 Bandura and the Bobo Doll
    • 5.14 The Four Elements of Observational Learning
  • Applying Psychology to Everyday Life: Conditioning in the Real World
    • Chapter Summary
    • Test Yourself
• 6 Memory
  • 6.1–6.2 What Is Memory?
    • 6.1 Three Processes of Memory
    • 6.2 Models of Memory
  • 6.3–6.5 The Information-processing Model: Three Memory Systems
    • 6.3 Sensory Memory: Why Do People Do Double Takes?
  • Classic Studies in Psychology: Sperling’s Iconic Memory Test
    • 6.4 Short-Term Memory
    • 6.5 Long-Term Memory
  • 6.6–6.9 Getting It Out: Retrieval of Long-term Memories
    • 6.6 Retrieval Cues
    • 6.7 Recall and Recognition
  • Classic Studies in Psychology: Elizabeth Loftus and Eyewitnesses
    • 6.8 Automatic Encoding: Flashbulb Memories
    • 6.9 The Reconstructive Nature of Long-Term Memory Retrieval: How Reliable Are Memories?
  • APA Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking: Effects of Supplements on Memory
  • 6.10–6.11 What Were We Talking About? Forgetting
    • 6.10 Ebbinghaus and the Forgetting Curve
    • 6.11 Reasons We Forget
  • 6.12–6.13 Neuroscience of Memory
    • 6.12 The Biological Bases of Memory
    • 6.13 When Memory Fails: Organic Amnesia
  • Applying Psychology to Everyday Life: Using Elaborative Rehearsal to Make Memories More Memorable
    • Chapter Summary
    • Test Yourself
• 7 Cognition: Thinking, Intelligence, and Language
  • 7.1–7.5 How People Think
    • 7.1 Mental Imagery
    • 7.2 Concepts and Prototypes
    • 7.3 Problem-Solving and Decision-Making Strategies
    • 7.4 Problems with Problem Solving and Decision Making
    • 7.5 Creativity
  • 7.6–7.10 Intelligence
    • 7.6 Theories of Intelligence
    • 7.7 Measuring Intelligence
    • 7.8 Test Construction: Good Test, Bad Test?
    • 7.9 Individual Differences in Intelligence
    • 7.10 The Nature/nurture Issue Regarding Intelligence
  • 7.11–7.14 Language
    • 7.11 The Levels of Language Analysis
    • 7.12 Development of Language
    • 7.13 The Relationship Between Language and Thought
    • 7.14 Animal Studies in Language
  • APA Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking: A Cognitive Advantage for Bilingual Individual
  • Applying Psychology to Everyday Life: Recognizing Cognitive Biases
    • Chapter Summary
    • Test Yourself
• 8 Development Across the Life Span
  • 8.1–8.3 Studying Human Development
    • 8.1 Research Designs
    • 8.2 Nature and Nurture
    • 8.3 The Basic Building Blocks of Development
  • 8.4–8.5 Prenatal Development
    • 8.4 Fertilization
    • 8.5 Three Stages of Development
  • 8.6–8.8 Infancy and Childhood Development
    • 8.6 Physical Development
  • Classic Studies in Psychology: The Visual Cliff
    • 8.7 Cognitive Development
    • 8.8 Psychosocial Development
  • Classic Studies in Psychology: Harlow and Contact Comfort
  • APA Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking: The Facts About Immunizations
  • 8.9–8.11 Adolescence
    • 8.9 Physical Development
    • 8.10 Cognitive Development
    • 8.11 Psychosocial Development
  • 8.12–8.17 Adulthood and Aging
    • 8.12 Physical Development: Use It or Lose It
    • 8.13 Cognitive Development
    • 8.14 Psychosocial Development
    • 8.15 Theories of Physical and Psychological Aging
    • 8.16 Stages of Death and Dying
    • 8.17 Death and Dying in Other Cultures
• 9 Motivation and Emotion
  • 9.1–9.5 Understanding Motivation
    • 9.1 Defining Motivation
    • 9.2 Early Approaches to Understanding Motivation
    • 9.3 Different Strokes for Different Folks: Psychological Needs
    • 9.4 Arousal and Incentive Approaches
    • 9.5 Humanistic Approaches
  • APA Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking: Cultural Differences in the Use of Praise as a
  • 9.6–9.7 What, Hungry Again? Why People Eat
    • 9.6 Physiological and Social Components of Hunger
    • 9.7 Obesity
  • 9.8–9.10 Emotion
    • 9.8 The Three Elements of Emotion
    • 9.9 Early Theories of Emotion
    • 9.10 Cognitive Theories of Emotion
  • Classic Studies in Psychology: The Angry/Happy Man
  • Applying Psychology to Everyday Life: What Is Holding You Back from Keeping Track?
• 10 Sexuality and Gender
  • 10.1–10.2 The Physical Side of Human Sexuality
    • 10.1 The Primary and Secondary Sex Characteristics
    • 10.2 The Development of Sex Characteristics
  • 10.3–10.5 The Psychological Side of Human Sexuality: Gender
    • 10.3 Gender Identity
    • 10.4 Gender-Role Development
    • 10.5 Sex Differences
  • 10.6–10.8 Human Sexual Behavior
    • 10.6 Sexual Response
  • Classic Studies in Psychology: Masters and Johnson’s Observational Study of the Human Sexual Respo
    • 10.7 Different Types of Sexual Behavior
    • 10.8 Sexual Orientation
  • APA Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking: Sexting and Sex in Adolescents
    • 10.9 Sexual Health
  • Applying Psychology to Everyday Life: Avoiding Myths About Sexuality and Sexual Behavior
    • Chapter Summary
    • Test Yourself
• 11 Stress and Health
  • 11.1–11.3 Stress and Stressors
    • 11.1 The Relationship Between Stress and Stressors
    • 11.2 Environmental Stressors: Life’s Ups and Downs
    • 11.3 Psychological Stressors: What, Me Worry?
  • 11.4–11.9 Physiological Factors: Stress and Health
    • 11.4 The General Adaptation Syndrome
    • 11.5 The Immune System and Stress
    • 11.6 Health Psychology
    • 11.7 Cognitive Factors in Stress
    • 11.8 Personality Factors in Stress
    • 11.9 Social and Cultural Factors in Stress: People Who Need People
  • APA Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking: Homeopathy: An Illusion of Healing
  • 11.10–11.13 Coping with Stress
    • 11.10 Coping Strategies
    • 11.11 How Social Support Affects Coping
    • 11.12 How Culture Affects Coping
    • 11.13 How Religion Affects Coping
  • Applying Psychology to Everyday Life: Coping with Stress in College
    • Chapter Summary
    • Test Yourself
• 12 Social Psychology
  • 12.1–12.4 Social Influence
    • 12.1 Conformity
    • 12.2 Group Behavior
    • 12.3 Compliance
    • 12.4 Obedience
  • APA Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking: Cults and the Failure of Critical Thinking
  • 12.5–12.9 Social Cognition
    • 12.5 Attitudes
    • 12.6 Attitude Change: The Art of Persuasion
    • 12.7 Cognitive Dissonance: When Attitudes and Behavior Clash
    • 12.8 Impression Formation
    • 12.9 Attribution
  • 12.10–12.15 Social Interaction
    • 12.10 Prejudice and Discrimination
    • 12.11 How People Learn and Overcome Prejudice
  • Classic Studies in Psychology: Brown Eyes, Blue Eyes
    • 12.12 Interpersonal Attraction
    • 12.13 Love Is a Triangle—Robert Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love
    • 12.14 Aggression
    • 12.15 Prosocial Behavior
  • Applying Psychology to Everyday Life: Looking at Groups
    • Chapter Summary
    • Test Yourself
• 13 Theories of Personality
  • 13.1 Theories of Personality
  • 13.2–13.5 Psychodynamic Perspectives
    • 13.2 Freud’s Conception of Personality
    • 13.3 Stages of Personality Development
    • 13.4 The Neo-Freudians
    • 13.5 Current Thoughts on Freud and the Psychodynamic Perspective
  • 13.6–13.7 The Behavioral and Social Cognitive View of Personality
    • 13.6 Learning Theories
    • 13.7 Current Thoughts on the Behavioral and Social Cognitive Learning Views
  • 13.8–13.9 The Third Force: Humanism and Personality
    • 13.8 Carl Rogers and the Humanistic Perspective
    • 13.9 Current Thoughts on the Humanistic View of Personality
  • 13.10–13.12 Trait Theories: Who Are You?
    • 13.10 Allport and Cattell: Early Attempts to List and Describe Traits
    • 13.11 Modern Trait Theories: the Big Five
    • 13.12 Current Thoughts on the Trait Perspective
  • 13.13–13.15 Personality: Genetics, Neuroscience, and Culture
    • 13.13 The Biology of Personality: Behavioral Genetics
    • 13.14 The Biology of Personality: Neuroscience
    • 13.15 Current Thoughts on the Heritability and Neuroscience of Personality
  • Classic Studies in Psychology: Geert Hofstede’s Four Dimensions of Cultural Personality
  • APA Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking: Personality, Family, and Culture
  • 13.16–13.17 Assessment of Personality
    • 13.16 Interviews, Behavioral Assessments, and Personality Inventories
    • 13.17 Projective Tests
  • Applying Psychology to Everyday Life: Informally Assessing Personality
    • Chapter Summary
    • Test Yourself
• 14 Psychological Disorders
  • 14.1–14.3 What Is Abnormality?
    • 14.1 Changing Conceptions of Abnormality
    • 14.2 Models of Abnormality
    • 14.3 Diagnosing and Classifying Disorders
  • 14.4–14.5 Disorders of Mood: the Effect of Affect
    • 14.4 Major Depressive Disorder and Bipolar Disorders
    • 14.5 Causes of Disordered Mood
  • 14.6–14.8 Disorders of Anxiety, Trauma, and Stress: What, Me Worry?
    • 14.6 Anxiety Disorders
    • 14.7 Other Disorders Related to Anxiety
    • 14.8 Causes of Anxiety, Trauma, and Stress Disorders
  • 14.9–14.10 Dissociative Disorders: Altered Identities
    • 14.9 Types of Dissociative Disorders
    • 14.10 Causes of Dissociative Disorders
  • 14.11–14.12 Eating Disorders and Sexual Dysfunction
    • 14.11 Eating Disorders
    • 14.12 Sexual Dysfunctions and Problems
  • 14.13–14.14 Personality Disorders: I’m Okay, It’s Everyone Else Who’s Weird
    • 14.13 Categories of Personality Disorders
    • 14.14 Causes of Personality Disorders
  • 14.15–14.16 Schizophrenia: Altered Reality
    • 14.15 Symptoms of Schizophrenia
    • 14.16 Causes of Schizophrenia
  • APA Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking: Learning More: Psychological Disorders
  • Applying Psychology to Everyday Life: Taking the Worry Out of Exams
    • Chapter Summary
    • Test Yourself
• 15 Psychological Therapies
  • 15.1 Treatment of Psychological Disorders: Past to Present
  • 15.2–15.3 Insight Therapies: Psychodynamic and Humanistic Approaches
    • 15.2 Psychotherapy Begins: Freud’s Psychoanalysis
    • 15.3 Humanistic Therapy: To Err is Human
  • 15.4–15.5 Action Therapies: Behavior Therapies and Cognitive Therapies
    • 15.4 Behavior Therapies: Learning One’s Way to Better Behavior
    • 15.5 Cognitive Therapies: Thinking Is Believing
  • 15.6–15.7 Group Therapies: Not Just for the Shy
    • 15.6 Types of Group Therapies
    • 15.7 Evaluation of Group Therapy
  • 15.8–15.9 Does Psychotherapy Really Work?
    • 15.8 Studies of Effectiveness
    • 15.9 Characteristics of Effective Therapy
  • APA Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking: Does It Work? Psychological Treatment
  • 15.10–15.12 Biomedical Therapies
    • 15.10 Psychopharmacology
    • 15.11 ECT and Psychosurgery
    • 15.12 Emerging Techniques
  • 15.13 Lifestyle Factors: Fostering Resilience
  • Applying Psychology to Everyday Life: How to Help Others: Reducing the Stigma of Seeking Help
    • Chapter Summary
    • Test Yourself
• Appendix A Statistics in Psychology
• Appendix B Applied Psychology and Psychology Careers
• Appendix C Industrialorganizational Psychology
• Glossary
• References
• Name Index
• Subject Index

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