Efnisyfirlit

• Contents
• Introduction
• Chapter 1: Measurements and uncertainties
  • 1.1: Measurements in physics
    • Making observations
    • Measurement
    • Summary of SI units
  • 1.2: Uncertainties and errors
    • Uncertainty and error in measurement
    • Errors in measurement
    • Relationships
  • 1.3: Vectors and scalars
    • Vector and scalar quantities
    • Addition of vectors
    • Pythagoras
    • Vectors in one dimension
    • Subtracting vectors
• Chapter 2: Mechanics
  • 2.1: Motion
    • Displacement and distance
    • Velocity and speed
    • Acceleration
    • The signs of displacement, velocity, and acceleration
    • Free fall motion
    • Acceleration of free fall
    • Graphical representation of motion
    • Projectile motion
    • Projectile motion with air resistance
  • 2.2: Forces
    • Force (F)
    • Newton’s first law of motion
    • Types of force
  • 2.3: Momentum and impulse
    • The relationship between force and acceleration
    • Newton’s second law of motion
    • Newton’s third law of motion
    • Collisions
    • The law of the conservation of momentum
    • Momentum and force
    • Pressure (P)
  • 2.4: Work, energy, and power
    • Work
    • Energy
    • Forms of energy
    • Energy and collisions
    • Power
• Chapter 3: Thermal physics
  • 3.1: Thermal concepts
    • The particle model of matter
    • The three states of matter
    • Internal energy
    • Temperature (T)
    • Heat transfer
    • Thermal capacity (C )
    • Specific heat capacity (c)
    • Phase change
    • Specifi c latent heat (L)
    • Graphical representation of heating
    • Measuring thermal quantities by the method of mixtures
  • 3.2: Modelling a gas
    • The ideal gas
    • Defining the state of a gas
    • Relationships between P, V, and T
    • Boyle’s law (constant temperature)
    • Pressure law (constant volume)
    • Charles’ law (constant pressure)
    • Avogadro’s hypothesis
    • The ideal gas equation
• Chapter 4: Circular motion and gravitation
  • 4.1: Circular motion
    • Quantities of circular motion
    • Angular velocity and speed
    • Centripetal acceleration
    • Examples of circular motion
  • 4.2: Gravitational field and orbits
    • Gravitational force and field
    • Gravitational field
    • Gravitational potential in a uniform field
    • Equipotentials and field lines
    • Escape speed
    • The solar system
• Chapter 5: Oscillations and waves
  • 5.1: Oscillations
    • The simple pendulum
    • Equations for SHM
    • Graphical representation of SHM
    • Representing SHM with circular motion
    • Energy changes during simple harmonic motion (SHM)
    • Graphical representation
    • Phase
  • 5.2: Waves and wave behaviour
    • Wave pulse in a string
    • Continuous wave in a string (transverse wave)
    • Graphical representation of a transverse wave
    • Standing waves in strings
    • Stringed instruments
    • Waves in a slinky spring (longitudinal waves)
  • 5.3: Two-dimensional waves (water waves)
    • Reflection of water waves
    • Refraction of water waves
    • Diffraction of water waves
    • Interference of water waves
  • 5.4: Sound waves
    • Properties of sound waves
    • Standing waves in closed pipes
    • Standing waves in open pipes
    • The Doppler effect
  • 5.5: Light waves
    • The electromagnetic spectrum
    • Refraction of light
    • Dispersion
    • Diffraction of light at a single slit
    • Resolution
    • Interference of light
    • Multiple-slit diffraction
    • Thin film interference
    • The Doppler effect and EM radiation
    • Polarization of light
• Chapter 6: Electricity and magnetism
  • 6.1: Electric fields
    • Electric force
    • Charge (Q)
    • Electric field
    • Coulomb’s law
    • Potential (V)
  • 6.2: Electric current
    • Movement of charge
    • Ohm’s law
  • 6.3: Electric circuits
    • Electric cells and batteries
    • Simplest circuit
    • Electrical power
    • Combinations of components
    • Electrical measurement
  • 6.4: Magnetic effects of electric currents
    • Magnetic field
    • Field caused by currents
    • Definition of the ampere
    • Charges in magnetic fields
  • 6.5: Electromagnetic induction
    • Conductor moving in a magnetic field
    • Faraday’s law
    • Lenz’s law
  • 6.6: Power generation and transmission
    • Coil rotating in a uniform magnetic field
    • Power in AC circuits
    • Rectification
  • 6.7: Capacitance
    • Capacitors in series
    • Capacitors in parallel
    • Energy stored in a capacitor
• Chapter 7: Atomic, nuclear, and particle physics
  • 7.1: Discrete energy and the interaction of matter with radiation
    • The arrangement of charge in the atom
    • The Rutherford model
    • The connection between atoms and light
    • The quantum nature of light
    • The wave nature of matter
  • 7.2: Properties of the nucleus and radioactivity
    • Charge and mass
    • Size of the nucleus
    • The nuclear force
    • Binding energy
    • Radioactive decay
    • Untitled
    • Nuclear fusion
    • Nuclear fission
  • 7.3: The structure of matter
    • Classifying particles
    • Exchange forces
    • Electromagnetic force
    • Feynman diagrams
    • Baryons and mesons
    • Quarks
    • Feynman diagrams for strong interactions
    • Weak interactions
    • The standard model
• Chapter 8: Energy production
  • 8.1: Energy production
    • Energy sources
    • Fuels
    • Generating electricity
    • Nuclear power
    • The nuclear power station
    • Solar power
    • Hydroelectric power
    • Wind power
    • The wind turbine
    • Wave power
    • Generating electricity from water waves
    • Tidal power
    • World energy usage
  • 8.2: Global thermal energy transfer
    • Energy from the Sun
    • Radiation from the Sun
    • Interaction between solar radiation and the atmosphere
    • Radiation reaching the Earth
    • Energy balance
    • Earth with atmosphere
    • Global warming
• Chapter 9: Option A: Relativity
  • 9.1: The beginnings of relativity
    • Reference frames
    • Galilean relativity
    • The nature of light
  • 9.2: Lorentz transformations
    • The two postulates of special relativity
    • Lorentz transformations
    • The muon experiment
    • Space–time interval
  • 9.3: Space–time diagrams
    • Frames of reference in space–time diagrams
    • The twin paradox
  • 9.4: Relativistic mechanics
    • Simplifying the units (MeV)
    • Neutral pion decay
    • Pair production
  • 9.5: General relativity
    • The equivalence principle
    • Gravitational mass and inertial mass
    • Curvature in space–time
    • Black holes
    • General relativity and the Universe
    • Curvature and the future of the Universe
• Chapter 10: Option B: Engineering physics
  • 10.1: Rigid bodies and rotational dynamics
    • Rotational motion
    • Equilibrium
    • Non-perpendicular forces
    • Constant angular acceleration
    • Newton’s second law applied to angular motion
    • Some common shapes and their moments of inertia
    • Angular momentum (L)
  • 10.2: Thermodynamics
    • Thermodynamic systems
    • The first law of thermodynamics
    • Constant pressure compression (isobaric)
    • Cyclic processes
    • The second law of thermodynamics
  • 10.3: Fluids and their dynamics
    • Static fluids
    • Fluid pressure
    • Fluid dynamics
    • The continuity equation
    • The Bernoulli equation
    • Real fluids
  • 10.4: Forced vibration and resonance
    • Damped harmonic motion
    • The Q factor
    • Forced vibration
    • Resonance
• Chapter 11: Option C: Imaging
  • 11.1: Introduction to imaging
    • Lenses
    • Objects and images
    • Image formation in convex lenses
    • Image formation in concave lenses
    • The lens formula
    • The human eye
    • The magnifying glass
    • Angular magnification (M)
    • Lens aberrations
    • Spherical mirrors
    • The mirror formula
  • 11.2: Imaging instrumentation
    • The optical compound microscope
    • The astronomical telescope
    • The reflecting telescope
  • 11.3: Fibre optics
    • Fibre optic basics
    • The ophthalmoscope
    • Optical fibres and digital communication
    • Attenuation
  • 11.4: Medical imaging
    • Detection and recording of X-ray images
    • Producing an X-ray image
    • Further improvements
    • Ultrasound
    • Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)
• Chapter 12: Option D: Astrophysics
  • 12.1: Stellar quantities
    • The view from here
    • Astronomical distances
    • EM radiation from stars
  • 12.2: Stellar characteristics
    • Stellar spectra
  • 12.3: Stellar evolution
    • The birth of a star
    • Main sequence
    • After the main sequence
  • 12.4: Cosmology
    • The cosmological principle
    • Critical density (ρc)
    • The expanding Universe
    • The BIG Bang
    • The early development of the Universe
• Theory of Knowledge
  • The scientific method
  • Theories must be falsifiable
  • Paradigm shifts
  • Use of language
  • Laws
  • Sense and perception
  • Imagination
  • Physics or intuition?
  • Peer review
  • Ethics and physics
• Internal assessment
  • A hands-on laboratory investigation
  • Spreadsheet analysis and modelling
  • Databases
  • Simulations
  • Assessment criteria
• Extended essay
  • Choosing a topic
  • The research question
  • Performing the practical work
  • Research
  • Writing the essay
  • What can go wrong
  • Extended Essay assessment
• Index
• Back Cover

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