Efnisyfirlit

• Contents
• Introduction
• Part 1: Rivalry, mistrust and accord
  • Chapter 1: What was the Cold War?
    • Communism versus Capitalism
      • Increasing hostility
    • Idealism versus self-interest
    • What was the significance of Stalinism?
      • Stalin’s role in World War Two
      • The cost of World War Two
    • Why did the USA and the USSR emerge as superpowers after 1945?
      • Military reasons
      • Economic reasons
      • Political reasons
  • Chapter 2: Breakdown of the Grand Alliance: Part 1
    • The breakdown of the Grand Alliance
    • Step 1: The wartime conferences
      • The Tehran Conference, 1943
      • The Yalta Conference, 1945
      • What were the crucial developments that took place between the Yalta and Potsdam Conferences?
      • The Potsdam Conference, 1945
    • Key developments, 1946–1947
      • Salami tactics
      • Soviet pressure on Iran
      • Instability in Greece and Turkey
      • Communist parties in Italy and France
    • Step 2: Kennan’s Long Telegram, February 1946
    • Step 3: Churchill’s ‘Iron Curtain’ speech, March 1946
      • What was the basis for the Iron Curtain speech?
      • Soviet reaction to Churchill’s speech
  • Chapter 3: Breakdown of the Grand Alliance: Part 2
    • Confrontation and containment
    • Step 4: The Truman Doctrine
    • Step 5: The Marshall Plan
      • Dollar imperialism?
      • Soviet reaction to the Marshall Plan
      • The Soviet response
      • Cominform and the ‘two camps’ doctrine
    • Step 6: Red Army occupation of Eastern Europe, 1945–1947
      • The ‘X article’
    • Step 7: The Czechoslovakian Coup, February 1948
    • Step 8: The Berlin Crisis of 1948
      • Post-war Germany
      • Why did the post-war powers fail to unify Germany?
      • What were the results of the Berlin Blockade?
    • What conclusions can be drawn about Europe’s situation at the end of 1949?
    • What did this situation mean for international relations beyond Europe?
  • Chapter 4: How can we explain the breakdown of the Grand Alliance?
    • What was the role of ideology in causing the breakdown of the Grand Alliance?
    • What was the role of Great Power rivalry in causing the breakdown of the Grand Alliance?
    • What was the role of economic interests in causing the breakdown of the Grand Alliance?
    • How far did the actions of the USA and USSR cause the breakdown of the Grand Alliance?
      • Was the USSR responsible for the breakdown of the Grand Alliance?
      • Was the USA responsible for the breakdown of the Grand Alliance?
    • What was the role of fear and suspicion in causing the breakdown of the Grand Alliance?
      • Fear on the part of the USA
      • Fear on the part of the USSR
    • How have historians interpreted the origins of the Cold War?
      • The Orthodox view
      • The Revisionist view
      • Post-revisionist view
      • Views of the post-Cold War historians
    • European and Soviet perspectives
      • What was the role of the Europeans in the development of the Cold War?
      • What is the Soviet perspective?
  • Chapter 5: The Cold War goes global: The Korean War
    • US Foreign Policy, 1949–1950
      • The USSR gets the bomb
      • China falls to the Communists
      • The Red Scare: McCarthyism and the anti-Communist crusade in America
      • NSC-68: ‘Total Commitment’
      • North Korea invades South Korea, 1950
      • Why did North Korea attack South Korea in 1950?
      • Background to the conflict
      • Why did the superpowers get involved?
      • What was the role of Kim Il Sung in starting the war?
      • What was the role of Stalin in starting the war?
      • What was the role of Mao Zedong in the outbreak of the war?
      • The course of the war
    • Results of the Korean War
      • Actions of the United States
      • What did the Korean War and the subsequent actions of the USA mean for other countries?
    • The effects of the Korean War on the Cold War
  • Chapter 6: The USA and containment in Asia
    • Case Study 1: Korea
    • Case Study 2: Japan
      • Was containment a success in Japan?
    • Case Study 3: Taiwan
      • Was containment a success in Taiwan?
    • Case Study 4: An In-Depth Study of the USA and Containment in Vietnam
      • How did the United States become involved?
      • How did President Kennedy widen the conflict?
      • The Great Society and the ‘credibility gap’
      • The Tet Offensive
      • Did President Nixon achieve ‘peace with honour’?
      • The Paris peace talks
      • Was Vietnam a failure for the American policy of containment? Historians’ views
      • Conclusions on the US policy of containment in Asia
  • Chapter 7: Peaceful co-existence: New leaders, new ideas?
    • Eisenhower and Dulles in the United States: roll-back, brinkmanship, and the New Look
    • Khrushchev and co-existence
    • What other factors encouraged a change in international relations?
    • East–West relations in the 1950s: the reality
      • Was the Geneva Summit a failure?
      • Why did East–West tension increase again after 1955?
    • The technology race
      • The missile gap
    • How did events of 1958–1960 affect East–West relations?
      • The U-2 incident
  • Chapter 8: Case study in crisis: Berlin 1958–1961
    • The two Germanys
      • Economic differences between West Germany and East Germany
      • Political differences between West Germany and East Germany
    • Why did the Berlin Crisis develop?
      • Khrushchev and the crisis of 1958
      • Kennedy and flexible response
    • Khrushchev, Ulbricht, and the crisis of 1960–1961
      • The Berlin Wall
    • What did the building of the wall mean
      • … for Khrushchev?
      • … for Ulbricht?
      • … for the citizens of Berlin?
      • … for the Cold War?
    • The symbolism of the wall
  • Chapter 9: Case study in crisis: The Cuban Missile Crisis
    • Background to and causes of the Cuban Missile Crisis
      • Why was the United States opposed to Castro’s revolution?
      • Castro takes power
      • How did the United States deal with the ‘threat’ of Castro?
      • Why was the Bay of Pigs invasion a failure?
      • What were the results of the failure of the Bay of Pigs invasion?
    • The Cuban Missile Crisis
      • Why did Khrushchev put missiles in Cuba?
      • Why was the presence of missiles so intolerable to the United States?
      • How was the Cuba crisis linked to the Berlin Crisis?
      • How was the crisis resolved?
    • How effective was Kennedy’s handling of the Cuban Missile Crisis?
      • The Orthodox view
      • The Revisionist view
      • New interpretations
    • What conclusions can be reached about Khrushchev’s actions?
    • What was Castro’s role in the crisis?
    • The impact of the Cuban Missile Crisis
      • What were the results of the crisis
  • Chapter 10: Sino-Soviet relations
    • China becomes a Communist nation
      • Background
      • Civil war in China
    • Stalin and Mao, 1945–1953
      • The Sino-Soviet Treaty of Alliance
    • The USSR, the PRC, and the Korean War,1950–1953
    • Sino-Soviet Relations after Stalin, 1953–1956
    • Mao, Khrushchev, and ‘the split’, 1956–1964
      • Conference of Communist Parties, 1957
      • Khrushchev’s visit to Beijing, 1958
      • Taiwan, 1958
    • Sino-Soviet relations and the ‘Great Leap Forward’
      • What was the Great Leap Forward?
      • Failure and starvation
      • Soviets denounce the GLF
      • Albania
    • The Sino-Indian War, 1962
    • The Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962
    • Sino-Soviet relations and the Cultural Revolution, 1966–1976
    • China, the USSR, and nuclear weapons
    • The PRC and Leonid Brezhnev, 1968–1982
      • The invasion of Czechoslovakia, 1968
    • Sino-Soviet border war, 1969
    • The PRC, the USSR, and Indochina
      • The Vietnam War
      • Sino-Soviet clashes over Cambodia and Vietnam
    • Sino-Soviet rapprochement, 1982–2000
      • Mikhail Gorbachev and Deng Xiaoping
      • Tiananmen Square, 1989
      • The fall of the Soviet Union
  • Chapter 11: Sino-American relations
    • Background
    • The 1950s – increasing tension
      • Tibet, 1950
      • The Korean War, 1950–1953
      • The impact of the Korean War on Sino-American relations
      • Taiwan, 1954 and 1958
    • The Sino-American Cold War in the 1960s
      • The United States, the PRC, and Taiwan
      • The United States, Vietnam, and the People’s Republic of China
      • The PRC and decolonization
      • The USA and the PRC’s Cultural Revolution
    • Sino-American détente in the 1970s
      • Why did the USA want détente with the PRC?
      • Why did China want détente with the USA?
      • What did China gain from détente with the United States?
      • What did the US gain from détente with the PRC?
    • The PRC and the Cold War
      • Tiananmen Square, the PRC, and the United States, 1989
    • The United States, the PRC, and the end of the Cold War
  • Chapter 12: Why did détente end in a second Cold War?
    • What were the reasons for PRC–USA rapprochement?
    • What were the reasons for improved East–West relations in Europe?
    • What were the successes of détente?
      • Arms agreements between the USA and the USSR: SALT I
      • SALT II
      • Agreements between the two Germanys and the Soviet Union
      • Agreements between the United States and China
      • The ‘high point of détente’: the Helsinki Agreement
    • Why did détente between the USA and the USSR come under pressure?
      • Political factors that undermined détente
      • Economic factors that undermined détente
    • Why did détente collapse?
    • Did détente fail? The historiography of détente
    • The Second Cold War
  • Chapter 13: Soviet containment 1945–1980
    • Challenges to Soviet control in Eastern Europe
    • The challenge of Yugoslavia
      • Why was Tito able to survive?
      • What was Stalin’s reaction to Tito?
    • Challenge in East Germany, 1953
    • Challenges to Soviet control under Khrushchev
      • Khrushchev and de-Stalinization
      • Khrushchev and Tito
      • Khrushchev and Poland
    • The challenge from Poland in the 1980s
    • To what extent were Soviet leaders following Stalin’s structural legacy?
      • What was the American response to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan?
      • Afghanistan and its impact on détente
  • Chapter 14: Confrontation: The impact of the arms race on the Cold War
    • How did the nuclear arms race develop during the Cold War?
    • Why was the arms race so intense during the Cold War?
    • What strategies were developed for using nuclear weapons?
      • Eisenhower and massive retaliation
      • McNamara and ‘counterforce’
    • The impact of the Cuban Missile Crisis: mutually assured destruction (MAD)
    • The impact of Reagan and Gorbachev
    • The role of conventional weapons
    • The space race
  • Chapter 15: Confrontation and reconciliation: The end of the Cold War
    • What was the impact of Mikhail Gorbachev?
    • What was the role of Ronald Reagan?
    • Long-term factors in the ending of the Cold War
      • What was the role of the Soviet economy?
      • The impact of Gorbachev’s reforms
    • The events of 1989
      • Events in Poland
      • Events in East Germany
      • Events in Hungary
      • Events in Czechoslovakia
      • Events in Romania
    • The end of the USSR
    • What was the impact of the collapse of the USSR and the end of the Cold War?
  • Chapter 16: The impact of Cold War tensions on the United Nations
    • The United Nations system
    • The main principles of the United Nations
      • Three key principles of the UN Charter
      • The American perspective and expectations
      • The Soviet perspective and expectations
    • The impact of the emergence of Cold War tension on the UN
    • The UN and the global Cold War: the 1950s
    • The impact of Cold War tensions on the UN’s first decade
    • The UN and the Cold War: the 1960s
    • The UN and détente, 1968–1979
    • The UN and the Second Cold War
    • The UN and the end of the Cold War
    • The UN and the Cold War: Conclusion
• Part 2: Leaders and nations
  • Chapter 17: The impact of leaders on the development of the Cold War
    • The impact of leaders on the course and development of the Cold War: Truman and Stalin
    • The impact of leaders on the course and development of the Cold War: Khrushchev and Mao
    • The impact of leaders on the course and development of the Cold War: Brezhnev, Brandt, and Nixon
    • The impact of leaders on the course and development of the Cold war: Reagan and Gorbachev
  • Chapter 18: The impact of Cold War tensions on nations
    • The impact of Cold War tensions on individual states: Cuba
      • Impact of Cold War tensions on the nature and direction of Cuba’s revolution
      • The impact of the Cold War on Cuba’s economy
      • The impact of the Cold war on the nature of Castro’s government
      • Impact of Cold War tensions on Cuban Foreign Policy
      • Impact of Cold War tensions on the direction of Nasser’s domestic policy
      • The impact of the Cold War on Egypt’s economic policy
      • Impact of Cold War tensions on Egyptian Foreign Policy
    • The impact of Cold War tension on Germany
      • The impact of the Cold War on the division of Germany, 1945–1949
      • The impact of the Cold War on the constitution of the FRG
      • The impact of the Cold War on the economy of the FRG
      • The impact of the Cold War on West German politics up to 1969
      • The impact of the Cold War on West Germany’s foreign policy
    • The impact of Cold War tension on China
• Part 3: Cold War crises
  • Chapter 19: Comparative studies of key Cold War crises
    • What makes an event in the Cold War a ‘crisis’?
    • Case Study comparison: Berlin Crisis of 1948–1949 and the North Korean invasion of 1950
      • Berlin Crisis of 1948–1949
      • The invasion of South Korea by North Korea, 1950
    • Case Study comparison: the Suez Crisis, 1956 and the invasion of South Korea by North Korea, 1950
    • Case Study comparison: the Berlin Crisis,1958–1961 and the Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962
      • The Berlin Crisis
      • The Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962
    • Case Study comparison: Hungary, 1956 and Afghanistan, 1989
      • What were the causes, impact, and signifi cance of the Hungarian Uprising of 1956?
      • What were the causes, impact, and significance of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1989?
• Theory of Knowledge
  • Introduction
  • Ways of knowing
  • Areas of knowledge
  • Historical development
  • Personal and shared knowledge
  • Conclusion
• Appendices
  • Appendix I
    • Basic timeline
  • Appendix II
    • China’s relations with the USA and the USSR
  • Appendix III
    • US presidential policies during the Cold War
• Further reading
  • Books
  • Websites
• Glossary
• Index
• Back Cover

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