Pearson Baccalaureate History: The Cold War - Superpower Tensions and Rivalries
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Pearson Baccalaureate History: The Cold War - Superpower tensions and rivalries 2nd EditionAnnað
- Höfundar: Jo Thomas, Keely Rogers
- Útgáfa:1
- Útgáfudagur: 20-07-2020
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- Format:Page Fidelity
- ISBN 13: 9781292371672
- Print ISBN: 9781447982364
- ISBN 10: 1292371676
Efnisyfirlit
- Contents
- Introduction
- Part 1: Rivalry, mistrust and accord
- Chapter 1: What was the Cold War?
- Communism versus Capitalism
- Increasing hostility
- Idealism versus self-interest
- What was the significance of Stalinism?
- Stalin’s role in World War Two
- The cost of World War Two
- Why did the USA and the USSR emerge as superpowers after 1945?
- Military reasons
- Economic reasons
- Political reasons
- Communism versus Capitalism
- Chapter 1: What was the Cold War?
- Chapter 2: Breakdown of the Grand Alliance: Part 1
- The breakdown of the Grand Alliance
- Step 1: The wartime conferences
- The Tehran Conference, 1943
- The Yalta Conference, 1945
- What were the crucial developments that took place between the Yalta and Potsdam Conferences?
- The Potsdam Conference, 1945
- Key developments, 1946–1947
- Salami tactics
- Soviet pressure on Iran
- Instability in Greece and Turkey
- Communist parties in Italy and France
- Step 2: Kennan’s Long Telegram, February 1946
- Step 3: Churchill’s ‘Iron Curtain’ speech, March 1946
- What was the basis for the Iron Curtain speech?
- Soviet reaction to Churchill’s speech
- Confrontation and containment
- Step 4: The Truman Doctrine
- Step 5: The Marshall Plan
- Dollar imperialism?
- Soviet reaction to the Marshall Plan
- The Soviet response
- Cominform and the ‘two camps’ doctrine
- Step 6: Red Army occupation of Eastern Europe, 1945–1947
- The ‘X article’
- Step 7: The Czechoslovakian Coup, February 1948
- Step 8: The Berlin Crisis of 1948
- Post-war Germany
- Why did the post-war powers fail to unify Germany?
- What were the results of the Berlin Blockade?
- What conclusions can be drawn about Europe’s situation at the end of 1949?
- What did this situation mean for international relations beyond Europe?
- What was the role of ideology in causing the breakdown of the Grand Alliance?
- What was the role of Great Power rivalry in causing the breakdown of the Grand Alliance?
- What was the role of economic interests in causing the breakdown of the Grand Alliance?
- How far did the actions of the USA and USSR cause the breakdown of the Grand Alliance?
- Was the USSR responsible for the breakdown of the Grand Alliance?
- Was the USA responsible for the breakdown of the Grand Alliance?
- What was the role of fear and suspicion in causing the breakdown of the Grand Alliance?
- Fear on the part of the USA
- Fear on the part of the USSR
- How have historians interpreted the origins of the Cold War?
- The Orthodox view
- The Revisionist view
- Post-revisionist view
- Views of the post-Cold War historians
- European and Soviet perspectives
- What was the role of the Europeans in the development of the Cold War?
- What is the Soviet perspective?
- US Foreign Policy, 1949–1950
- The USSR gets the bomb
- China falls to the Communists
- The Red Scare: McCarthyism and the anti-Communist crusade in America
- NSC-68: ‘Total Commitment’
- North Korea invades South Korea, 1950
- Why did North Korea attack South Korea in 1950?
- Background to the conflict
- Why did the superpowers get involved?
- What was the role of Kim Il Sung in starting the war?
- What was the role of Stalin in starting the war?
- What was the role of Mao Zedong in the outbreak of the war?
- The course of the war
- Results of the Korean War
- Actions of the United States
- What did the Korean War and the subsequent actions of the USA mean for other countries?
- The effects of the Korean War on the Cold War
- Case Study 1: Korea
- Case Study 2: Japan
- Was containment a success in Japan?
- Case Study 3: Taiwan
- Was containment a success in Taiwan?
- Case Study 4: An In-Depth Study of the USA and Containment in Vietnam
- How did the United States become involved?
- How did President Kennedy widen the conflict?
- The Great Society and the ‘credibility gap’
- The Tet Offensive
- Did President Nixon achieve ‘peace with honour’?
- The Paris peace talks
- Was Vietnam a failure for the American policy of containment? Historians’ views
- Conclusions on the US policy of containment in Asia
- Eisenhower and Dulles in the United States: roll-back, brinkmanship, and the New Look
- Khrushchev and co-existence
- What other factors encouraged a change in international relations?
- East–West relations in the 1950s: the reality
- Was the Geneva Summit a failure?
- Why did East–West tension increase again after 1955?
- The technology race
- The missile gap
- How did events of 1958–1960 affect East–West relations?
- The U-2 incident
- The two Germanys
- Economic differences between West Germany and East Germany
- Political differences between West Germany and East Germany
- Why did the Berlin Crisis develop?
- Khrushchev and the crisis of 1958
- Kennedy and flexible response
- Khrushchev, Ulbricht, and the crisis of 1960–1961
- The Berlin Wall
- What did the building of the wall mean
- … for Khrushchev?
- … for Ulbricht?
- … for the citizens of Berlin?
- … for the Cold War?
- The symbolism of the wall
- Background to and causes of the Cuban Missile Crisis
- Why was the United States opposed to Castro’s revolution?
- Castro takes power
- How did the United States deal with the ‘threat’ of Castro?
- Why was the Bay of Pigs invasion a failure?
- What were the results of the failure of the Bay of Pigs invasion?
- The Cuban Missile Crisis
- Why did Khrushchev put missiles in Cuba?
- Why was the presence of missiles so intolerable to the United States?
- How was the Cuba crisis linked to the Berlin Crisis?
- How was the crisis resolved?
- How effective was Kennedy’s handling of the Cuban Missile Crisis?
- The Orthodox view
- The Revisionist view
- New interpretations
- What conclusions can be reached about Khrushchev’s actions?
- What was Castro’s role in the crisis?
- The impact of the Cuban Missile Crisis
- What were the results of the crisis
- China becomes a Communist nation
- Background
- Civil war in China
- Stalin and Mao, 1945–1953
- The Sino-Soviet Treaty of Alliance
- The USSR, the PRC, and the Korean War,1950–1953
- Sino-Soviet Relations after Stalin, 1953–1956
- Mao, Khrushchev, and ‘the split’, 1956–1964
- Conference of Communist Parties, 1957
- Khrushchev’s visit to Beijing, 1958
- Taiwan, 1958
- Sino-Soviet relations and the ‘Great Leap Forward’
- What was the Great Leap Forward?
- Failure and starvation
- Soviets denounce the GLF
- Albania
- The Sino-Indian War, 1962
- The Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962
- Sino-Soviet relations and the Cultural Revolution, 1966–1976
- China, the USSR, and nuclear weapons
- The PRC and Leonid Brezhnev, 1968–1982
- The invasion of Czechoslovakia, 1968
- Sino-Soviet border war, 1969
- The PRC, the USSR, and Indochina
- The Vietnam War
- Sino-Soviet clashes over Cambodia and Vietnam
- Sino-Soviet rapprochement, 1982–2000
- Mikhail Gorbachev and Deng Xiaoping
- Tiananmen Square, 1989
- The fall of the Soviet Union
- Background
- The 1950s – increasing tension
- Tibet, 1950
- The Korean War, 1950–1953
- The impact of the Korean War on Sino-American relations
- Taiwan, 1954 and 1958
- The Sino-American Cold War in the 1960s
- The United States, the PRC, and Taiwan
- The United States, Vietnam, and the People’s Republic of China
- The PRC and decolonization
- The USA and the PRC’s Cultural Revolution
- Sino-American détente in the 1970s
- Why did the USA want détente with the PRC?
- Why did China want détente with the USA?
- What did China gain from détente with the United States?
- What did the US gain from détente with the PRC?
- The PRC and the Cold War
- Tiananmen Square, the PRC, and the United States, 1989
- The United States, the PRC, and the end of the Cold War
- What were the reasons for PRC–USA rapprochement?
- What were the reasons for improved East–West relations in Europe?
- What were the successes of détente?
- Arms agreements between the USA and the USSR: SALT I
- SALT II
- Agreements between the two Germanys and the Soviet Union
- Agreements between the United States and China
- The ‘high point of détente’: the Helsinki Agreement
- Why did détente between the USA and the USSR come under pressure?
- Political factors that undermined détente
- Economic factors that undermined détente
- Why did détente collapse?
- Did détente fail? The historiography of détente
- The Second Cold War
- Challenges to Soviet control in Eastern Europe
- The challenge of Yugoslavia
- Why was Tito able to survive?
- What was Stalin’s reaction to Tito?
- Challenge in East Germany, 1953
- Challenges to Soviet control under Khrushchev
- Khrushchev and de-Stalinization
- Khrushchev and Tito
- Khrushchev and Poland
- The challenge from Poland in the 1980s
- To what extent were Soviet leaders following Stalin’s structural legacy?
- What was the American response to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan?
- Afghanistan and its impact on détente
- How did the nuclear arms race develop during the Cold War?
- Why was the arms race so intense during the Cold War?
- What strategies were developed for using nuclear weapons?
- Eisenhower and massive retaliation
- McNamara and ‘counterforce’
- The impact of the Cuban Missile Crisis: mutually assured destruction (MAD)
- The impact of Reagan and Gorbachev
- The role of conventional weapons
- The space race
- What was the impact of Mikhail Gorbachev?
- What was the role of Ronald Reagan?
- Long-term factors in the ending of the Cold War
- What was the role of the Soviet economy?
- The impact of Gorbachev’s reforms
- The events of 1989
- Events in Poland
- Events in East Germany
- Events in Hungary
- Events in Czechoslovakia
- Events in Romania
- The end of the USSR
- What was the impact of the collapse of the USSR and the end of the Cold War?
- The United Nations system
- The main principles of the United Nations
- Three key principles of the UN Charter
- The American perspective and expectations
- The Soviet perspective and expectations
- The impact of the emergence of Cold War tension on the UN
- The UN and the global Cold War: the 1950s
- The impact of Cold War tensions on the UN’s first decade
- The UN and the Cold War: the 1960s
- The UN and détente, 1968–1979
- The UN and the Second Cold War
- The UN and the end of the Cold War
- The UN and the Cold War: Conclusion
- Chapter 17: The impact of leaders on the development of the Cold War
- The impact of leaders on the course and development of the Cold War: Truman and Stalin
- The impact of leaders on the course and development of the Cold War: Khrushchev and Mao
- The impact of leaders on the course and development of the Cold War: Brezhnev, Brandt, and Nixon
- The impact of leaders on the course and development of the Cold war: Reagan and Gorbachev
- Chapter 18: The impact of Cold War tensions on nations
- The impact of Cold War tensions on individual states: Cuba
- Impact of Cold War tensions on the nature and direction of Cuba’s revolution
- The impact of the Cold War on Cuba’s economy
- The impact of the Cold war on the nature of Castro’s government
- Impact of Cold War tensions on Cuban Foreign Policy
- Impact of Cold War tensions on the direction of Nasser’s domestic policy
- The impact of the Cold War on Egypt’s economic policy
- Impact of Cold War tensions on Egyptian Foreign Policy
- The impact of Cold War tension on Germany
- The impact of the Cold War on the division of Germany, 1945–1949
- The impact of the Cold War on the constitution of the FRG
- The impact of the Cold War on the economy of the FRG
- The impact of the Cold War on West German politics up to 1969
- The impact of the Cold War on West Germany’s foreign policy
- The impact of Cold War tension on China
- The impact of Cold War tensions on individual states: Cuba
- Chapter 19: Comparative studies of key Cold War crises
- What makes an event in the Cold War a ‘crisis’?
- Case Study comparison: Berlin Crisis of 1948–1949 and the North Korean invasion of 1950
- Berlin Crisis of 1948–1949
- The invasion of South Korea by North Korea, 1950
- Case Study comparison: the Suez Crisis, 1956 and the invasion of South Korea by North Korea, 1950
- Case Study comparison: the Berlin Crisis,1958–1961 and the Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962
- The Berlin Crisis
- The Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962
- Case Study comparison: Hungary, 1956 and Afghanistan, 1989
- What were the causes, impact, and signifi cance of the Hungarian Uprising of 1956?
- What were the causes, impact, and significance of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1989?
- Introduction
- Ways of knowing
- Areas of knowledge
- Historical development
- Personal and shared knowledge
- Conclusion
- Appendix I
- Basic timeline
- Appendix II
- China’s relations with the USA and the USSR
- Appendix III
- US presidential policies during the Cold War
- Books
- Websites
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