Efnisyfirlit

• Contents
• Introduction
• Chapter 1: Cells
  • 1.1: Cell theory, cell specialization, and cell replacement
    • Cell theory
    • Functions of life
    • Cells and sizes
    • Limiting cell size
    • Cell reproduction and differentiation
    • Stem cells
  • 1.2: The ultrastructure of cells
    • What is a prokaryotic cell?
    • Features of prokaryotic cells
    • What is a eukaryotic cell?
    • Organelles of eukaryotic cells
    • A comparison of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
    • A comparison of plant and animal cells and their extracellular components
  • 1.3: Membrane structure
    • Membrane structure
    • Membrane protein functions
  • 1.4: Membrane transport
    • Passive and active transport
    • Active transport and the cell
    • Endocytosis and exocytosis
    • Summary of membrane transport processes
  • 1.5: The origin of cells
    • Cell theory
  • 1.6: Cell division
    • The cell cycle
    • Mitosis
    • Cancer
• Chapter 2: Molecular biology
  • 2.1: Molecules to metabolism
    • Molecular biology is the chemistry of living organisms
    • Carbon-based life
    • Biochemical compounds that are important to living organisms
    • Metabolism: reactions controlled by enzymes
    • Metabolism = catabolism + anabolism
    • Section summary
  • 2.2: Water
    • The structure of water molecules and the resulting polarity
    • Section summary
  • 2.3: Carbohydrates and lipids
    • Monosaccharides: the building blocks of disaccharides
    • Monosaccharides: the building blocks of polysaccharides
    • Fatty acids
    • Condensation reactions result in the formation of triglyceride lipids
    • Energy storage solutions in humans
    • Calculating the body mass index
    • Section summary
  • 2.4: Proteins
    • Formation of polypeptides
    • Polypeptides are highly variable
    • Levels of polypeptide and protein structure
    • Some proteins are more than one polypeptide
    • Your unique proteome
    • Proteins can be denatured by heat and alteration of the pH environment
    • Section summary
  • 2.5: Enzymes
    • Enzymes are organic molecules that act as catalysts
    • Factors affecting enzyme-catalysed reactions
    • Use of immobilized enzymes in industry
    • Section summary
  • 2.6: Structure of DNA and RNA
    • Nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acids
    • Monomers into polymers
    • Single strand or double strand
    • Section summary
  • 2.7: DNA replication, transcription, and translation
    • DNA replication involves ‘unzipping’
    • Formation of two complementary strands
    • DNA replication summary
    • Protein synthesis
    • Protein synthesis summary
  • 2.8: Cell respiration
    • Cell respiration is used by all cells to produce ATP
    • Glycolysis is the first step in the cell respiration process
    • Some cells use anaerobic respiration for ATP production
    • Aerobic cell respiration is the most efficient pathway
    • Section summary
  • 2.9: Photosynthesis
    • Photosynthesis converts light energy into chemical energy
    • Plants use the pigment chlorophyll to absorb light energy
    • Photosynthesis occurs in two stages
    • Measuring the rate of photosynthesis
    • The effects of changing environmental factors on the rate of photosynthesis
    • Section summary
• Chapter 3: Genetics
  • 3.1: Genes
    • What is a gene?
    • A gene is found at a particular locus on a chromosome
    • Alleles: versions of genes
    • One base can make a big difference
    • How new alleles are produced
    • A genome
    • Section summary
  • 3.2: Chromosomes
    • The chromosome in prokaryotes
    • Plasmids
    • Eukaryote chromosomes
    • Multiple chromosomes
    • Homologous chromosomes: same genes but not always the same alleles
    • Diploid and haploid cells
    • Chromosome number: a defining feature
    • Karyograms and kary
    • Sex determination
    • Section summary
  • 3.3: Meiosis
    • Producing four haploid nuclei
    • The halving of the chromosome number
    • DNA is replicated before meiosis
    • Pairing of homologous chromosomes and crossing over
    • Random orientation
    • Halving the chromosome number
    • Fertilization and variation
    • Section summary
  • 3.4: Inheritance
    • Mendel’s experiments with pea plants
    • Gametes have only one allele of each gene
    • The two alleles of each gene separate
    • Fusion of gametes
    • Dominant alleles and co-dominant alleles
    • Autosomal genetic diseases in humans
    • Genetic diseases are rare
    • Diseases caused by sex-linked genes or co-dominant alleles
    • The pattern of inheritance with sex-linked genes
    • Some possible causes of mutations, genetic diseases, and cancer
    • Section summary
  • 3.5: Genetic modification and biotechnology
    • Exploring DNA
    • Gel electrophoresis
    • PCR: how to make lots of copies of DNA
    • DNA profiling
    • Genetic modification: gene transfer between species
    • Clones
    • Natural methods of cloning
    • Animals cloned from embryos
    • Animal clones from adult cells
    • Section summary
• Chapter 4: Ecology
  • 4.1: Species, communities, and ecosystems
    • The interdependence of living organisms
    • What is a species?
    • Populations can become isolated
    • Autotrophs and heterotrophs
    • Consumers
    • Detritivores
    • Saprotrophs
    • Communities
    • Where do autotrophs get their nutrients?
    • Nutrient cycling
    • The sustainability of ecosystems
    • Section summary
  • 4.2: Energy flow
    • The importance of sunlight to ecosystems
    • The role of photosynthesis
    • Food chains
    • Cellular respiration and heat
    • Heat cannot be recycled
    • Where does the heat go?
    • Food webs and energy levels in trophic levels
    • Section summary
  • 4.3: Carbon cycling
    • Carbon
    • The role of autotrophs in the carbon cycle
    • Carbon in aquatic ecosystems
    • Cycling of carbon dioxide
    • Methane in the carbon cycle
    • The oxidation of methane
    • Peat as a fossil fuel
    • Oil and gas as fossil fuels
    • Carbon dioxide is produced when fossil fuels are used
    • Limestone
    • Section summary
  • 4.4: Climate change
    • The atmosphere
    • The roles of carbon dioxide and water vapour in the greenhouse effect
    • Different gases, different impacts
    • Planet Earth gives off heat
    • How greenhouse gases heat the atmosphere
    • Global climate change is affected by greenhouse gases
    • The industrial revolution
    • Threats to coral reefs
    • Are humans causing global climate change?
    • Section summary
• Chapter 5: Evolution and biodiversity
  • 5.1: Evidence for evolution
    • Darwin and Wallace
    • What is evolution?
    • The fossil record and evolution
    • Artificial selection and evolution
    • Evolution of homologous structures by adaptive radiation
    • Continuous variation and the concept of gradual divergence
    • Section summary
  • 5.2: Natural selection
    • The mechanism for evolution
    • Mutation, meiosis, and sexual reproduction
    • To adapt or not to adapt?
    • Passing on successful characteristics
    • Natural selection and the frequency of characteristics
    • Section summary
  • 5.3: Classification of biodiversity
    • The binomial system of names for species
    • A hierarchy of taxa
    • A common ancestral species
    • Reclassification
    • Natural classification
    • Section summary
  • 5.4: Cladistics
    • Characteristics used for classification
    • Clades
    • Analogous and homologous traits
    • Cladograms
    • Reclassifi cation
    • Section summary
• Chapter 6: Human physiology
  • 6.1: Digestion and absorption
    • Digestion is an enzyme-facilitated chemical process
    • The anatomy of the human digestive system
    • The alimentary canal is a muscular tube
    • The role of the pancreas during digestion
    • The role of the small intestine in digestion and absorption
    • Section summary
  • 6.2: The blood system
    • Arteries, capillaries, and veins
    • The heart, a double pump
    • Control of the heart rate
    • Changes in pressure within the heart chambers keep the blood moving
    • Build-up of plaque in arteries leads to atherosclerosis
    • Section summary
  • 6.3: Defence against infectious disease
    • Primary defence is to keep pathogens out
    • When pathogens get past skin and mucous membranes
    • What is HIV and how does it affect the human immune system?
    • The use of antibiotics to combat bacterial infections
    • An unsolved dilemma: bacterial resistance to antibiotics
    • Section summary
  • 6.4: Gas exchange
    • Overview of the respiratory system
    • The mechanism of ventilation
    • Gas exchange occurs in alveoli
    • Causes and consequences of emphysema
    • Causes and consequences of lung cancer
    • Section summary
  • 6.5: Neurones and synapses
    • The organization of the human nervous system
    • Neurones
    • What is a nerve impulse?
    • Saltatory conduction by neurones that have a myelin sheath
    • Synapses: chemical communication between neurones
    • A new class of insecticides based on blocking synaptic transmission
    • Section summary
  • 6.6: Hormones, homeostasis, and reproduction
    • Homeostasis
    • Selected hormones and their functions
    • Insulin and glucagon help regulate glucose levels
    • Diabetes
    • Human reproduction
    • How does a person become male or female?
    • Role of sex hormones during puberty
    • The menstrual cycle
    • In vitro fertilization (IVF)
    • Section summary
• Chapter 7: Option A: Neurobiology and behaviour
  • A.1: Neural development
    • Neural tube formation
    • Axon growth
    • Multiple synapses
    • The plasticity of the nervous system
    • Section summary
  • A.2: The human brain
    • The neural tube expands to form the brain
    • Different parts of the brain have specific roles
    • The autonomic nervous system has two divisions
    • The cerebral cortex
    • Brain metabolism requires large energy inputs
    • Section summary
  • A.3: Perception of stimuli
    • Sensory receptors and diversity of stimuli
    • Receptors detect changes in the environment
    • The structure and function of the human eye
    • The structure of the ear
    • Section summary
• Chapter 8: Option B: Biotechnology and bioinformatics
  • B.1: Microbiology: organisms in industry
    • Microorganisms in industry
    • Pathway engineering
    • Fermentation
    • Deep-tank fermentation of penicillin
    • Continuous-batch fermentation of citric acid
    • Biogas production by archaeans and bacteria
    • Gram staining
    • Section summary
  • B.2: Biotechnology in agriculture
    • Genetic modification of crops
    • Novel products from GM plants
    • Physical methods as a direct means of inserting genes into plants
    • Chemical methods as a direct means of inserting genes into plants
    • Vectors as an indirect means of inserting genes into plants
    • Identifying a target gene using bioinformatics
    • Section summary
  • B.3: Environmental protection
    • Responses to pollution incidents
    • Bioremediation
    • Biofilms
    • Bacteriophages and the disinfection of water systems
    • Biofilms clean polluted waterways
    • Section summary
• Chapter 9: Option C: Ecology and conservation
  • C.1: Species and communities
    • Limiting factors affect the distribution of species in a community
    • The distribution of species depends on their tolerance of limiting factors
    • Keystone species
    • Each species plays a unique role within a community
    • Competitive exclusion
    • Fundamental niche versus realized niche
    • Use of a transect to correlate the distribution of a plant with an abiotic variable
    • Section summary
  • C.2: Communities and ecosystems
    • Energy flow through the ecosystem
    • Conversion ratio in sustainable food production
    • Change in ecosystems over time by primary and secondary succession
    • Species diversity and production in a primary succession
    • Biosphere and biomes
    • Gersmehl diagrams
    • A closed ecosystem
    • Disturbances influence the structure and rate of change in an ecosystem
    • Section summary
  • C.3: Impact of humans on ecosystems
    • Biological control: risks and benefits
    • Biomagnification
    • Macroplastics in the marine environment
    • Microplastics in the marine environment
    • Biological control and eradication programmes to reduce the impact of alien species
    • Analysis of data illustrating the cause and effects of biomagnification
    • Section summary
  • C.4: Conservation of biodiversity
    • Indicator species and biotic indices
    • Richness and evenness are components of biodiversity
    • Analysis of the biodiversity of two local communities
    • Management of conservation areas
    • In situ conservation methods
    • Ex situ conservation methods
    • Biogeographical factors affect species diversity
    • The impact of edge effect on diversity
    • Section summary
• Chapter 10: Option D: Human physiology
  • D.1: Human nutrition
    • Essential nutrients: what are they?
    • Phenylketonuria (PKU)
    • Eating and nutrition disorders
    • Section summary
  • D.2: Digestion
    • Exocrine secretions are fundamental to the digestive process
    • Gastric secretions and their control
    • What is the role of HCl during the digestive process?
    • What causes stomach ulcers?
    • Adaptations of villi epithelial cells for efficient absorption
    • The importance of fibre in the diet
    • Section summary
  • D.3: Functions of the liver
    • Circulation of blood to and from the liver
    • Sinusoids are the capillaries of the liver
    • The liver removes toxins from the blood
    • Sinusoids are the capillaries of the liver
    • The liver removes toxins from the blood
    • Regulation of nutrients in the blood
    • The liver recycles components of erythrocytes and haemoglobin
    • Hepatocytes produce and secrete bile and plasma proteins
    • Causes and consequences of jaundice
    • Section summary
  • D.4: The heart
    • The heart is composed of cardiac muscle cells
    • The cardiac cycle
    • Myogenic control of heart rate
    • Mapping the cardiac cycle to a normal ECG trace
    • Common heart problems and their treatments
    • Section summary
• Theory of knowledge
  • What is this chapter all about?
  • On the right track?
  • Debates
  • More debates
  • The TOK framework
  • Nature of science(s)
  • How do we know?
  • Ways of knowing
  • Catching a cold
  • Phrenology
  • Tongue map
  • Art and imagination
  • Decisions, decisions
  • Is there an end?
  • Doctor, which drug treatment is best for me?
  • The placebo effect
  • Models
  • Who’s right?
  • Religion in an age of science
  • Ockham’s razor
  • Limits of perception
  • The eye is not a camera
  • We were wrong, here’s the real story
  • Archaeopteryx
  • The end of spontaneous generation
  • Unprovable assumptions?
  • Scienti˜ c science
  • Knowledge claims
  • What is nature?
  • Science vocabulary
  • Wiki
  • Seeing is believing: but what if you cannot see?
  • What quali˜ es as an experiment?
  • Theory versus myth
  • Biology and values
  • Moral responsibility
  • Science and religion
  • Science and technology
  • Reading your mind
  • Inaccessible worlds
• Mathematics, and information and communication technology skills
• The biology extended essay
  • Advice on criteria for assessing your extended essay
• Suggestions for course study and strategies for the IB biology exam
  • General suggestions for course study
  • Specific suggestions for IB biology course study using this text
  • Strategies for success when answering questions in the IB exams
  • And finally
• Index
• Back Cover

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