Nolte’s The Human Brain
Námskeið
- LÆK214G Líffærafræði sj. IIA
- LÆK221G Líffærafræði IIA
-
LÆK221G Líffærafræði IIA
Lýsing:
Throughout seven popular editions, Nolte’s The Human Brain has accomplished the challenging task of demystifying the complexities of the gross anatomy of the brain, spinal cord, and brainstem. A clear writing style, interesting examples, and high-quality visual cues bring this complicated subject to life and make it more understandable and enjoyable to learn. You’ll get the depth of coverage you need with a well-rounded presentation of all key topics in functional neuroanatomy and neuroscience.
Features highly templated, concise chapters that reinforce and expand your knowledge. Provides a real-life perspective through clinically relevant examples, up-to-date neuroimaging techniques, and superb illustrations that support and explain the text. Features a glossary of key terms that elucidates every part of the text, complimented by 3-dimensional images of the brain and the most up-to-date terminology throughout.
Helps you gauge your mastery of the material and build confidence with over 100 multiple choice questions available online that provide effective chapter review and quick practice for your exams. New! Clinical Focus Boxes, including neuropathology and neuropharmacology. New! Integrated coverage of neurogenetics and neuroimmunology. Evolve Instructor site with an image and test bank is available to instructors through their Elsevier sales rep or via request at https://evolve.
Annað
- Höfundar: Todd Vanderah, Douglas Gould
- Útgáfa:8
- Útgáfudagur: 2020-02-05
- Engar takmarkanir á útprentun
- Engar takmarkanir afritun
- Format:ePub
- ISBN 13: 9780323755306
- Print ISBN: 9780323653985
- ISBN 10: 0323755305
Efnisyfirlit
- Cover image
- Title Page
- Table of Contents
- Copyright
- Preface
- In Memoriam
- 1 Introduction to the Nervous System
- The Nervous System Has Central and Peripheral Parts
- The Principal Cellular Elements of the Nervous System Are Neurons and Glial Cells
- Review Questions
- Answers
- Suggested Readings
- 2 Development of the Nervous System
- The Neural Tube Gives Rise to the Central Nervous System
- The Neural Crest and Cranial Placodes Give Rise to the Peripheral Nervous System
- Adverse Events During Development Can Cause Congenital Malformations of the Nervous System
- Review Questions
- Answers
- Suggested Readings
- 3 Gross Anatomy and General Organization of the Central Nervous System
- The Long Axis of the CNS Bends at the Cephalic Flexure
- Hemisecting a Brain Reveals Parts of the Diencephalon, Brainstem, and Ventricular System
- Humans, Relative to Other Animals, Have Large Brains and Many Neurons
- Named Sulci and Gyri Cover the Cerebral Surface
- The Diencephalon Includes the Thalamus and Hypothalamus
- Most Cranial Nerves Are Attached to the Brainstem
- The Cerebellum Includes a Vermis and Two Hemispheres
- Sections of the Forebrain Reveal the Basal Nuclei and Limbic Structures
- Parts of the Nervous System Are Interconnected in Systematic Ways (Generalizations)
- Review Questions
- Answers
- Suggested Readings
- 4 Meningeal Coverings of the Brain and Spinal Cord
- There Are Three Meningeal Layers: the Dura Mater, Arachnoid, and Pia Mater
- The Dura Mater Provides Mechanical Strength
- The Arachnoid Mater
- Pia Mater Covers the Surface of the CNS
- Lymphatics of the CNS
- The Vertebral Canal Contains a Spinal Epidural Space
- Bleeding Can Open Up Potential Meningeal Spaces
- Parts of the CNS Can Herniate From One Intracranial Compartment Into Another
- Review Questions
- Answers
- Suggested Readings
- 5 Ventricles and Cerebrospinal Fluid
- The Brain Contains Four Ventricles
- Choroid Plexus Is the Source of Most CSF
- Imaging Techniques Allow Noninvasive Visualization of the CNS
- Disruption of CSF Circulation Can Cause Hydrocephalus
- Review Questions
- Answers
- Suggested Readings
- 6 Blood Supply of the Brain
- The Internal Carotid Arteries and Vertebral Arteries Supply the Brain
- Imaging Techniques Allow Arteries and Veins to Be Visualized
- Blood Flow to the CNS Is Closely Controlled
- A System of Barriers Partially Separates the Nervous System From the Rest of the Body
- Superficial and Deep Veins Drain the Brain
- Review Questions
- Answers
- Suggested Readings
- 7 Electrical Signaling by Neurons
- A Lipid-Protein Membrane Separates Intracellular and Extracellular Fluids
- Inputs to Neurons Cause Slow, Local Potential Changes
- Action Potentials Convey Information Over Long Distances
- Resistors, Capacitors, and Neuronal Membranes
- Calculating the Membrane Potential
- Review Questions
- Answers
- Suggested Readings
- 8 Synaptic Transmission Between Neurons
- There Are Five Steps in Conventional Chemical Synaptic Transmission
- Synaptic Transmission Can Be Rapid and Point-to-Point, or Slow and Often Diffuse
- Synaptic Strength Can Be Facilitated or Depressed
- Most Neurotransmitters Are Small Amine Molecules, Amino Acids, or Neuropeptides
- Gap Junctions Mediate Direct Current Flow From One Neuron to Another
- Review Questions
- Answers
- Suggested Readings
- 9 Sensory Receptors and the Peripheral Nervous System
- Receptors Encode the Nature, Location, Intensity, and Duration of Stimuli
- Somatosensory Receptors Detect Mechanical, Chemical, or Thermal Changes
- Peripheral Nerves Convey Information to and From the CNS
- Review Questions
- Answers
- Suggested Readings
- 10 Spinal Cord
- The Spinal Cord Is Segmented
- All Levels of the Spinal Cord Have a Similar Cross-Sectional Structure
- The Spinal Cord Is Involved in Sensory Processing, Motor Outflow, and Reflexes
- Spinal Gray Matter Is Regionally Specialized
- Reflex Circuitry Is Built Into the Spinal Cord
- Ascending and Descending Pathways Have Defined Locations in the Spinal White Matter
- The Autonomic Nervous System Monitors and Controls Visceral Activity
- A Longitudinal Network of Arteries Supplies the Spinal Cord
- Spinal Cord Damage Causes Predictable Deficits
- Review Questions
- Answers
- Suggested Readings
- 11 Organization of the Brainstem
- The Brainstem Has Conduit, Cranial Nerve, and Integrative Functions
- The Medulla, Pons, and Midbrain Have Characteristic Gross Anatomical Features
- The Internal Structure of the Brainstem Reflects Surface Features and the Position of Long Tracts
- The Reticular Core of the Brainstem Is Involved in Multiple Functions
- Some Brainstem Nuclei Have Distinctive Neurochemical Signatures
- The Brainstem Is Supplied by the Vertebral-Basilar System
- Review Questions
- Answers
- Suggested Readings
- 12 Cranial Nerves and Their Nuclei
- Cranial Nerve Nuclei Have a Generally Predictable Arrangement
- Cranial Nerves III, IV, VI, XI, and XII Contain Somatic Motor Fibers
- Branchiomeric Nerves Contain Axons From Multiple Categories
- Review Questions
- Answers
- Suggested Readings
- 13 The Chemical Senses of Taste and Smell
- The Perception of Flavor Involves Gustatory, Olfactory, Trigeminal, and Other Inputs
- Taste Is Mediated by Receptors in Taste Buds Innervated by Cranial Nerves VII, IX, and X
- Olfaction Is Mediated by Receptors That Project Directly to the Telencephalon
- Review Questions
- Answers
- Suggested Readings
- 14 Hearing and Balance
- Auditory and Vestibular Receptor Cells Are Located in the Walls of the Membranous Labyrinth
- The Cochlear Division of the Eighth Nerve Conveys Information About Sound
- The Vestibular Division of the Eighth Nerve Conveys Information About Linear and Angular Acceleration of the Head
- Position Sense Is Mediated by the Vestibular, Proprioceptive, and Visual Systems Acting Together
- Review Questions
- Answers
- Suggested Readings
- 15 Atlas of the Human Brainstem
- 16 The Thalamus and Internal Capsule
- The Diencephalon Includes the Epithalamus, Subthalamus, Hypothalamus, and Thalamus
- The Thalamus Is the Gateway to the Cerebral Cortex
- Interconnections Between the Cerebral Cortex and Subcortical Structures Travel Through the Internal Capsule
- Review Questions
- Answers
- Suggested Readings
- 17 The Visual System
- The Eye Has Three Concentric Tissue Layers and a Lens
- The Retina Contains Five Major Neuronal Cell Types
- Retinal Neurons Translate Patterns of Light Into Patterns of Contrast
- Half of the Visual Field of Each Eye Is Mapped Systematically in the Contralateral Cerebral Hemisphere
- Primary Visual Cortex Sorts Visual Information and Distributes It to Other Cortical Areas
- Early Experience Has Permanent Effects on the Visual System
- Reflex Circuits Adjust the Size of the Pupil and the Focal Length of the Lens
- Suggested Readings
- 18 Overview of Motor Systems
- Each Lower Motor Neuron Innervates a Group of Muscle Fibers, Forming a Motor Unit
- Motor Control Systems Involve Both Hierarchical and Parallel Connections
- The Corticospinal Tract Has Multiple Origins and Terminations
- Review Questions
- Answers
- Suggested Readings
- 19 Basal Nuclei
- The Basal Nuclei Include Five Major Groups of Cells
- Basal Nuclei Circuitry Involves Multiple Parallel Loops That Modulate Cortical Output
- Interconnections of the Basal Nuclei Determine the Pattern of Their Outputs
- Perforating Branches From the Cerebral Arterial Circle (of Willis) Supply the Basal Nuclei
- Many Basal Nuclei Disorders Result in Abnormalities of Movement
- Review Questions
- Answers
- Suggested Readings
- 20 Cerebellum
- The Cerebellum Can Be Divided Into Both Transverse and Longitudinal Zones
- Cerebellar Cortex Receives Multiple Inputs
- Each Longitudinal Zone Has a Distinctive Output
- Clinical Syndromes Correspond to Functional Zones
- Review Questions
- Answers
- Suggested Readings
- 21 Eye Movements
- Six Extraocular Muscles Move the Eye in the Orbit
- There Are Fast and Slow Conjugate Eye Movements
- Changes in Object Distance Require Vergence Movements
- The Basal Nuclei and Cerebellum Participate in Eye Movement Control
- Suggested Readings
- 22 Cerebral Cortex
- Most Cerebral Cortex Is Neocortex
- Neocortical Areas Are Specialized for Different Functions
- The Corpus Callosum Unites the Two Cerebral Hemispheres
- Consciousness and Sleep Are Active Processes
- Review Questions
- Answers
- Suggested Readings
- 23 Drives and Emotions
- The Hypothalamus Coordinates Drive-Related Behaviors
- Limbic Structures Are Interposed Between the Hypothalamus and Neocortex
- Review Questions
- Answers
- Suggested Readings
- 24 Formation, Modification, and Repair of Neuronal Connections
- Both Neurons and Connections Are Produced in Excess During Development
- Synaptic Connections Are Adjusted Throughout Life
- PNS Repair Is More Effective Than CNS Repair
- Review Questions
- Answers
- Suggested Readings
- 25 Atlas of the Human Forebrain
- Glossary
- A
- B
- C
- D
- E
- F
- G
- H
- I
- J
- L
- M
- N
- O
- P
- R
- S
- T
- U
- V
- W
- Z
- Index
- Cardboard
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