Efnisyfirlit

• Cover image
• Title Page
• Table of Contents
• Copyright
• Preface
• In Memoriam
• 1 Introduction to the Nervous System
  • The Nervous System Has Central and Peripheral Parts
  • The Principal Cellular Elements of the Nervous System Are Neurons and Glial Cells
  • Review Questions
  • Answers
  • Suggested Readings
• 2 Development of the Nervous System
  • The Neural Tube Gives Rise to the Central Nervous System
  • The Neural Crest and Cranial Placodes Give Rise to the Peripheral Nervous System
  • Adverse Events During Development Can Cause Congenital Malformations of the Nervous System
  • Review Questions
  • Answers
  • Suggested Readings
• 3 Gross Anatomy and General Organization of the Central Nervous System
  • The Long Axis of the CNS Bends at the Cephalic Flexure
  • Hemisecting a Brain Reveals Parts of the Diencephalon, Brainstem, and Ventricular System
  • Humans, Relative to Other Animals, Have Large Brains and Many Neurons
  • Named Sulci and Gyri Cover the Cerebral Surface
  • The Diencephalon Includes the Thalamus and Hypothalamus
  • Most Cranial Nerves Are Attached to the Brainstem
  • The Cerebellum Includes a Vermis and Two Hemispheres
  • Sections of the Forebrain Reveal the Basal Nuclei and Limbic Structures
  • Parts of the Nervous System Are Interconnected in Systematic Ways (Generalizations)
  • Review Questions
  • Answers
  • Suggested Readings
• 4 Meningeal Coverings of the Brain and Spinal Cord
  • There Are Three Meningeal Layers: the Dura Mater, Arachnoid, and Pia Mater
  • The Dura Mater Provides Mechanical Strength
  • The Arachnoid Mater
  • Pia Mater Covers the Surface of the CNS
  • Lymphatics of the CNS
  • The Vertebral Canal Contains a Spinal Epidural Space
  • Bleeding Can Open Up Potential Meningeal Spaces
  • Parts of the CNS Can Herniate From One Intracranial Compartment Into Another
  • Review Questions
  • Answers
  • Suggested Readings
• 5 Ventricles and Cerebrospinal Fluid
  • The Brain Contains Four Ventricles
  • Choroid Plexus Is the Source of Most CSF
  • Imaging Techniques Allow Noninvasive Visualization of the CNS
  • Disruption of CSF Circulation Can Cause Hydrocephalus
  • Review Questions
  • Answers
  • Suggested Readings
• 6 Blood Supply of the Brain
  • The Internal Carotid Arteries and Vertebral Arteries Supply the Brain
  • Imaging Techniques Allow Arteries and Veins to Be Visualized
  • Blood Flow to the CNS Is Closely Controlled
  • A System of Barriers Partially Separates the Nervous System From the Rest of the Body
  • Superficial and Deep Veins Drain the Brain
  • Review Questions
  • Answers
  • Suggested Readings
• 7 Electrical Signaling by Neurons
  • A Lipid-Protein Membrane Separates Intracellular and Extracellular Fluids
  • Inputs to Neurons Cause Slow, Local Potential Changes
  • Action Potentials Convey Information Over Long Distances
  • Resistors, Capacitors, and Neuronal Membranes
  • Calculating the Membrane Potential
  • Review Questions
  • Answers
  • Suggested Readings
• 8 Synaptic Transmission Between Neurons
  • There Are Five Steps in Conventional Chemical Synaptic Transmission
  • Synaptic Transmission Can Be Rapid and Point-to-Point, or Slow and Often Diffuse
  • Synaptic Strength Can Be Facilitated or Depressed
  • Most Neurotransmitters Are Small Amine Molecules, Amino Acids, or Neuropeptides
  • Gap Junctions Mediate Direct Current Flow From One Neuron to Another
  • Review Questions
  • Answers
  • Suggested Readings
• 9 Sensory Receptors and the Peripheral Nervous System
  • Receptors Encode the Nature, Location, Intensity, and Duration of Stimuli
  • Somatosensory Receptors Detect Mechanical, Chemical, or Thermal Changes
  • Peripheral Nerves Convey Information to and From the CNS
  • Review Questions
  • Answers
  • Suggested Readings
• 10 Spinal Cord
  • The Spinal Cord Is Segmented
  • All Levels of the Spinal Cord Have a Similar Cross-Sectional Structure
  • The Spinal Cord Is Involved in Sensory Processing, Motor Outflow, and Reflexes
  • Spinal Gray Matter Is Regionally Specialized
  • Reflex Circuitry Is Built Into the Spinal Cord
  • Ascending and Descending Pathways Have Defined Locations in the Spinal White Matter
  • The Autonomic Nervous System Monitors and Controls Visceral Activity
  • A Longitudinal Network of Arteries Supplies the Spinal Cord
  • Spinal Cord Damage Causes Predictable Deficits
  • Review Questions
  • Answers
  • Suggested Readings
• 11 Organization of the Brainstem
  • The Brainstem Has Conduit, Cranial Nerve, and Integrative Functions
  • The Medulla, Pons, and Midbrain Have Characteristic Gross Anatomical Features
  • The Internal Structure of the Brainstem Reflects Surface Features and the Position of Long Tracts
  • The Reticular Core of the Brainstem Is Involved in Multiple Functions
  • Some Brainstem Nuclei Have Distinctive Neurochemical Signatures
  • The Brainstem Is Supplied by the Vertebral-Basilar System
  • Review Questions
  • Answers
  • Suggested Readings
• 12 Cranial Nerves and Their Nuclei
  • Cranial Nerve Nuclei Have a Generally Predictable Arrangement
  • Cranial Nerves III, IV, VI, XI, and XII Contain Somatic Motor Fibers
  • Branchiomeric Nerves Contain Axons From Multiple Categories
  • Review Questions
  • Answers
  • Suggested Readings
• 13 The Chemical Senses of Taste and Smell
  • The Perception of Flavor Involves Gustatory, Olfactory, Trigeminal, and Other Inputs
  • Taste Is Mediated by Receptors in Taste Buds Innervated by Cranial Nerves VII, IX, and X
  • Olfaction Is Mediated by Receptors That Project Directly to the Telencephalon
  • Review Questions
  • Answers
  • Suggested Readings
• 14 Hearing and Balance
  • Auditory and Vestibular Receptor Cells Are Located in the Walls of the Membranous Labyrinth
  • The Cochlear Division of the Eighth Nerve Conveys Information About Sound
  • The Vestibular Division of the Eighth Nerve Conveys Information About Linear and Angular Acceleration of the Head
  • Position Sense Is Mediated by the Vestibular, Proprioceptive, and Visual Systems Acting Together
  • Review Questions
  • Answers
  • Suggested Readings
• 15 Atlas of the Human Brainstem
• 16 The Thalamus and Internal Capsule
  • The Diencephalon Includes the Epithalamus, Subthalamus, Hypothalamus, and Thalamus
  • The Thalamus Is the Gateway to the Cerebral Cortex
  • Interconnections Between the Cerebral Cortex and Subcortical Structures Travel Through the Internal Capsule
  • Review Questions
  • Answers
  • Suggested Readings
• 17 The Visual System
  • The Eye Has Three Concentric Tissue Layers and a Lens
  • The Retina Contains Five Major Neuronal Cell Types
  • Retinal Neurons Translate Patterns of Light Into Patterns of Contrast
  • Half of the Visual Field of Each Eye Is Mapped Systematically in the Contralateral Cerebral Hemisphere
  • Primary Visual Cortex Sorts Visual Information and Distributes It to Other Cortical Areas
  • Early Experience Has Permanent Effects on the Visual System
  • Reflex Circuits Adjust the Size of the Pupil and the Focal Length of the Lens
  • Suggested Readings
• 18 Overview of Motor Systems
  • Each Lower Motor Neuron Innervates a Group of Muscle Fibers, Forming a Motor Unit
  • Motor Control Systems Involve Both Hierarchical and Parallel Connections
  • The Corticospinal Tract Has Multiple Origins and Terminations
  • Review Questions
  • Answers
  • Suggested Readings
• 19 Basal Nuclei
  • The Basal Nuclei Include Five Major Groups of Cells
  • Basal Nuclei Circuitry Involves Multiple Parallel Loops That Modulate Cortical Output
  • Interconnections of the Basal Nuclei Determine the Pattern of Their Outputs
  • Perforating Branches From the Cerebral Arterial Circle (of Willis) Supply the Basal Nuclei
  • Many Basal Nuclei Disorders Result in Abnormalities of Movement
  • Review Questions
  • Answers
  • Suggested Readings
• 20 Cerebellum
  • The Cerebellum Can Be Divided Into Both Transverse and Longitudinal Zones
  • Cerebellar Cortex Receives Multiple Inputs
  • Each Longitudinal Zone Has a Distinctive Output
  • Clinical Syndromes Correspond to Functional Zones
  • Review Questions
  • Answers
  • Suggested Readings
• 21 Eye Movements
  • Six Extraocular Muscles Move the Eye in the Orbit
  • There Are Fast and Slow Conjugate Eye Movements
  • Changes in Object Distance Require Vergence Movements
  • The Basal Nuclei and Cerebellum Participate in Eye Movement Control
  • Suggested Readings
• 22 Cerebral Cortex
  • Most Cerebral Cortex Is Neocortex
  • Neocortical Areas Are Specialized for Different Functions
  • The Corpus Callosum Unites the Two Cerebral Hemispheres
  • Consciousness and Sleep Are Active Processes
  • Review Questions
  • Answers
  • Suggested Readings
• 23 Drives and Emotions
  • The Hypothalamus Coordinates Drive-Related Behaviors
  • Limbic Structures Are Interposed Between the Hypothalamus and Neocortex
  • Review Questions
  • Answers
  • Suggested Readings
• 24 Formation, Modification, and Repair of Neuronal Connections
  • Both Neurons and Connections Are Produced in Excess During Development
  • Synaptic Connections Are Adjusted Throughout Life
  • PNS Repair Is More Effective Than CNS Repair
  • Review Questions
  • Answers
  • Suggested Readings
• 25 Atlas of the Human Forebrain
• Glossary
  • A
  • B
  • C
  • D
  • E
  • F
  • G
  • H
  • I
  • J
  • L
  • M
  • N
  • O
  • P
  • R
  • S
  • T
  • U
  • V
  • W
  • Z
• Index
• Cardboard

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