Efnisyfirlit

• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• About the Author
• Preface
• Acknowledgments
• Table of Contents
• Feature Boxes
• 1 A Brief History of Microbiology
  • The Early Years of Microbiology
    • What Does Life Really Look Like?
    • How Can Microbes Be Classified?
  • The Golden Age of Microbiology
    • Does Microbial Life Spontaneously Generate?
    • What Causes Fermentation?
    • What Causes Disease?
    • How Can We Prevent Infection and Disease?
  • The Modern Age of Microbiology
    • What Are the Basic Chemical Reactions of Life?
    • How Do Genes Work?
    • What Roles Do Microorganisms Play in the Environment?
    • How Do We Defend Against Disease?
    • What Will the Future Hold?
  • Chapter Summary
  • Questions for Review
  • Critical Thinking
  • Concept Mapping
• 2 The Chemistry of Microbiology
  • Atoms
    • Atomic Structure
    • Isotopes
    • Electron Configurations
  • Chemical Bonds
    • Nonpolar Covalent Bonds
    • Polar Covalent Bonds
    • Ionic Bonds
    • Hydrogen Bonds
  • Chemical Reactions
    • Synthesis Reactions
    • Decomposition Reactions
    • Exchange Reactions
  • Water, Acids, Bases, and Salts
    • Water
    • Acids and Bases
    • Salts
  • Organic Macromolecules
    • Functional Groups
    • Lipids
    • Carbohydrates
    • Proteins
    • Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids
  • Chapter Summary
  • Questions for Review
  • Critical Thinking
  • Concept Mapping
• 3 Cell Structure and Function
  • Processes of Life
  • Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells: An Overview
  • External Structures of Bacterial Cells
    • Glycocalyces
    • Flagella
    • Fimbriae and Pili
  • Bacterial Cell Walls
    • Gram-Positive Bacterial Cell Walls
    • Gram-Negative Bacterial Cell Walls
    • Bacteria Without Cell Walls
  • Bacterial Cytoplasmic Membranes
    • Structure
    • Function
  • Cytoplasm of Bacteria
    • Cytosol
    • Inclusions
    • Endospores
    • Nonmembranous Organelles
  • External Structures of Archaea
    • Glycocalyces
    • Flagella
    • Fimbriae and Hami
  • Archaeal Cell Walls and Cytoplasmic Membranes
  • Cytoplasm of Archaea
  • External Structure of Eukaryotic Cells
    • Glycocalyces
  • Eukaryotic Cell Walls and Cytoplasmic Membranes
  • Cytoplasm of Eukaryotes
    • Flagella
    • Cilia
    • Other Nonmembranous Organelles
    • Membranous Organelles
    • Endosymbiotic Theory
  • Chapter Summary
  • Questions for Review
  • Critical Thinking
  • Concept Mapping
• 4 Microscopy, Staining, and Classification
  • Units of Measurement
  • Microscopy
    • General Principles of Microscopy
    • Light Microscopy
    • Electron Microscopy
    • Probe Microscopy
  • Staining
    • Preparing Specimens for Staining
    • Principles of Staining
    • Simple Stains
    • Differential Stains
    • Special Stains
    • Staining for Electron Microscopy
  • Classification and Identification of Microorganisms
    • Linnaeus and Taxonomic Categories
    • Domains
    • Taxonomic and Identifying Characteristics
    • Taxonomic Keys
  • Chapter Summary
  • Questions for Review
  • Critical Thinking
  • Concept Mapping
• 5 Microbial Metabolism
  • Basic Chemical Reactions Underlying Metabolism
    • Catabolism and Anabolism
    • Oxidation and Reduction Reactions
    • ATP Production and Energy Storage
    • The Roles of Enzymes in Metabolism
  • Carbohydrate Catabolism
    • Glycolysis
    • Cellular Respiration
    • Pentose Phosphate Pathway
    • Fermentation
  • Other Catabolic Pathways
    • Lipid Catabolism
    • Protein Catabolism
  • Photosynthesis
    • Chemicals and Structures
    • Light-Dependent Reactions
    • Light-Independent Reactions
  • Other Anabolic Pathways
    • Carbohydrate Biosynthesis
    • Lipid Biosynthesis
    • Amino Acid Biosynthesis
    • Nucleotide Biosynthesis
  • Integration and Regulation of Metabolic Functions
  • Chapter Summary
  • Questions for Review
  • Critical Thinking
  • Concept Mapping
• 6 Microbial Nutrition and Growth
  • Growth Requirements
    • Nutrients: Chemical and Energy Requirements
    • Physical Requirements
    • Associations and Biofilms
  • Culturing Microorganisms
    • Clinical Sampling
    • Obtaining Pure Cultures
    • Culture Media
    • Special Culture Techniques
    • Preserving Cultures
  • Growth of Microbial Populations
    • Generation Time
    • Mathematical Considerations in Population Growth
    • Phases of Microbial Population Growth
    • Continuous Culture in a Chemostat
    • Measuring Microbial Reproduction
  • Chapter Summary
  • Questions for Review
  • Critical Thinking
  • Concept Mapping
• 7 Microbial Genetics
  • The Structure and Replication of Genomes
    • The Structure of Nucleic Acids
    • The Structure of Prokaryotic Genomes
    • The Structure of Eukaryotic Genomes
    • DNA Replication
  • Gene Function
    • The Relationship Between Genotype and Phenotype
    • The Transfer of Genetic Information
    • The Events in Transcription
    • Translation
    • Regulation of Genetic Expression
  • Mutations of Genes
    • Types of Mutations
    • Effects of Point Mutations
    • Mutagens
    • Frequency of Mutation
    • DNA Repair
    • Identifying Mutants, Mutagens, and Carcinogens
  • Genetic Recombination and Transfer
    • Horizontal Gene Transfer Among Prokaryotes
    • Transposons and Transposition
  • Chapter Summary
  • Questions for Review
  • Critical Thinking
  • Concept Mapping
• 8 Recombinant DNA Technology
  • The Role of Recombinant DNA Technology in Biotechnology
  • The Tools of Recombinant DNA Technology
    • Mutagens
    • The Use of Reverse Transcriptase to Synthesize cDNA
    • Synthetic Nucleic Acids
    • Restriction Enzymes
    • Vectors
    • Gene Libraries
  • Techniques of Recombinant DNA Technology
    • Multiplying DNA In Vitro: The Polymerase Chain Reaction
    • Selecting a Clone of Recombinant Cells
    • Separating DNA Molecules: Gel Electrophoresis and the Southern Blot
    • DNA Microarrays
    • Inserting DNA into Cells
  • Applications of Recombinant DNA Technology
    • Genetic Mapping
    • Microbial Community Studies
    • Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Applications
    • Agricultural Applications
  • The Ethics and Safety of Recombinant DNA Technology
  • Chapter Summary
  • Questions for Review
  • Critical Thinking
  • Concept Mapping
• 9 Controlling Microbial Growth in the Environment
  • Basic Principles of Microbial Control
    • Terminology of Microbial Control
    • Microbial Death Rates
    • Action of Antimicrobial Agents
  • The Selection of Microbial Control Methods
    • Factors Affecting the Efficacy of Antimicrobial Methods
    • Biosafety Levels
  • Physical Methods of Microbial Control
    • Heat-Related Methods
    • Refrigeration and Freezing
    • Desiccation and Lyophilization
    • Filtration
    • Osmotic Pressure
    • Radiation
  • Chemical Methods of Microbial Control
    • Phenol and Phenolics
    • Alcohols
    • Halogens
    • Oxidizing Agents
    • Surfactants
    • Heavy Metals
    • Aldehydes
    • Gaseous Agents
    • Enzymes
    • Antimicrobial Drugs
    • Methods for Evaluating Disinfectants and Antiseptics
    • Development of Resistant Microbes
  • Chapter Summary
  • Questions for Review
  • Critical Thinking
  • Concept Mapping
• 10 Controlling Microbial Growth in the Body: Antimicrobial Drugs
  • The History of Antimicrobial Agents
  • Mechanisms of Antimicrobial Action
    • Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis
    • Inhibition of Protein Synthesis
    • Disruption of Cytoplasmic Membranes
    • Inhibition of Metabolic Pathways
    • Inhibition of Nucleic Acid Synthesis
    • Prevention of Virus Attachment, Entry, or Uncoating
  • Clinical Considerations in Prescribing Antimicrobial Drugs
    • Spectrum of Action
    • Effectiveness
    • Routes of Administration
    • Safety and Side Effects
  • Resistance to Antimicrobial Drugs
    • The Development of Resistance in Populations
    • Mechanisms of Resistance
    • Multiple Resistance and Cross Resistance
    • Retarding Resistance
  • Chapter Summary
  • Questions for Review
  • Critical Thinking
  • Concept Mapping
• 11 Characterizing and Classifying Prokaryotes
  • General Characteristics of Prokaryotic Organisms
    • Morphology of Prokaryotic Cells
    • Endospores
    • Reproduction of Prokaryotic Cells
    • Arrangements of Prokaryotic Cells
  • Modern Prokaryotic Classification
  • Survey of Archaea
    • Extremophiles
    • Methanogens
  • Survey of Bacteria
    • Deeply Branching and Phototrophic Bacteria
    • Low G + C Gram-Positive Bacteria
    • High G + C Gram-Positive Bacteria
    • Gram-Negative Proteobacteria
    • Other Gram-Negative Bacteria
  • Chapter Summary
  • Questions for Review
  • Critical Thinking
  • Concept Mapping
• 12 Characterizing and Classifying Eukaryotes
  • General Characteristics of Eukaryotic Organisms
    • Reproduction of Eukaryotes
    • Classification of Eukaryotic Organisms
  • Protozoa
    • Distribution of Protozoa
    • Morphology of Protozoa
    • Nutrition of Protozoa
    • Reproduction of Protozoa
    • Classification of Protozoa
  • Fungi
    • The Significance of Fungi
    • Morphology of Fungi
    • Nutrition of Fungi
    • Reproduction of Fungi
    • Classification of Fungi
    • Lichens
  • Algae
    • Distribution of Algae
    • Morphology of Algae
    • Reproduction of Algae
    • Classification of Algae
  • Water Molds
  • Other Eukaryotes of Microbiological Interest: Parasitic Helminths and Vectors
    • Arachnids
    • Insects
  • Chapter Summary
  • Questions for Review
  • Critical Thinking
  • Concept Mapping
• 13 Characterizing and Classifying Viruses, Viroids, and Prions
  • Characteristics of Viruses
    • Genetic Material of Viruses
    • Hosts of Viruses
    • Sizes of Viruses
    • Capsid Morphology
    • Viral Shapes
    • The Viral Envelope
  • Classification of Viruses
  • Viral Replication
    • Lytic Replication of Bacteriophages
    • Lysogenic Replication of Bacteriophages
    • Replication of Animal Viruses
  • The Role of Viruses in Cancer
  • Culturing Viruses in the Laboratory
    • Culturing Viruses in Mature Organisms
    • Culturing Viruses in Embryonated Chicken Eggs
    • Culturing Viruses in Cell (Tissue) Culture
  • Are Viruses Alive?
  • Other Parasitic Particles: Viroids and Prions
    • Characteristics of Viroids
    • Characteristics of Prions
  • Chapter Summary
  • Questions for Review
  • Critical Thinking
  • Concept Mapping
• 14 Infection, Infectious Diseases, and Epidemiology
  • Symbiotic Relationships Between Microbes and Their Hosts
    • Types of Symbiosis
    • Normal Microbiota in Hosts
    • How Normal Microbiota Become Opportunistic Pathogens
  • Reservoirs of Infectious Diseases of Humans
    • Animal Reservoirs
    • Human Carriers
    • Nonliving Reservoirs
  • The Invasion and Establishment of Microbes in Hosts: Infection
    • Exposure to Microbes: Contamination and Infection
    • Portals of Entry
    • The Role of Adhesion in Infection
  • The Nature of Infectious Disease
    • Manifestations of Disease: Symptoms, Signs, and Syndromes
    • Causation of Disease: Etiology
    • Virulence Factors of Infectious Agents
    • The Stages of Infectious Diseases
  • The Movement of Pathogens Out of Hosts: Portals of Exit
  • Modes of Infectious Disease Transmission
    • Contact Transmission
    • Vehicle Transmission
    • Vector Transmission
  • Classification of Infectious Diseases
  • Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases
    • Frequency of Disease
    • Epidemiological Studies
    • Hospital Epidemiology: Healthcare-Associated (Nosocomial) Infections
    • Epidemiology and Public Health
  • Chapter Summary
  • Questions for Review
  • Critical Thinking
  • Concept Mapping
• 15 Innate Immunity
  • An Overview of the Body’s Defenses
  • The Body’s First Line of Defense
    • The Role of Skin in Innate Immunity
    • The Role of Mucous Membranes in Innate Immunity
    • The Role of the Lacrimal Apparatus in Innate Immunity
    • The Role of Normal Microbiota in Innate Immunity
    • Other First-Line Defenses
  • The Body’s Second Line of Defense
    • Defense Components of Blood
    • Phagocytosis
    • Nonphagocytic Killing
    • Nonspecific Chemical Defenses Against Pathogens
    • Inflammation
    • Fever
  • Chapter Summary
  • Questions for Review
  • Critical Thinking
  • Concept Mapping
• 16 Adaptive Immunity
  • Overview of Adaptive Immunity
  • Elements of Adaptive Immunity
    • The Tissues and Organs of the Lymphatic System
    • Antigens
    • Preparation for an Adaptive Immune Response
    • T Lymphocytes (T Cells)
    • B Lymphocytes (B Cells) and Antibodies
    • Immune Response Cytokines
  • Cell-Mediated Immune Responses
    • Activation of Cytotoxic T Cell Clones and Their Functions
    • The Perforin-Granzyme Cytotoxic Pathway
    • The CD95 Cytotoxic Pathway
    • Memory T Cells
    • T Cell Regulation
  • Antibody Immune Responses
    • Inducement of T-Dependent Antibody Immunity with Clonal Selection
    • Memory Cells and the Establishment of Immunological Memory
  • Types of Acquired Immunity
    • Naturally Acquired Active Immunity
    • Naturally Acquired Passive Immunity
    • Artificially Acquired Active Immunity
    • Artificially Acquired Passive Immunotherapy
  • Chapter Summary
  • Questions for Review
  • Critical Thinking
  • Concept Mapping
• 17 Immunization and Immune Testing
  • Immunization
    • Brief History of Immunization
    • Active Immunization
    • Passive Immunotherapy
  • Serological Tests That Use Antigens and Corresponding Antibodies
    • Precipitation Tests
    • Turbidimetric and Nephelometric Tests
    • Agglutination Tests
    • Neutralization Tests
    • The Complement Fixation Test
    • Labeled Antibody Tests
    • Point-of-Care Testing
  • Chapter Summary
  • Questions for Review
  • Critical Thinking
  • Concept Mapping
• 18 Immune Disorders
  • Hypersensitivities
    • Type I (Immediate) Hypersensitivity
    • Type II (Cytotoxic) Hypersensitivity
    • Type III (Immune Complex–Mediated) Hypersensitivity
    • Type IV (Delayed or Cell-Mediated) Hypersensitivity
  • Autoimmune Diseases
    • Causes of Autoimmune Diseases
    • Examples of Autoimmune Diseases
  • Immunodeficiency Diseases
    • Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases
    • Acquired Immunodeficiency Diseases
  • Chapter Summary
  • Questions for Review
  • Critical Thinking
  • Concept Mapping
• 19 Pathogenic Gram-Positive Bacteria
  • Staphylococcus
    • Structure and Physiology
    • Pathogenicity
    • Epidemiology
    • Staphylococcal Diseases
    • Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention
  • Streptococcus
    • Group A Streptococcus: Streptococcus pyogenes
    • Group B Streptococcus: Streptococcus agalactiae
    • Other Beta-Hemolytic Streptococci
    • Alpha-Hemolytic Streptococci: The Viridans Group
    • Streptococcus pneumoniae
  • Enterococcus
    • Structure and Physiology
    • Pathogenesis, Epidemiology, and Diseases
    • Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention
  • Bacillus
    • Structure, Physiology, and Pathogenicity
    • Epidemiology
    • Disease
    • Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention
  • Clostridium
    • Clostridium perfringens
    • Clostridium difficile
    • Clostridium botulinum
    • Clostridium tetani
  • Listeria
  • Mycoplasmas
    • Mycoplasma pneumoniae
    • Other Mycoplasmas
  • Corynebacterium
    • Pathogenesis, Epidemiology, and Disease
    • Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention
  • Mycobacterium
    • Tuberculosis
    • Leprosy
    • Other Mycobacterial Infections
  • Propionibacterium
  • Nocardia and Actinomyces
    • Nocardia asteroides
    • Actinomyces
  • Chapter Summary
  • Questions for Review
  • Critical Thinking
  • Concept Mapping
• 20 Pathogenic Gram-Negative Cocci and Bacilli
  • Pathogenic Gram-Negative Cocci: Neisseria
    • Structure and Physiology of Neisseria
    • The Gonococcus: Neisseria gonorrhoeae
    • The Meningococcus: Neisseria meningitidis
  • Pathogenic, Gram-Negative, Facultatively Anaerobic Bacilli
    • The Enterobacteriaceae: An Overview
    • Coliform Opportunistic Enterobacteriaceae
    • Noncoliform Opportunistic Enterobacteriaceae
    • Truly Pathogenic Enterobacteriaceae
    • The Pasteurellaceae
  • Pathogenic, Gram-Negative, Aerobic Bacilli
    • Bartonella
    • Brucella
    • Bordetella
    • Burkholderia
    • Pseudomonads
    • Francisella
    • Legionella
    • Coxiella
  • Pathogenic, Gram-Negative, Anaerobic Bacilli
    • Bacteroides
    • Prevotella
  • Chapter Summary
  • Questions for Review
  • Critical Thinking
  • Concept Mapping
• 21 Rickettsias, Chlamydias, Spirochetes, and Vibrios
  • Rickettsias
    • Rickettsia
    • Orientia tsutsugamushi
    • Ehrlichia and Anaplasma
  • Chlamydias
    • Chlamydia trachomatis
    • Chlamydophila pneumoniae
    • Chlamydophila psittaci
  • Spirochetes
    • Treponema
    • Borrelia
    • Leptospira
  • Pathogenic Gram-Negative Vibrios
    • Vibrio
    • Campylobacter jejuni
    • Helicobacter pylori
  • Chapter Summary
  • Questions for Review
  • Critical Thinking
  • Concept Mapping
• 22 Pathogenic Fungi
  • An Overview of Medical Mycology
    • The Epidemiology of Mycoses
    • Categories of Fungal Agents: True Fungal Pathogens and Opportunistic Fungi
    • Clinical Manifestations of Fungal Diseases
    • The Diagnosis of Fungal Infections
    • Antifungal Therapies
    • Antifungal Vaccines
  • Systemic Mycoses Caused by Pathogenic Fungi
    • Histoplasmosis
    • Blastomycosis
    • Coccidioidomycosis
    • Paracoccidioidomycosis
  • Systemic Mycoses Caused by Opportunistic Fungi
    • Pneumocystis Pneumonia
    • Candidiasis
    • Aspergillosis
    • Cryptococcosis
    • Zygomycoses
    • The Emergence of Fungal Opportunists in AIDS Patients
  • Superficial, Cutaneous, and Subcutaneous Mycoses
    • Superficial Mycoses
    • Cutaneous and Subcutaneous Mycoses
  • Fungal Intoxications and Allergies
    • Mycotoxicoses
    • Mushroom Poisoning (Mycetismus)
    • Allergies to Fungi
  • Chapter Summary
  • Questions for Review
  • Critical Thinking
  • Concept Mapping
• 23 Parasitic Protozoa, Helminths, and Arthropod Vectors
  • Parasitology
  • Arthropod Vectors
  • Protozoan Parasites of Humans
    • Ciliates
    • Amoebas
    • Flagellates
    • Apicomplexans
  • Helminthic Parasites of Humans
    • Cestodes
    • Trematodes
    • Nematodes
  • Chapter Summary
  • Questions for Review
  • Critical Thinking
  • Concept Mapping
• 24 Pathogenic DNA Viruses
  • Poxviridae
    • Smallpox
    • Molluscum Contagiosum
    • Other Poxvirus Infections
  • Herpesviridae
    • Infections of Human Herpesvirus 1 and 2
    • Human Herpesvirus 3 (Varicella-Zoster Virus) Infections
    • Human Herpesvirus 4 (Epstein-Barr Virus) Infections
    • Human Herpesvirus 5 (Cytomegalovirus) Infections
    • Other Herpesvirus Infections
  • Papillomaviridae and Polyomaviridae
    • Papillomavirus Infections
    • Polyomavirus Infections
  • Adenoviridae
  • Hepadnaviridae
    • Hepatitis B Infections
    • The Role of Hepatitis B Virus in Hepatic Cancer
  • Parvoviridae
  • Chapter Summary
  • Questions for Review
  • Critical Thinking
  • Concept Mapping
• 25 Pathogenic RNA Viruses
  • Naked, Positive ssRNA Viruses: Picornaviridae, Caliciviridae, Astroviridae, and Hepeviridae
    • Common Colds Caused by Rhinoviruses
    • Diseases of Enteroviruses
    • Hepatitis A
    • Acute Gastroenteritis
    • Hepatitis E
  • Enveloped, Positive ssRNA Viruses: Togaviridae, Flaviviridae, and Coronaviridae
    • Diseases of +RNA Arboviruses
    • Other Diseases of Enveloped +ssRNA Viruses
  • Enveloped, Positive ssRNA Viruses with Reverse Transcriptase: Retroviridae
    • Oncogenic Retroviruses (Deltaretrovirus)
    • Immunosuppressive Retroviruses (Lentivirus) and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
  • Enveloped, Unsegmented, Negative ssRNA Viruses: Paramyxoviridae, Rhabdoviridae, and Filoviridae
    • Measles
    • Diseases of Parainfluenza Virus
    • Mumps
    • Disease of Respiratory Syncytial Virus
    • Rabies
    • Hemorrhagic Fevers
  • Enveloped, Segmented, Negative ssRNA Viruses: Orthomyxoviridae, Bunyaviridae, and Arenaviridae
    • Influenza
    • Diseases of Bunyaviruses
    • Diseases of Arenaviruses
  • Naked, Segmented dsRNA Viruses: Reoviridae
    • Rotavirus Infections
    • Coltivirus Infections
  • Chapter Summary
  • Questions for Review
  • Critical Thinking
  • Concept Mapping
• 26 Applied and Environmental Microbiology
  • Food Microbiology
    • The Roles of Microorganisms in Food Production
    • The Causes and Prevention of Food Spoilage
    • Foodborne Illnesses
  • Industrial Microbiology
    • The Roles of Microbes in Industrial Fermentations
    • Industrial Products of Microorganisms
    • Water Treatment
  • Environmental Microbiology
    • Microbial Ecology
    • Bioremediation
    • The Problem of Acid Mine Drainage
    • The Roles of Microorganisms in Biogeochemical Cycles
    • Soil Microbiology
    • Aquatic Microbiology
  • Biological Warfare and Bioterrorism
    • Assessing Microorganisms as Potential Agents of Warfare or Terror
    • Known Microbial Threats
    • Defense Against Bioterrorism
    • The Roles of Recombinant Genetic Technology in Bioterrorism
  • Chapter Summary
  • Questions for Review
  • Critical Thinking
  • Concept Mapping
• Answers to Questions for Review
• Glossary
• Credits
• Index

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