Efnisyfirlit

• Cover image
• Title page
• Table of Contents
• Any screen, Any time, Anywhere
• Copyright
• List of Contributors
• Acknowledgments
• Dedication
• Preface
• Abbreviations
• Section 1: Introduction
  • Chapter 1. Biochemistry and Clinical Medicine: Introduction and Overview
    • Abstract
    • Introduction
    • What is the Sixth Edition of Medical Biochemistry?
    • What is Biochemistry: The Short Overview
    • Further Reading
    • Relevant websites
    • Abbreviations
• Section 2: Molecules and Cells
  • Chapter 2. Amino Acids and Proteins
    • Abstract
    • Introduction
    • Amino Acids
    • Buffers
    • Peptides and Proteins
    • Purification and Characterization of Proteins
    • Analysis of Protein Structure
    • Summary
    • Abbreviations
    • Further Reading
    • Relevant Websites
  • Chapter 3. Carbohydrates and Lipids
    • Abstract
    • Introduction
    • Carbohydrates
    • Lipids
    • Structure of Biomembranes
    • Summary
    • Further Reading
    • Relevant Websites
    • Abbreviations
  • Chapter 4. Membranes and Transport
    • Abstract
    • Introduction
    • Types of Transport Processes
    • Summary
    • Further Reading
    • Relevant Websites
    • Abbreviations
• Section 3: Metabolism
  • Chapter 5. Oxygen Transport
    • Abstract
    • Introduction
    • Characteristics of Mammalian Globin Proteins
    • Allosteric Modulation of the Oxygen Affinity of Hemoglobin
    • Selected Topics
    • Summary
    • Further Reading
    • Relevant Websites
    • Abbreviations
  • Chapter 6. Catalytic Proteins - Enzymes
    • Abstract
    • Introduction
    • Enzymatic Reactions
    • Enzyme Kinetics
    • Mechanism of Enzyme Action
    • Enzyme Inhibition
    • Regulation of Enzyme Activity
    • Enzymatic Measurement of Blood Glucose
    • Summary
    • Further Reading
    • Relevant Websites
    • Abbreviations
  • Chapter 7. Vitamins and Minerals
    • Abstract
    • Introduction
    • Fat-Soluble Vitamins
    • Water-Soluble Vitamins
    • Dietary Supplementation of Vitamins
    • Minerals
    • Summary
    • Further Reading
    • Relevant Websites
    • More Clinical Cases
    • Abbreviations
  • Chapter 8. Bioenergetics and Oxidative Metabolism
    • Abstract
    • Introduction
    • Oxidation As A Source Of Energy
    • FREE ENERGY
    • Conservation Of Energy By Coupling Of Reactions To Hydrolysis Of ATP
    • Mitochondrial Synthesis Of Adenosine Triphosphate From Reduced Coenzymes
    • The Mitochondrial Electron Transport System
    • Transfer Of Electrons From NADH Into Mitochondria
    • Synthesis Of Adenosine Triphosphate: The Chemiosmotic Hypothesis
    • Inhibitors Of Oxidative Metabolism
    • Regulation Of Oxidative Phosphorylation
    • Summary
    • Further Reading
    • Relevant Websites
    • Abbreviations
  • Chapter 9. Glycolysis and the Pentose Phosphate Pathway
    • Abstract
    • Introduction
    • The Erythrocyte
    • Glycolysis
    • Synthesis of 2,3-Bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG)
    • The Pentose Phosphate Pathway
    • Summary
    • Further Reading
    • Relevant Websites
    • Abbreviations
  • Chapter 10. The Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle
    • Abstract
    • Introduction
    • Functions of the Tca Cycle
    • Pyruvate Carboxylase
    • The Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex
    • Enzymes and Reactions of the Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle
    • Energy Yield from the Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle
    • Cataplerosis and Anaplerosis
    • Regulation of the Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle
    • Summary
    • Further Reading
    • Relevant Websites
    • Abbreviations
  • Chapter 11. Fatty Acid and Triglyceride Catabolism
    • Abstract
    • Introduction
    • Activation of Fatty Acids for Transport Into the Mitochondrion
    • Oxidation of Fatty Acids
    • Ketogenesis, a Metabolic Pathway Unique to Liver
    • Summary
    • Further Reading
    • Relevant Websites
    • Abbreviations
  • Chapter 12. Biosynthesis and Storage of Carbohydrate
    • Abstract
    • Introduction
    • Structure of Glycogen
    • Pathway of Glycogenesis from Blood Glucose in the Liver
    • Pathway of Glycogenolysis in the Liver
    • Hormonal Regulation of Hepatic Glycogenolysis
    • Mechanism of Action of Glucagon
    • Mobilization of Hepatic Glycogen by Epinephrine
    • Glycogenolysis in Muscle
    • Regulation of Glycogenesis
    • Gluconeogenesis
    • Summary
    • Further Reading
    • Relevant Websites
    • Abbreviations
  • Chapter 13. Biosynthesis and Storage of Fatty Acids
    • Abstract
    • Introduction
    • Fatty Acid Synthesis
    • Storage and Transport of Fatty Acids: Synthesis of Triacylglycerols (Triglycerides)
    • Regulation of Total Body Fat Stores
    • Summary
    • Further Reading
    • Abbreviations
  • Chapter 14. Biosynthesis of Cholesterol and Steroids
    • Abstract
    • Introduction
    • The Cholesterol Molecule
    • Cholesterol is Esterified Within Cells and in Plasma
    • Biosynthesis of Cholesterol
    • Cholesterol Clearance: The Bile Acids
    • Steroid Hormones
    • Vitamin D
    • Summary
    • Further Reading
    • Relevant Websites
    • More Clinical Cases
    • Abbreviations
  • Chapter 15. Biosynthesis and Degradation of Amino Acids
    • Abstract
    • Introduction
    • Metabolism of Dietary and Endogenous Proteins
    • Amino acid Degradation
    • Metabolism of the Carbon Skeletons of Amino Acids
    • Biosynthesis of Amino Acids
    • Inherited Diseases of Amino Acid Metabolism
    • Summary
    • Further Reading
    • Relevant Websites
    • Abbreviations
  • Chapter 16. Biosynthesis and Degradation of Nucleotides
    • Abstract
    • Introduction
    • Purine Metabolism
    • Pyrimidine Metabolism
    • Formation of Deoxynucleotides
    • Summary
    • Further Reading
    • Relevant Websites
    • Abbreviations
  • Chapter 17. Complex Carbohydrates: Glycoproteins
    • Abstract
    • Introduction
    • Structures and Linkages
    • Interconversions of Dietary Sugars
    • Other Pathways of Sugar Nucleotide Metabolism
    • Biosynthesis of Oligosaccharides
    • Functions of the Oligosaccharide Chains of Glycoproteins
    • Summary
    • Further Reading
    • Relevant Websites
    • Abbreviations
  • Chapter 18. Complex Lipids
    • Abstract
    • Introduction
    • Synthesis and Turnover of Glycerophospholipids
    • Sphingolipids
    • Lysosomal Storage Diseases Resulting from Defects in Glycolipid Degradation
    • ABO Blood Group Antigens
    • Summary
    • Further Reading
    • Relevant Websites
    • Abbreviations
  • Chapter 19. The Extracellular Matrix
    • Abstract
    • Introduction
    • Noncollagenous Proteins in The Extracellular Matrix
    • Proteoglycans
    • Communication of Cells With The Extracellular Matrix
    • Summary
    • Further Reading
    • Relevant Websites
    • Abbreviations
• Section 4: Molecular Basis of Inheritance
  • Chapter 20. Deoxyribonucleic Acid
    • Abstract
    • Introduction
    • Structure of Deoxyribonucleic Acid
    • The Cell Cycle in Eukaryotes
    • Dna Replication
    • DNA Repair
    • Recombinant Dna Technology
    • Principles of Molecular Hybridization
    • Cloning of DNA
    • Summary
    • Further Reading
    • Relevant Websites
    • Abbreviations
  • Chapter 21. Ribonucleic Acid
    • Abstract
    • Introduction
    • Molecular Anatomy Of Ribonucleic Acid Molecules
    • Ribonucleic Acid Polymerases
    • Messenger Ribonucleic Acid: Transcription
    • Posttranscriptional Processing of Ribonucleic Acids
    • Selective Degradation or Inactivation of Mrna
    • Further Reading
    • Relevant Websites and Videos
    • Abbreviations
  • Chapter 22. Protein Synthesis and Turnover
    • Abstract
    • Introduction
    • The Genetic Code
    • The Machinery of Protein Synthesis
    • The Process of Protein Synthesis
    • Protein Folding and Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Stress
    • Protein Targeting and Posttranslational Modifications
    • Summary
    • Further Reading
    • Relevant Websites
    • Abbreviations
  • Chapter 23. Regulation of Gene Expression: Basic Mechanisms
    • Abstract
    • Introduction
    • Basic Mechanisms of Gene Expression
    • Steroid Receptors
    • Alternative Approaches to Gene Regulation in Humans
    • Summary
    • Further Reading
    • Relevant Websites
    • CRISPR
    • Abbreviations
  • Chapter 24. Genomics, Proteomics, and Metabolomics
    • Abstract
    • Introduction
    • Genomics
    • Proteomics
    • Metabolomics
    • Summary
    • Further Reading
    • Relevant Websites
    • Abbreviations
• Section 5: Signalling and Growth
  • Chapter 25. Membrane Receptors and Signal Transduction
    • Abstract
    • Introduction
    • Types of Hormone and Monoamine Receptors
    • Receptor Coupling to Intracellular Signal Transduction
    • Second Messengers
    • Summary
    • Further Reading
    • Relevant Websites
    • Abbreviations
  • Chapter 26. Neurotransmitters
    • Abstract
    • Introduction
    • Neurotransmission
    • Classes of Neurotransmitters
    • Summary
    • Further Reading
    • Relevant Websites
    • Abbreviations
  • Chapter 27. Biochemical Endocrinology
    • Abstract
    • Introduction
    • Hormones
    • Laboratory Assessment of Hormone Action
    • Causes of Endocrine Disease
    • The Hypothalamus and the Pituitary Gland
    • Thyroid Function: The HYPOTHALAMO-Pituitary–Thyroid Axis
    • The HYPOTHALAMO–Pituitary–Adrenal Axis
    • The Hypothalamo–Pituitary–Gonadal Axis
    • The Growth Hormone Axis
    • The Prolactin Axis
    • Endocrine Systems not Considered in this Chapter
    • Summary
    • Further Reading
    • Relevant Websites
    • More Clinical Cases
    • Abbreviations
  • Chapter 28. Cellular Homeostasis: Cell Growth and Cancer
    • Abstract
    • Introduction
    • Cell Cycle
    • Regulation of Cell Proliferation and Growth: Growth Factors
    • Regulation of the Cell Cycle
    • Cell Death
    • Cancer
    • Summary
    • Further Reading
    • Relevant Websites
    • Abbreviations
  • Chapter 29. Aging
    • Abstract
    • Introduction
    • Theories of Aging
    • Genetic Models of Increased Life span
    • Antiaging Interventions: What Works and What Doesn’t
    • Summary
    • Further Reading
    • Relevant Websites
    • Abbreviations
• Section 6: Fuels Nutrients and Minerals
  • Chapter 30. Digestion and Absorption of Nutrients: The Gastrointestinal Tract
    • Abstract
    • Introduction
    • Water and Electrolyte Handling in the Gastrointestinal Tract
    • Components of Digestion
    • Digestion and Absorption of Carbohydrates
    • Digestion and Absorption of Lipids
    • Digestion and Absorption of Proteins
    • Summary
    • Further Reading
    • Relevant Websites
    • Abbreviations
  • Chapter 31. Glucose Homeostasis and Fuel Metabolism: Diabetes Mellitus
    • Abstract
    • Introduction
    • Glucose Homeostasis
    • Glucagon and other Antiinsulin Hormones
    • Incretin Hormones
    • The Feed–Fast Cycle
    • Diabetes Mellitus
    • Hypoglycemia
    • Laboratory Assessment of Fuel Metabolism
    • Treating Diabetes
    • Summary
    • Further Reading
    • Relevant Websites
    • Abbreviations
  • Chapter 32. Nutrients and Diets
    • Abstract
    • Introduction
    • Main Classes of Nutrients
    • Essential Nutrients
    • Role of the Adipose Tissue in Controlling Energy Balance
    • Regulation of Food Intake
    • Nutrigenomics
    • Nutrition, Life Cycle, and Metabolic Adaptation
    • Energy Expenditure and Physical Activity
    • Malnutrition
    • Obesity
    • Undernutrition
    • Healthy Eating
    • Assessing Nutrition
    • Summary
    • Further Reading
    • Relevant Websites
    • Abbreviations
  • Chapter 33. Lipoprotein Metabolism and Atherogenesis
    • Abstract
    • Introduction
    • Nature Of Lipoproteins
    • Lipoprotein Receptors
    • Enzymes and Lipid Transfer Proteins
    • Pathways of Lipoprotein Metabolism
    • The Concept Of Cardiovascular Risk
    • Atherosclerosis
    • Dyslipidemias
    • Principles of Treatment of Dyslipidemias
    • Summary
    • Further Reading
    • Relevant Websites
    • More Clinical Cases
    • Abbreviations
• Section 7: Specialized Tissues and Their Function
  • Chapter 34. Role of the Liver in Metabolism
    • Abstract
    • Introduction
    • Structure of the Liver
    • Liver and Carbohydrate Metabolism
    • Liver and Protein Metabolism
    • Heme Synthesis
    • Bilirubin Metabolism
    • Drug Metabolism
    • Pharmacogenomics
    • Biochemical Tests of Liver Function
    • Classification of Liver Disorders
    • Genomics of Liver Disease
    • Summary
    • Further Reading
    • Relevant Websites
    • Abbreviations
  • Chapter 35. Water and Electrolytes Homeostasis
    • Abstract
    • Outlines
    • Introduction
    • Body Water Compartments
    • Role of the Kidneys in Water and Electrolyte Balance
    • Regulation of Water And Electrolyte Balance
    • Summary
    • Further Reading
    • Relevant Websites
    • Abbreviations
  • Chapter 36. The Lung and the Regulation of Hydrogen Ion Concentration (Acid–Base Balance)
    • Abstract
    • Introduction
    • Body Buffer Systems: Respiratory And Metabolic Components Of The Acid–Base Balance
    • Lungs: The Gas Exchange
    • Bicarbonate Handling by the Kidneys
    • Disorders of the Acid–Base Balance
    • Summary
    • Further Reading
    • Relevant Websites
    • Abbreviations
  • Chapter 37. Muscle: Energy Metabolism, Contraction, and Exercise
    • Abstract
    • Introduction
    • Muscle Structure
    • The Contractile Process
    • Muscle Energy Metabolism
    • Tissue Engineering and Replacement of Muscle
    • Effect of Exercise
    • Summary
    • Further Reading
    • Relevant Websites
    • Muscular Dystrophy
    • Abbreviations
  • Chapter 38. Bone Metabolism and Calcium Homeostasis
    • Abstract
    • Introduction
    • Cellular Role of Calcium
    • Bone Structure And Bone Remodeling
    • Bone Markers
    • Calcium Homeostasis
    • Disorders of Calcium Metabolism
    • Summary
    • Further Reading
    • Relevant Websites
    • Abbreviations
  • Chapter 39. Neurochemistry
    • Abstract
    • Introduction
    • Brain and Peripheral Nerve
    • Cells of the Nervous System
    • Synaptic Transmission
    • Ion Channels
    • Neurotransmitter receptors
    • Mechanism of Vision
    • Summary
    • Further Reading
    • Relevant Websites
    • Abbreviations
• Section 8: Blood and Immunity. Clinical Biochemistry
  • Chapter 40. Blood and Plasma Proteins
    • Abstract
    • Introduction
    • Formed Elements of Blood
    • Plasma Proteins
    • The Acute-Phase Response
    • Biomarkers
    • Summary
    • Further Reading
    • Relevant Websites
    • Abbreviations
  • Chapter 41. Hemostasis and Thrombosis
    • Abstract
    • Introduction
    • Hemostasis
    • The Vessel Wall
    • Platelets and Platelet-Related Bleeding Disorders
    • Coagulation
    • Fibrinolysis
    • Summary
    • Further Reading
    • Relevant Websites
    • Abbreviations
  • Chapter 42. Oxidative Stress and Inflammation
    • Abstract
    • Introduction
    • The Inertness of Oxygen
    • Reactive Oxygen Species and Oxidative Stress
    • Reactive Nitrogen Species (RNS) and Nitrosative Stress
    • The Nature of Oxygen Radical Damage
    • Antioxidant Defenses
    • The Beneficial Effects of Reactive Oxygen Species
    • Summary
    • Further Reading
    • Relevant Websites
    • Abbreviations
  • Chapter 43. The Immune Response: Innate and Adaptive Immunity
    • Abstract
    • Introduction
    • Three Layers of Immune Protection
    • The Innate Immune Response
    • Dendritic Cells Link the Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses
    • Adaptive Immune Response
    • Vaccination
    • Failure of the Immune Response
    • Harnessing the Power of Antibodies for Immunotherapy
    • Summary
    • Further Reading
    • Relevant Websites
    • Abbreviations
• Appendix 1. Selected Clinical Laboratory Reference Ranges
  • Reference ranges
  • Distribution of values within the reference population
  • Interpretation of laboratory results in individual persons
  • Clinical decision limits
  • Significant change in serial results
  • Final notes and cautions when using reference intervals
  • Abbreviations
  • Further Reading
• Appendix 2. More Advanced Clinical Cases
  • Chapter 7 Vitamins and Minerals
  • Chapter 14 Biosynthesis of Cholesterol and Steroids
  • Chapter 27 Biochemical Endocrinology
  • Chapter 33 Lipoprotein Metabolism and Atherogenesis
  • Chapter 34 Role of the Liver in Metabolism
  • Chapter 35 Water and Electrolytes Homeostasis
  • Chapter 37 Muscle: Energy Metabolism, Contraction, and Exercise
• Baynes & Dominiczak: Medical Biochemistry 6E
  • Question Set 1
  • Question Set 2
  • Question Set 3
  • Question Set 4
  • Question Set 5
  • Question Set 6
• MCQ Answers
• Multiple Choice Questions
  • Chapter 2
  • Chapter 3
  • Chapter 40
  • Chapter 5
  • Chapter 6
  • Chapter 41
  • Chapter 4
  • Chapter 8
  • Chapter 30
  • Chapter 7
  • Chapter 9
  • Chapter 12
  • Chapter 10
  • Chapter 11
  • Chapter 13
  • Chapter 14
  • Chapter 33
  • Chapter 15
  • Chapter 37
  • Chapter 31
  • Chapter 32
  • Chapter 35
  • Chapter 36
  • Chapter 38
  • Chapter 17
  • Chapter 18
  • Chapter 19
  • Chapter 34
  • Chapter 16
  • Chapter 20
  • Chapter 21
  • Chapter 22
  • Chapter 23
  • Chapter 42
  • Chapter 43
  • Chapter 27
  • Chapter 25
  • Chapter 39
  • Chapter 25
  • Chapter 26
  • Chapter 29
  • Chapter 28
• Patient-Oriented Problems (POPs)
• Patient-Oriented Problem Answers
• Short Answer Questions (SAQs)
• Short Answers
• Index

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