Harris, O'Boyle, and Warbrick: Law of the European Convention on Human Rights
Höfundar: David Harris, Michael O'Boyle, Ed Bates, Carla Buckley
8.190 kr.
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Now in its fifth edition, Harris, O'Boyle, and Warbrick: Law of the European Convention on Human Rights remains an indispensable resource for undergraduates, postgraduates, and practitioners alike. The new edition builds on the strengths of previous editions, providing an up-to-date, clear, and comprehensive account of Strasbourg case law and its underlying principles. It sets out and critically analyses each Convention article (including those addressed by relevant Protocols), and thoroughly examines the system of supervision.
Annað
- Höfundar: David Harris, Michael O'Boyle, Ed Bates, Carla M. Buckley
- Útgáfa:5
- Útgáfudagur: 2023-03-23
- Engar takmarkanir á útprentun
- Engar takmarkanir afritun
- Format:ePub
- ISBN 13: 9780192606617
- Print ISBN: 9780198862000
- ISBN 10: 0192606611
Efnisyfirlit
- Cover
- Title Page
- Copyright page
- Preface
- Table of Contents
- Table of Cases of the European Court of Human Rights and the European Commission of Human Rights
- A
- B
- C
- D
- E
- F
- G
- H
- I
- J
- K
- L
- M
- N
- O
- P
- Q
- R
- S
- T
- U
- V
- W
- X
- Y
- Z
- Part I The European Convention on Human Rights in Context
- 1 The European Convention on Human Rights in Context
- 1. Background
- 2. The Substantive Guarantee
- 3. The Strasbourg Enforcement Machinery
- 4. The Interpretation of the Convention
- I. The General Approach
- II. Emphasis upon the Object and Purpose of the Convention
- III. Dynamic Interpretation
- IV. The Role of Consensus
- V. The Principle of Proportionality
- VI. Fair Balance Principle
- VII. The Margin of Appreciation Doctrine
- VIII. The Principle of Subsidiarity
- IX. The Fourth-Instance Doctrine
- X. Effective Interpretation
- XI. Consistency of Interpretation of the Convention as a Whole
- XII. Limits Resulting from the Clear Meaning of the Text
- XIII. The Autonomous Meaning of Law and Other Convention Terms
- a. Generally
- b. Meaning of law
- XIV. Recourse to the Travaux Préparatoires
- XV. A Constitutional Instrument of European Public Order
- XVI. The Interpretative Role of the Court
- XVII. Negative and Positive Obligations
- 5. Reservations
- 6. Ceasing to be a Convention Party: Article 58 Convention
- 7. The Convention in National Law
- I. The Application of the Convention in National Law
- II. The Award of Just Satisfaction and the Execution of Strasbourg Judgments
- 8. The Convention and the European Union
- 9. Achievements and Prospects
- I. Contribution to the International Law of Human Rights
- II. Impact on the Protection of Human Rights in Europe
- a. Influence upon national law
- b. A remedy for individuals
- III. Prospects
- 1 The European Convention on Human Rights in Context
- 2 Admissibility of Applications
- 1. The General Approach to Admissibility
- 2. Application of Admissibility Requirements to Inter-State Cases
- 3. Exhaustion of Domestic Remedies
- I. The Purpose and Crux of the Rule
- II. The Basic Requirements of the Rule
- a. In substance
- b. The appropriate domestic body
- c. In compliance with formal requirements and time limits
- III. Burden of Proof
- IV. Availability and Effectiveness of Remedies
- V. Several Remedies
- VI. Appeals to Higher Courts
- VII. Extraordinary or Discretionary Remedies
- VIII. Special Circumstances and Exemption from Obligation to Exhaust
- 4. The Four-Month Rule
- I. The Change of the Rule
- II. The Aim of the Rule
- III. The Date of the Final Domestic Decision
- IV. Continuing Situations
- V. The Date of Introduction
- VI. Amending the Application
- 5. Other Grounds of Inadmissibility
- I. Anonymity (Article 35(2)(a))
- II. Substantially the Same (Article 35(2)(b))
- a. A matter already examined by the Court
- b. Another procedure of international investigation or settlement
- III. Manifestly Ill-Founded (Article 35(3))
- IV. Abuse of the Right of Petition (Article 35(3)(a))
- V. No Significant Disadvantage (Article 35(3)(b))
- a. What constitutes no significant disadvantage
- b. Whether respect for human rights requires an examination of the application on the merits
- c. The defunct limb: duly considered by a domestic tribunal
- 6. Incompatibility and the Competence of the Court
- I. Competence Ratione Personae
- a. The respondent state
- b. Victim status
- c. The loss of victim status after the lodging of an application
- d. Death or incapacity of applicant before lodging the application (‘indirect victims’)
- e. Death of the applicant after lodging the application
- II. Competence Ratione Materiae
- III. Competence Ratione Temporis
- a. The facts giving rise to the application
- b. The scope of the Convention right
- IV. Competence Ratione Loci
- a. The concept of ‘jurisdiction’ in Article 1
- b. Article 56
- I. Competence Ratione Personae
- 1. The Organization of the Court
- I. The Setting Up of the New Court
- II. Composition of the Court
- III. The Election of Judges
- IV. Ineligibility to Sit and Withdrawal
- V. Ad Hoc and Common Interest Judges
- VI. Court’s Formations: Plenary, Single Judges, Committees, Sections, Grand Chamber
- VII. The Court’s Registry
- 2. Procedure before the Court (I): From the Initial Application to Judgment
- I. Individual Complaints
- II. Hindering the Effective Exercise of the Right of Individual Petition
- III. Inter-State Complaints
- IV. The Application
- V. How to Present an Application
- VI. Priority Policy for Dealing with Cases
- VII. The Single-Judge Procedure
- VIII. Committee Procedure
- IX. Chamber Procedure: Communication and the Joint Procedure
- X. The Grand Chamber
- XI. Internal Mechanisms for Ensuring Consistency of Case Law
- XII. Friendly Settlement and Unilateral Declarations
- XIII. Striking Out Cases—Article 37
- XIV. Requests for Rectification, Interpretation, and Revision
- XV. Advisory Opinions Requested by the Committee of Ministers
- XVI. Special Advisory Jurisdiction of the Court: Advisory Opinion under the Ovideo Convention on Bioethics
- 3. Procedure before the Court (II): Additional Procedural Matters
- I. Publicity
- II. Legal Representation
- III. Legal Aid
- IV. Oral Hearings
- V. Interim Measures
- a. Scope
- b. Procedure
- VI. Investigations and Fact-Finding
- VII. Burden and Standard of Proof
- VIII. Pilot Judgments
- IX. Third-Party Interventions
- 4. Article 41: Just Satisfaction
- I. Costs and Expenses
- II. Pecuniary and Non-Pecuniary Damage
- 5. Article 46
- 6. Reform of the Court
- I. Protocol 14
- II. Protocol 15
- III. Requests for Advisory Opinions (Protocol 16)
- 7. The Future
- 1. The Role of the Committee of Ministers
- 2. Procedure
- I. Just Satisfaction
- II. Individual Measures
- III. General Measures
- 3. The Court and Execution of Its Judgments
- 4. The Parliamentary Assembly and Execution of Judgments
- 5. Protocol 14
- 6. Conclusion
- 5 Article 2: The Right to Life
- 1. The Obligation to Protect the Right to Life by Law
- I. Legislative and Administrative Framework
- a. Laws prohibiting the taking of life
- The general requirement
- Therapeutic abstention and euthanasia
- b. Regulation of activities that may pose a threat to life
- a. Laws prohibiting the taking of life
- II. Practical Measures
- a. Protection from the criminal acts of another
- b. Protection of persons in detention
- c. Protection of the public at large
- III. Health Care and Other Social Services
- IV. The Procedural Obligation to Investigate
- V. Protection of the Unborn Child
- a. Voluntary abortion
- b. Involuntary abortion
- I. Legislative and Administrative Framework
- 1. The Obligation to Protect the Right to Life by Law
- 2. The Prohibition of the Taking of Life by the Use of Force
- I. The General Rule
- a. Disappeared persons
- II. Permitted Exceptions
- a. Capital punishment
- b. Deaths resulting from the use of force for permitted purposes
- c. In self-defence or the defence of another
- d. To effect an arrest or prevent an escape
- e. To quell a riot or insurrection
- I. The General Rule
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Torture
- 3. Inhuman Treatment
- I. Use of Force by the Police or Other State Agents
- II. Use of Psychological Interrogation Techniques
- III. Conditions of Detention and Treatment of Detainees
- IV. Extradition and Deportation
- V. Extraordinary Rendition
- VI. Disappeared Persons
- VII. Other Kinds of Inhuman Treatment
- 4. Inhuman Punishment
- 5. Degrading Treatment
- I. Conditions of Detention and the Treatment of Detainees
- a. Generally
- b. Conditions of detention and treatment of detainees
- c. Solitary confinement
- d. Medical assistance
- e. Compulsory medical intervention
- f. Handcuffing and other restraints
- II. Discrimination and Hatred
- III. Other Kinds of Degrading Treatment
- I. Conditions of Detention and the Treatment of Detainees
- 6. Degrading Punishment
- 7. The Obligation to Protect from Proscribed Ill-Treatment
- I. The Obligation to Protect against Proscribed Ill-Treatment
- II. The Obligation to Investigate and to Enforce the Law
- 8. Conclusion
- 1. Freedom from Slavery and Servitude
- 2. Freedom from Forced or Compulsory Labour
- I. Meaning of Forced or Compulsory Labour
- II. Permitted Work or Services
- a. Work in detention
- b. Military service or substitute civilian service
- c. Community service in an emergency or calamity
- d. Normal civic obligations
- 1. Article 5: Generally
- 2. The Meaning of Arrest or Detention (ie Loss of ‘Liberty’)
- I. What is a ‘Deprivation of Liberty’?
- a. Guzzardi v Italy
- b. Home curfews and Covid-19 lockdowns
- c. Preventive/confinement regimes
- d. Airport transit zones (asylum seekers)
- e. Physical detention/coercion
- f. Crowd control—‘kettling’
- g. Detention in the context of social care
- I. What is a ‘Deprivation of Liberty’?
- I. Engaging the Responsibility of the State, and Positive Obligations
- II. Conditions of Detention
- III. Transfer Across Borders, Extradition, and Expulsion
- IV. The Right to Security of Person, ‘Disappearances’, and Implied Procedural Safeguards Derived from Article 5(1)
- I. Review of Compliance with Relevant Domestic (or International) Law
- II. ‘Quality of the [Domestic] Law’ (‘Legal Certainty’)
- III. Protecting the Individual from Arbitrariness
- I. Preventive or Security Detention in Peacetime and in Times of Armed Conflict
- II. Article 5(1)(a): Detention Following Conviction by A Competent Court
- a. Detention ‘after’ conviction (‘causal connection’)
- III. Article 5(1)(b): Detention for Non-Compliance with a Court Order or an Obligation Prescribed by Law
- a. Non-compliance with the lawful order of a court
- b. Fulfilment of any obligation prescribed by law
- c. Fulfilment of any obligation prescribed by law—custody for preventive purposes
- IV. Article 5(1)(c): Detention on Suspicion of Having Committed a (Criminal) Offence, etc or to Prevent Committing an Offence
- a. ‘Offence’
- b. Purpose: detention pending appearance before a judge (cf (Article 5(3)))
- c. ‘Reasonable suspicion’: rule of law issues
- d. Extent of ‘reasonable suspicion’ required
- e. Lawfulness generally under Article 5(1)(c)
- f. Detention exceptionally, ‘when it is reasonably considered necessary to prevent his/her committing an offence’
- V. Article 5(1)(d): Detention of Minors
- VI. Article 5(1)(e): Detention of Persons of Unsound Mind, Alcoholics, Vagrants, etc
- a. Prevention of the spreading of infectious diseases
- b. ‘Vagrants’
- c. ‘Alcoholics’ and ‘drug addicts’
- d. ‘Persons of unsound mind’
- e. Therapy/a right to treatment?
- VII. Article 5(1)(f): Detention Pending Deportation or Extradition, etc
- a. Preventing ‘unauthorized entry’
- b. ‘Action is being taken with a view to deportation or extradition’
- I. General Issues
- II. The Requirement of Promptness and the Level of Information Required
- I. Right to be Brought Promptly Before a Judge or ‘Other Officer’; After Arrest
- a. Brought before a judge or other officer authorized to exercise judicial power
- b. Promptly
- c. Characteristics of the judicial officer
- d. Function of officer and procedure to be followed
- II. The Right to Release Pending Trial in Reasonable Circumstances
- a. More than ‘reasonable suspicion’ required to sustain detention
- b. Grounds for refusing bail
- Danger of absconding
- Interference with the course of justice
- Prevention of crime
- Public order
- c. Conditions of bail (including amount)
- III. Trial within a Reasonable Time (the Need for ‘Special Diligence in the Conduct of the Proceedings’)
- I. The Importance of Article 5(4) (Review of the Lawfulness of Detention)
- II. The Qualities and Procedures Required of an Article 5(4) ‘Court’
- a. Effective access to review
- b. Judicial character of review body
- c. Procedural guarantees required at review
- Adversarial proceedings, fairness, and use of secret evidence
- Oral hearing (and presence of detainee)
- Legal assistance
- Time and facilities to prepare an application
- Decision must be taken ‘speedily’
- 1. Article 6: Generally
- 2. Field of Application
- I. In the Determination of a Criminal Charge
- a. The meaning of ‘criminal’
- b. The meaning of ‘charge’
- II. In the Determination of Civil Rights and Obligations
- a. The meaning of ‘civil’ rights and obligations
- Private law meaning
- An autonomous Convention meaning
- Rights and obligations in the relations between private persons
- State action determining private law rights and obligations
- Pecuniary rights
- The right to property
- The right to engage in a commercial activity or to practise a profession
- The right to compensation for illegal state action
- The right to social security and social assistance
- Non-pecuniary civil rights and obligations
- Public law rights and obligations
- The obligation to pay tax
- Political rights and obligations
- Entry, conditions of stay, and removal of aliens
- Employment in the civil service
- Other public law rights and obligations
- b. The meaning of ‘rights and obligations’
- c. A ‘contestation’ or dispute concerning civil rights and obligations
- d. When are civil rights and obligations being determined?
- e. The application of Article 6(1) in the context of administrative decisions
- f. The stages of proceedings covered by Article 6(1)
- g. Execution of judgments
- a. The meaning of ‘civil’ rights and obligations
- I. In the Determination of a Criminal Charge
- I. The Right of Access to a Court
- a. The Golder case
- b. A right of effective access
- c. Restrictions upon the right of access
- d. Waiver of the right of access
- e. Relationship with Article 13
- II. The Right to a Fair Hearing
- a. A hearing in one’s presence
- b. The right to participate effectively in the trial
- c. Equality of arms
- d. The right to adversarial proceedings
- e. Rules of evidence
- Admissibility of evidence
- Assessment of evidence
- Disclosure of evidence
- f. The principle of immediacy
- g. Freedom from self-incrimination
- h. Entrapment
- i. Retroactive legislation designed to defeat a litigant’s claim
- j. A reasoned judgment
- k. The principle of legal certainty
- III. The Right to a Public Hearing and to Public Pronouncement of Judgment
- a. The right to a public hearing
- b. The right to an oral hearing
- c. Waiver of a public or oral hearing
- d. The right to the public pronouncement of judgment
- IV. The Right to Trial within a Reasonable Time
- V. The Right to an Independent and Impartial Tribunal Established by Law
- a. A tribunal
- b. An independent tribunal
- c. An impartial tribunal
- d. A tribunal established by law
- VI. The Application of Article 6(1) to Appeal Proceedings
- I. Article 6(3): Generally
- II. Article 6(3)(a): The Right to be Informed of the Accusation
- III. Article 6(3)(b): The Right to Adequate Time and Facilities
- a. Adequate time
- b. Adequate facilities
- IV. Article 6(3)(c): The Right to Defend Oneself in Person or through Legal Assistance
- a. Defence in person
- b. Legal assistance
- c. Legal aid
- d. Practical and effective legal assistance
- V. Article 6(3)(d): The Right to Call and Cross-Examine Witnesses
- a. The right to call witnesses for the defence
- b. The right of the accused to ‘examine … witnesses against him’
- VI. Article 6(3)(e): The Right to an Interpreter
- 1. Ex Post Facto Criminal Offences
- 2. Ex Post Facto Criminal Penalties
- 3. General Principles of Law Exception
- 1. Introduction
- 2. The Four Interests Protected by Article 8(1)
- I. Private Life
- II. Family Life
- III. Home
- IV. Correspondence
- V. Conclusion
- 3. Negative, Positive, and Procedural Obligations
- I. Negative Obligations
- II. Positive Obligations
- III. Procedural Obligations
- 4. Review of Case Law by Subject Area
- I. Personal Identity
- a. Gender identity
- b. Information regarding one’s origins
- c. Appearance
- d. Names
- e. Ethnic and religious identity
- f. National identity
- II. Moral, Physical, and Psychological Integrity
- III. Medical Care and Treatment
- a. Treatment without consent
- b. Availability of care and treatment
- c. Euthanasia
- d. Assisted procreation
- IV. Sexual Activities
- V. Press Publications
- a. Privacy
- b. Reputation
- VI. Secret Surveillance
- VII. Search and Seizure
- VIII. Data Protection
- IX. Access to Data
- X. Family and Personal Relationships
- a. Recognition of parentage
- b. Adoption
- c. Other aspects of family relationships
- XI. Care Proceedings, Custody Issues, and Child Abduction
- a. Childcare proceedings
- b. Custody, contact disputes, and international child abduction
- XII. Immigration
- XIII. Employment and Political Activities
- XIV. Home and Housing Issues
- XV. Environmental Rights
- XVI. Prisoners
- I. Personal Identity
- 5. Conclusion
- 1. The Scope of Article 9
- 2. Freedom of Thought, Conscience, and Religion: The Right to Believe
- 3. Freedom of Thought, Conscience, and Religion: The Individual, the Group, and the State
- I. Church–State Relations
- II. Conscientious Objection
- 4. Manifesting Religion or Belief in Worship, Teaching, Practice, and Observance
- I. The Nature of Manifestation
- II. The Public Manifestation of Religion or Belief
- 5. Justifiable Interferences
- I. Prescribed by Law
- II. Legitimate Aim
- III. Necessary in a Democratic Society
- a. Religious dress
- b. Proselytism
- 1. Introduction
- 2. The Scope of Protection
- I. General Overview
- II. Positive Obligations
- III. Access to State-Held Information
- IV. Hate Speech and the Relationship Between Articles 10 and 17
- V. ‘Revisionist’ Expression
- VI. Incitement to Violence
- 3. Different Categories of Expression
- I. Political Expression
- a. Overview
- b. Political parties and the freedom of expression
- II. The Notion of Public Interest
- III. Artistic Expression
- IV. Commercial Expression
- a. Overview
- b. Restrictions on commercial expression
- c. Commercial expression and public interest
- I. Political Expression
- I. The Press and Journalistic Freedom
- a. Overview
- b. The protection of the confidentiality of journalistic sources
- II. Internet Issues and Licensing for Broadcasting
- a. Internet
- b. Overview of licensing
- c. Broadcasting religious and political advertisements
- I. Overview
- II. Protection of National Security
- III. The Prevention of Disorder or Crimes
- IV. The Protection of Morals
- V. Protection of Reputation and Honour of Private Individuals
- VI. Protection of the Privacy, Reputation, and Honour of Public Figures
- VII. Protection of the Freedom of Religion of Others
- VIII. Protection of Copyright Law
- IX. Prevention of Disclosure of Confidential Information
- X. Maintenance of the Authority and Impartiality of the Judiciary
- a. Overview
- b. Criticisms levelled at the judiciary or at prosecutors
- c. Prevention of improper influence on trials
- I. Overview
- II. Duties and Responsibilities of Civil Servants
- III. Duties and Responsibilities of Journalists
- a. Overview
- b. The duty of journalists to provide accurate and reliable information
- c. The duty of journalists to carry out independent research to corroborate veracity of the cited information
- d. Reliance on an ‘official’ report and the exemption of journalists from the duty to undertake independent research
- I. Overview
- II. Public Persons and Broader Bounds of Acceptable Criticism
- a. Political figures and public figures doctrine
- b. Civil servants and the public figures doctrine
- III. Distinction Between Statements of Fact and Value Judgements
- IV. ‘Sufficient Factual Basis’
- V. Proof of the Truth of Contested Statement
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Freedom of Peaceful Assembly
- I. Positive Obligations
- II. Rights of Third Parties
- III. Interferences with Peaceful Assembly
- IV. Limitations on Interferences
- a. Prescribed by law
- b. Legitimate aims
- c. Necessary in a democratic society
- I. Meaning of Association
- II. Limitations upon Associations
- a. Political parties
- b. Other associations
- c. Interferences with freedom of association: the ‘necessity’ requirement
- d. Legal recognition of associations
- III. Positive Obligations
- I. The Trade Union Right to Regulate Its Internal Affairs
- II. Trade Union Action Against Third Parties
- III. The Right Not to Join a Trade Union
- IV. The Right to Protect Members’ Interests
- V. Restrictions on Public Service Employees
- 1. Introduction
- 2. The Right to Marry
- I. Generally
- II. Transgender People
- III. Same-Sex Marriages
- IV. Divorce
- 3. The Right to Found a Family
- 4. Non-Married Persons
- 5. Conclusion
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Article 13 within the General Scheme of the Convention
- I. Article 13, Incorporation of the Convention, and Discretion Available to the State on Providing Remedies
- II. A Pre-Emptive Remedy for ‘Arguable’ Claims
- III. An Auxiliary Remedy, and Relationship with Article 35
- 3. Article 13: General Principles/Requirements of an ‘Effective Remedy’
- I. Substantive Requirements of an Effective Remedy
- II. Institutional Requirements of an Effective Remedy
- III. Cumulation of Procedures May Suffice
- 4. Article 13: General Principles/Requirements in Specific Contexts
- I. Article 13 and Deportations
- II. Article 13 and National Security
- III. Length of Proceedings and Article 13
- IV. Effective Investigations under Article 13 for Serious Violations of Fundamental Rights
- V. Article 2 and 3 Violations in the Context of the Duty to Protect from Harm
- 5. Conclusion
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Overview of the Application of Article 14
- 3. Article 14’s Reach: Protection for Guaranteed Rights Only, but with a Wider Scope (the Ambit Test)
- 4. Article 14 Applies to: [I] Differential Treatment ([II] for Comparable Situations) on [III] a Prohibited Ground
- I. There Needs to be Differential Treatment for Discrimination
- II. The Situations in Issue Must be Analogous (Can be Properly Compared) to Count as Discrimination
- III. Differential Treatment Needs to be Based on a Prohibited Ground to be Discrimination
- a. ‘Other status’
- I. Difference of Treatment in the Exercise of Convention Right Must Pursue a Legitimate Aim
- II. Proportionality
- I. Nationality
- II. Birth/‘Illegitimacy’
- III. Religion
- IV. Race (or Ethnic Origin)—Racial Violence/Hate Speech
- a. Racial violence in the context of policing and criminal justice
- Article 14 and state responsibility for racial violence committed by the authorities (the substantive question)
- Article 14 and the duty to take effective domestic investigations into the racial aspect of violence (the procedural question)
- b. State toleration of violence motivated by racial discrimination/hate speech
- a. Racial violence in the context of policing and criminal justice
- V. Sex (Gender, including Gender-Based Violence)
- a. Gender-based violence
- VI. Sexual Orientation (including Homophobic Violence)
- a. Homophobia and freedom of assembly
- b. Homophobic violence/threats
- I. Disability
- II. Health
- III. Gender Identity
- IV. Marital Status
- I. Burden of Proof and Statistics
- II. Indirect Discrimination—Education Segregation of Roma Children
- III. The Convention and the Protection of Minorities
- 1. Introduction
- 2. The General Pattern of Article 15
- 3. ‘In Time of War or other Public Emergency Threatening the Life of the Nation’
- I. Interpretation of Article 15(1): Threshold Circumstances for Reliance
- a. Basic definitions
- b. Dareskizb Ltd v Armenia—no ‘public emergency’
- c. A and Others v UK—derogation following events of 11 September 2001
- d. Other case law: cases of terrorist violence and its intensity; issues of temporariness; geographical aspects
- II. Existence of Public Emergency, Margin of Appreciation and Judicial Scrutiny at the Domestic Level
- a. Turkey’s 2016 derogation
- b. Early case law on the existence of a ‘public emergency’ and the margin of appreciation
- I. Interpretation of Article 15(1): Threshold Circumstances for Reliance
- I. ‘Strictly Required …’: Turkish ‘Article 15’ 2016 Attempted Coup Cases
- II. ‘Strictly Required …’: Other (Mainly Terrorist Violence Context) Cases
- III. Margin of Appreciation
- a. Domestic judicial review and the margin of appreciation
- I. The Turkish Derogation of 2016—Article 15 Problems Exposed
- 1. Introduction
- I. Possessions
- II. Social Welfare Benefits and Pensions
- III. Peaceful Enjoyment: The Three Kinds of Interference
- IV. Access to Property and Armed Conflict
- V. Positive Obligations
- 2. The Structure of Article 1, First Protocol, and the Inter-Relationship of Its Provisions
- I. The Three Rules
- II. A Legitimate Aim
- III. The Principle of Lawfulness
- 3. Article 1/1/1: Interference with the Peaceful Enjoyment of Possessions
- 4. Article 1/1/2: Deprivation of Property
- I. What is a Deprivation?
- II. The General Principles of International Law
- III. Compensation
- 5. Article 1/2: Control of Use
- I. Control in the General Interest
- II. Payment of Taxes, Contributions, or Penalties
- 6. Conclusion
- 1. Introduction
- 2. No Denial of the Right to Education
- I. Access to Existing Institutions
- II. The Effectiveness of the Education Provided
- 3. Respect for Parents’ Religious and Philosophical Convictions
- 4. Discrimination and Minority Rights
- 5. Conclusion
- 1. Introduction
- 2. General Principles
- 3. The Scope of Article 3
- 4. The Right to Vote
- I. Universal Suffrage
- II. Voters with Disabilities
- III. Prisoner Disenfranchisement
- IV. Migration and Voting Rights
- 5. The Right to Stand for Election
- I. Candidacy Disqualifications
- a. Residence requirements
- b. Citizenship rules
- c. Election deposits
- d. Disqualification of public office holders
- e. Language proficiency laws
- f. Lustration laws
- g. Criminal and political misconduct
- I. Candidacy Disqualifications
- I. Right to Sit in Parliament
- II. Removal of Elected Representatives
- a. Disqualification laws
- b. Resignation of MPs
- I. Voter Registration and Polling Arrangements
- II. Disqualification of Candidates and Parties
- III. Vote Counts and Election Results
- I. Electoral Thresholds
- II. Political Party Funding
- III. Media Coverage of Elections
- 1. Article 1, Fourth Protocol: Freedom from Imprisonment for Non-Fulfilment of a Contractual Obligation
- 2. Article 2, Fourth Protocol: Freedom of Movement within a State and Freedom to Leave Its Territory
- I. Freedom of Movement within a State’s Territory
- II. Freedom to Leave a State’s Territory
- III. Freedom to Choose Residence
- 3. Article 3, Fourth Protocol: The Right of a National not to be Expelled from and to Enter a State’s Territory
- 4. Article 4, Fourth Protocol: Freedom of Aliens from Collective Expulsion
- I. Core Purpose, Definitions and Scope
- II. Expulsion from Territory When Resident There
- III. Border Policing/Security Contexts
- a. Interception/push-backs at sea
- b. Interception/push-back at or near land borders
- IV. Refusal of Entry at Checkpoints/Obligation to Make Available Genuine and Effective Access to Means of Legal Entry
- V. Conclusion
- 5. The Sixth and Thirteenth Protocols: The Death Penalty
- 6. Article 1, Seventh Protocol: Procedural Safeguards Relating to Expulsion of Aliens
- 7. Article 2, Seventh Protocol: The Right to Review in Criminal Cases
- 8. Article 3, Seventh Protocol: Right to Compensation for Miscarriages of Justice
- 9. Article 4, Seventh Protocol: Ne bis in idem
- I. Duplication of Proceedings (bis) in Relation to the Same Conduct (idem)
- a. Article 4(2)
- I. Duplication of Proceedings (bis) in Relation to the Same Conduct (idem)
UM RAFBÆKUR Á HEIMKAUP.IS
Bókahillan þín er þitt svæði og þar eru bækurnar þínar geymdar. Þú kemst í bókahilluna þína hvar og hvenær sem er í tölvu eða snjalltæki. Einfalt og þægilegt!Rafbók til eignar
Rafbók til eignar þarf að hlaða niður á þau tæki sem þú vilt nota innan eins árs frá því bókin er keypt.
Þú kemst í bækurnar hvar sem er
Þú getur nálgast allar raf(skóla)bækurnar þínar á einu augabragði, hvar og hvenær sem er í bókahillunni þinni. Engin taska, enginn kyndill og ekkert vesen (hvað þá yfirvigt).
Auðvelt að fletta og leita
Þú getur flakkað milli síðna og kafla eins og þér hentar best og farið beint í ákveðna kafla úr efnisyfirlitinu. Í leitinni finnur þú orð, kafla eða síður í einum smelli.
Glósur og yfirstrikanir
Þú getur auðkennt textabrot með mismunandi litum og skrifað glósur að vild í rafbókina. Þú getur jafnvel séð glósur og yfirstrikanir hjá bekkjarsystkinum og kennara ef þeir leyfa það. Allt á einum stað.
Hvað viltu sjá? / Þú ræður hvernig síðan lítur út
Þú lagar síðuna að þínum þörfum. Stækkaðu eða minnkaðu myndir og texta með multi-level zoom til að sjá síðuna eins og þér hentar best í þínu námi.
Fleiri góðir kostir
- Þú getur prentað síður úr bókinni (innan þeirra marka sem útgefandinn setur)
- Möguleiki á tengingu við annað stafrænt og gagnvirkt efni, svo sem myndbönd eða spurningar úr efninu
- Auðvelt að afrita og líma efni/texta fyrir t.d. heimaverkefni eða ritgerðir
- Styður tækni sem hjálpar nemendum með sjón- eða heyrnarskerðingu
- Gerð : 208
- Höfundur : 8230
- Útgáfuár : 2023
- Leyfi : 379
