Annað
- Höfundur: Sylvia Mader
- Útgáfa:6
- Útgáfudagur: 2020-01-07
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- Format:ePub
- ISBN 13: 9781260579673
- Print ISBN: 9781260570540
- ISBN 10: 1260579670
Efnisyfirlit
- Cover
- Title Page
- Copyright
- Brief Contents
- About the Author
- Preface
- Connect
- Acknowledgments
- Contents
- CHAPTER 1 Biology: The Science of Life
- 1.1 The Characteristics of Life
- Life Requires Materials and Energy
- Living Organisms Maintain an Internal Environment
- Living Organisms Respond and Develop
- Living Organisms Have Adaptations
- 1.2 Evolution: The Core Concept of Biology
- Natural Selection and Evolutionary Processes
- Organizing the Diversity of Life
- 1.3 Science: A Way of Knowing
- Start with an Observation
- Develop a Hypothesis
- Make a Prediction and Perform Experiments
- Develop a Conclusion
- Scientific Theory
- An Example of a Controlled Study
- Publishing the Results
- 1.4 Challenges Facing Science
- Climate Change
- Biodiversity and Habitat Loss
- Emerging and Reemerging Diseases
- 1.1 The Characteristics of Life
- CHAPTER 2 The Chemical Basis of Life
- 2.1 Atoms and Atomic Bonds
- Atomic Structure
- The Periodic Table
- Isotopes
- Arrangement of Electrons in an Atom
- Types of Chemical Bonds
- Chemical Formulas and Reactions
- 2.2 Water’s Importance to Life
- The Structure of Water
- Properties of Water
- 2.3 Acids and Bases
- Acidic Solutions
- Basic Solutions
- pH and the pH Scale
- Buffers and pH
- 2.1 Atoms and Atomic Bonds
- 3.1 Organic Molecules
- The Carbon Atom
- The Carbon Skeleton and Functional Groups
- 3.2 The Biological Molecules of Cells
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids
- Proteins
- Nucleic Acids
- 4.1 Cells Under the Microscope
- The Limit to Cell Size
- 4.2 The Plasma Membrane
- Functions of Membrane Proteins
- 4.3 The Two Main Types of Cells
- Prokaryotic Cells
- 4.4 A Tour of the Eukaryotic Cell
- Nucleus and Ribosomes
- Endomembrane System
- Vesicles and Vacuoles
- Energy-Related Organelles
- The Cytoskeleton and Motor Proteins
- Centrioles
- Cilia and Flagella
- 4.5 Outside the Eukaryotic Cell
- Cell Walls
- Extracellular Matrix
- Junctions Between Cells
- 5.1 What Is Energy?
- Measuring Energy
- Energy Laws
- 5.2 ATP: Energy for Cells
- Structure of ATP
- Use and Production of ATP
- The Flow of Energy
- 5.3 Metabolic Pathways and Enzymes
- An Enzyme’s Active Site
- Energy of Activation
- 5.4 Cell Transport
- Passive Transport: No Energy Required
- Active Transport: Energy Required
- Bulk Transport
- 6.1 Overview of Photosynthesis
- Plants as Photosynthesizers
- The Photosynthetic Process
- 6.2 The Light Reactions—Harvesting Energy
- Photosynthetic Pigments
- The Light Reactions: Capturing Solar Energy
- 6.3 The Calvin Cycle Reactions—Making Sugars
- Overview of the Calvin Cycle
- The Many Uses of G3P
- 6.4 Variations in Photosynthesis
- C3 Photosynthesis
- C4 Photosynthesis
- CAM Photosynthesis
- Evolutionary Trends
- 7.1 Cellular Respiration
- Phases of Complete Glucose Breakdown
- 7.2 Outside the Mitochondria: Glycolysis
- Energy-Investment Step
- Energy-Harvesting Steps
- 7.3 Outside the Mitochondria: Fermentation
- Lactic Acid Fermentation
- Alcohol Fermentation
- 7.4 Inside the Mitochondria
- Preparatory Reaction
- The Citric Acid Cycle
- The Electron Transport Chain
- 7.5 Metabolic Fate of Food
- Energy Yield from Glucose Metabolism
- Alternative Metabolic Pathways
- CHAPTER 8 Cellular Reproduction
- 8.1 An Overview of Cellular Reproduction
- Chromosomes
- Chromatin to Chromosomes
- 8.2 The Cell Cycle: Interphase, Mitosis, and Cytokinesis
- Interphase
- M (Mitotic) Phase
- 8.3 The Cell Cycle Control System
- Cell Cycle Checkpoints
- Internal and External Signals
- Apoptosis
- 8.4 The Cell Cycle and Cancer
- Proto-oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes
- Other Genetic Changes and Cancer
- 8.5 Characteristics of Cancer
- Characteristics of Cancer Cells
- Cancer Treatment
- Prevention of Cancer
- 8.1 An Overview of Cellular Reproduction
- 9.1 An Overview of Meiosis
- Homologous Chromosomes
- The Human Life Cycle
- Overview of Meiosis
- 9.2 The Phases of Meiosis
- The First Division—Meiosis I
- The Second Division—Meiosis II
- 9.3 Meiosis Compared with Mitosis
- Meiosis I Compared with Mitosis
- Meiosis II Compared with Mitosis
- Mitosis and Meiosis Occur at Different Times
- 9.4 Changes in Chromosome Number
- Down Syndrome
- Abnormal Sex Chromosome Number
- 10.1 Mendel’s Laws
- Mendel’s Experimental Procedure
- One-Trait Inheritance
- Two-Trait Inheritance
- Mendel’s Laws and Probability
- Mendel’s Laws and Meiosis
- 10.2 Mendel’s Laws Apply to Humans
- Family Pedigrees
- Genetic Disorders of Interest
- 10.3 Beyond Mendel’s Laws
- Incomplete Dominance
- Multiple-Allele Traits
- Polygenic Inheritance
- Gene Interactions
- Pleiotropy
- Linkage
- 10.4 Sex-Linked Inheritance
- Sex-Linked Alleles
- Pedigrees for Sex-Linked Disorders
- X-Linked Recessive Disorders
- 11.1 DNA and RNA Structure and Function
- The Structure of DNA
- Replication of DNA
- RNA Structure and Function
- 11.2 Gene Expression
- From DNA to RNA to Protein
- Review of Gene Expression
- 11.3 Gene Regulation
- Levels of Gene Expression Control
- 12.1 Biotechnology
- Recombinant DNA Technology
- DNA Sequencing
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- DNA Analysis
- Genome Editing
- 12.2 Biotechnology Products
- Genetically Modified Bacteria
- Genetically Modified Plants
- Genetically Modified Animals
- 12.3 Stem Cells and Cloning
- Reproductive and Therapeutic Cloning
- 12.4 Genomics and Proteomics
- Sequencing the Bases of the Human Genome
- Proteomics and Bioinformatics
- 13.1 Gene Mutations
- Causes of Gene Mutations
- Types and Effects of Mutations
- 13.2 Chromosomal Mutations
- Deletions and Duplications
- Translocation
- Inversion
- 13.3 Genetic Testing
- Obtaining Chromosomes for Analysis
- Karyotype Analysis
- Testing for a Protein
- Testing the DNA
- Testing the Fetus
- Testing the Embryo and Egg
- 13.4 Gene Therapy
- Ex Vivo Gene Therapy
- In Vivo Gene Therapy
- CHAPTER 14 Darwin and Evolution
- 14.1 Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
- Before Darwin
- Darwin’s Conclusions
- Natural Selection and Adaptation
- Darwin and Wallace
- 14.2 Evidence of Evolutionary Change
- Fossil Evidence
- Biogeographical Evidence
- Anatomical Evidence
- Molecular Evidence
- 14.1 Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
- 15.1 Natural Selection
- Types of Selection
- Sexual Selection
- Adaptations Are Not Perfect
- Maintenance of Variations
- 15.2 Microevolution
- Evolution in a Genetic Context
- Causes of Microevolution
- 16.1 Speciation and Macroevolution
- Defining Species
- Models of Speciation
- 16.2 The Fossil Record
- The Geologic Time Scale
- The Pace of Speciation
- Causes of Mass Extinctions
- 16.3 Systematics
- Linnaean Classification
- Phylogenetic Trees
- Cladistics and Cladograms
- The Three-Domain System
- CHAPTER 17 Viruses, Bacteria, and Protists
- 17.1 Viruses
- Structure of a Virus
- Viral Reproduction
- Plant Viruses
- Animal Viruses
- 17.2 Viroids and Prions
- 17.3 Prokaryotes
- The Origin of the First Cells
- Bacteria
- The Archaea
- 17.4 Protists
- Evolution of Protists
- Classification of Protists
- 17.1 Viruses
- 18.1 An Overview of Plants
- An Overview of Plant Evolution
- Alternation of Generations
- 18.2 The Diversity of Plants
- Nonvascular Plants
- Vascular Plants
- Gymnosperms
- Angiosperms
- Economic Benefits of Plants
- Ecological Benefits of Plants
- 18.3 Fungi
- General Biology of a Fungus
- Fungal Diversity
- Ecological Benefits of Fungi
- Economic Benefits of Fungi
- Fungi as Disease-Causing Organisms
- 19.1 The Evolution of Animals
- Ancestry of Animals
- The Evolutionary Tree of Animals
- Evolutionary Trends
- 19.2 Sponges and Cnidarians: The Early Animals
- Sponges: Multicellularity
- Cnidarians: True Tissues
- 19.3 Flatworms, Molluscs, and Annelids: The Lophotrochozoans
- Flatworms: Bilateral Symmetry
- Molluscs
- Annelids: Segmented Worms
- 19.4 Roundworms and Arthropods: The Ecdysozoans
- Roundworms: Pseudocoelomates
- Arthropods: Jointed Appendages
- 19.5 Echinoderms and Chordates: The Deuterostomes
- Echinoderms
- Chordates
- Fishes: First Jaws and Lungs
- Amphibians: Jointed Vertebrate Limbs
- Reptiles: Amniotic Egg
- Mammals: Hair and Mammary Glands
- 19.6 Human Evolution
- Evolution of Humanlike Hominins
- Evolution of Modern Humans
- CHAPTER 20 Plant Anatomy and Growth
- 20.1 Plant Cells and Tissues
- Epidermal Tissue
- Ground Tissue
- Vascular Tissue
- 20.2 Plant Organs
- Monocots Versus Eudicots
- 20.3 Organization of Leaves, Stems, and Roots
- Leaves
- Stems
- Roots
- 20.4 Plant Nutrition
- Adaptations of Roots for Mineral Uptake
- 20.5 Transport of Nutrients
- Water Transport in Xylem
- Sugar Transport in Phloem
- 20.1 Plant Cells and Tissues
- 21.1 Plant Hormones
- Auxins
- Gibberellins
- Cytokinins
- Abscisic Acid
- Ethylene
- 21.2 Plant Responses
- Tropisms
- Photoperiodism
- 21.3 Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
- Overview of the Plant Life Cycle
- Flowers
- From Spores to Fertilization
- Development of the Seed in a Eudicot
- Monocots Versus Eudicots
- Fruit Types and Seed Dispersal
- Germination of Seeds
- 21.4 Asexual Reproduction and Genetic Engineering in Plants
- Propagation of Plants in a Garden
- Propagation of Plants in Tissue Culture
- Genetic Engineering of Plants
- CHAPTER 22 Being Organized and Steady
- 22.1 The Body’s Organization
- Epithelial Tissue Protects
- Connective Tissue Connects and Supports
- Muscular Tissue Moves the Body
- Nervous Tissue Communicates
- 22.2 Organs and Organ Systems
- Transport and Protection
- Maintenance of the Body
- Control
- Sensory Input and Motor Output
- Reproduction
- 22.3 Homeostasis
- Organ Systems and Homeostasis
- Negative Feedback
- 22.1 The Body’s Organization
- 23.1 Open and Closed Circulatory Systems
- Open Circulatory Systems
- Closed Circulatory Systems
- Comparison of Vertebrate Circulatory Pathways
- 23.2 Circulation in Humans
- The Human Heart
- Blood Vessels
- Lymphatic System
- Capillary Exchange in the Tissues
- 23.3 Blood: A Transport Medium
- Plasma
- Formed Elements
- Cardiovascular Disorders
- 24.1 Respiratory System
- The Human Respiratory Tract
- Breathing
- Lungs and External Exchange of Gases
- Respiration in Other Animals
- Transport and Internal Exchange of Gases
- 24.2 Urinary System
- Human Kidney
- Problems with Kidney Function
- 25.1 Digestive System
- Complete and Incomplete Digestive Systems
- The Digestive Tract
- Accessory Organs
- Digestive Enzymes
- 25.2 Nutrition
- Introducing the Nutrients
- 25.3 The Classes of Nutrients
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids
- Proteins
- Minerals
- Vitamins
- Water
- 25.4 Understanding Nutrition Guidelines
- Updating Dietary Guidelines
- Visualizing Dietary Guidelines
- The Bottom Line
- 25.5 Nutrition and Health
- Body Mass Index
- Disorders Associated with Obesity
- Eating Disorders
- 26.1 Overview of the Immune System
- Lymphatic Organs
- Cells of the Immune System
- 26.2 Nonspecific Defenses and Innate Immunity
- Barriers to Entry
- The Inflammatory Response
- The Complement System
- Natural Killer Cells
- 26.3 Specific Defenses and Adaptive Immunity
- B Cells and the Antibody Response
- T Cells and the Cellular Response
- 26.4 Immunizations
- 26.5 Disorders of the Immune System
- Allergies
- Autoimmune Diseases
- AIDS
- 27.1 Nervous System
- Examples of Nervous Systems
- The Human Nervous System
- Neurons
- The Nerve Impulse
- The Synapse
- Drug Abuse
- The Central Nervous System
- The Peripheral Nervous System
- 27.2 Endocrine System
- The Action of Hormones
- Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland
- Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands
- Adrenal Glands
- Pancreas
- 28.1 The Senses
- Chemical Senses
- Hearing and Balance
- Vision
- Cutaneous Receptors and Proprioceptors
- 28.2 The Motor Systems
- Types of Skeletons
- The Human Skeleton
- Skeletal Muscle Structure and Physiology
- 29.1 How Animals Reproduce
- Asexual Versus Sexual Reproduction
- Sexual Reproduction
- 29.2 Human Reproduction
- Male Reproductive System
- Female Reproductive System
- Control of Reproduction
- Infertility
- Sexually Transmitted Diseases
- 29.3 Human Embryonic Development
- Fertilization
- Early Embryonic Development
- Later Embryonic Development
- Placenta
- Fetal Development and Birth
- CHAPTER 30 Ecology and Populations
- 30.1 The Science of Ecology
- Ecology: A Biological Science
- 30.2 The Human Population
- Present Population Growth
- Future Population Growth
- More-Developed Versus Less-Developed Countries
- Comparing Age Structures
- Population Growth and Environmental Impact
- 30.3 Characteristics of Populations
- Distribution and Density
- Population Growth
- Patterns of Population Growth
- Factors that Regulate Population Growth
- 30.4 Life History Patterns and Extinction
- Extinction
- 30.1 The Science of Ecology
- 31.1 Ecology of Communities
- Community Composition and Diversity
- Ecological Succession
- Interactions in Communities
- Community Stability
- 31.2 Ecology of Ecosystems
- Autotrophs
- Heterotrophs
- Energy Flow and Chemical Cycling
- Chemical Cycling
- 31.3 Ecology of Major Ecosystems
- Primary Productivity
- 32.1 Conservation Biology
- 32.2 Biodiversity
- Direct Values of Biodiversity
- Indirect Values of Biodiversity
- 32.3 Resources and Environmental Impact
- Land
- Water
- Food
- Energy
- Minerals
- Other Sources of Pollution
- 32.4 Sustainable Societies
- Today’s Society
- Characteristics of a Sustainable Society
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- Gerð : 208
- Höfundur : 14847
- Útgáfuár : 2020
- Leyfi : 379