Efnisyfirlit

• Cover
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Dedication Page
• Brief Contents
• Contents
• About the Author
• Acknowledgments
• Preface
• The Student Experience
• Chapter 1 The Growth of Oceanography
  • 1-1 Oceanography: What Is It?
  • 1-2 Historical Review of Oceanography
    • Ocean Exploration
    • Early Scientific Investigations
    • Science by the Numbers: Graphs
    • The Process of Science: The Scientific Process
    • Modern Oceanography
  • 1-3 Current and Future Oceanographic Research
    • Science by the Numbers: Conversions
  • Study Guide
• Chapter 2 The Planet Oceanus
  • 2-1 The Earth’s Structure
    • The Earth’s Interior Spheres
    • The Earth’s Exterior Envelopes
  • 2-2 The Physiography of the Ocean Floor
    • Bathymetric Provinces
    • Continental Margins
  • 2-3 Geologic Differences between Continents and Ocean Basins
    • The Earth’s Topography and Bathymetry
    • Mass Balance and Isostasy
    • Science by the Numbers: Powers of 10
    • Geology: Probing the Seafloor
  • 2-4 The Physiography of the Western North Atlantic Ocean
  • Study Guide
• Chapter 3 The Origin of Ocean Basins
  • 3-1 Continental Drift
  • 3-2 Seafloor Spreading
    • The Geomagnetic Field
    • Spreading Ocean Ridges
    • The Process of Science: Seafloor Spreading
  • 3-3 Global Plate Tectonics
    • Subduction Zones
    • Plate-Tectonic Model
    • Geology: The Red Sea
    • The Opening and Closing of Ocean Basins
    • A Summary of Global Plate Tectonics
    • Geology: The San Andreas Fault
    • The San Andreas Fault
    • Complexity Theory: Complex Adaptive Systems
  • 3-4 Future Discoveries
    • Science by the Numbers: Seafloor Spreading Rates
  • Study Guide
• Chapter 4 Marine Sedimentation
  • 4-1 Sediment in the Sea
    • Classification of Marine Sediment
    • Factors that Control Sedimentation
    • Geology: Probing the Seafloor
  • 4-2 Sedimentation in the Ocean
    • Shelf Sedimentation
    • Worldwide Distribution of Shelf Sediments
    • Geologic Controls of Continental Shelf Sedimentation
    • Geology: Dust Storms
    • Carbonate Shelves
    • The Process of Science: Climate Variability and Change
    • Deep-Sea Sedimentation
    • Geology: Catastrophic Meltwater Scouring and Deposition
    • Deep-Sea Stratigraphy
    • Geology: The Drying Up of the Mediterranean Sea
  • 4-3 Future Discoveries
    • Science by the Numbers: Sedimentation Rates
  • Study Guide
• Chapter 5 The Properties of Seawater
  • 5-1 Basic Chemical Notions
  • 5-2 Basic Physical Notions
  • 5-3 The Water Molecule
    • The Solutes of Seawater
    • Major Constituents
    • Nutrients
    • Gases
    • Trace Elements
    • Organic Compounds
    • Science by the Numbers: Parts per Thousand
  • 5-4 Salinity
    • Principle of Constant Proportion
    • Chemistry: Chemical Techniques
    • Factors That Regulate the Salinity of Seawater
    • Effects of Salinity on the Properties of Water
    • Freezing Point
    • Density
    • Vapor Pressure
  • 5-5 Chemical and Physical Structure of the Oceans
    • Temperature
    • Salinity
    • Density
    • Surface Layer
    • Pycnocline Layer
    • Deep Layer
  • 5-6 Gases in Seawater
    • Oxygen
    • Carbon Dioxide
    • Chemistry: Desalination
  • 5-7 The Ocean as a Physical Chemical System
    • Reservoirs of Water
    • Physics: Other Physical Properties of Water
    • The Global Water Cycle
    • The Ocean as a Biogeochemical System
    • Chemistry: The Sea-Surface Microlayer
    • Science by the Numbers: Order of Magnitude
  • Study Guide
• Chapter 6 Wind and Ocean Circulation
  • 6-1 Atmospheric Processes
    • Coriolis Deflection
    • General Wind Circulation
  • 6-2 Surface Ocean Currents
    • The Wind-Driven Currents of the Sea Surface
    • Types of Surface Flows
    • Physics: Current-Measuring Techniques
    • A Model of Geostrophic Flow
    • Refinement of the Geostrophic-Flow Model
    • Physics: Hurricanes and Typhoons
  • 6-3 Deep-Ocean Circulation
    • Science by the Numbers: Volume Transport
    • Water Masses and Density-Driven Water Flow
    • A General Model of Thermohaline Circulation
  • 6-4 Water Flow in Semienclosed Seaways
    • Physics: Underwater Weather and Waterfalls
  • 6-5 Future Discoveries
  • Study Guide
• Chapter 7 Waves in the Ocean
  • 7-1 Properties of Ocean Waves
    • Wind Generation of Waves
  • 7-2 Wave Motions
    • The Motion of Water Particles Beneath Waves
    • Physics: Wave-Measuring Techniques
    • Motion of the Wave Form
  • 7-3 The Life History of Ocean Waves
    • Growth of Waves in the Fetch Area
    • Storm Waves Outside the Generating Area
    • Science by the Numbers: Wave Celerity (Speed)
    • Waves in Shallow Water
    • Shoreline Under Storm Conditions
  • 7-4 Standing Waves
  • 7-5 Other Types of Progressive Waves
    • Internal Waves
    • Physics: Tiny Waves and Giant Waves
    • Tsunamis
    • Physics: The Megatsunamis of December 26, 2004 and March 11, 2011
  • Study Guide
• Chapter 8 Tides
  • 8-1 Tidal Characteristics
  • 8-2 Origin of the Tides
    • Equilibrium Model of Tides
    • Dynamic Model of the Tides
    • Physics: Currents through Tidal Inlets
  • 8-3 Tides in Small and Elongated Basins
  • 8-4 Tidal Currents
    • Science by the numbers: Speed of the Tide
  • 8-5 Power from the Tides
    • Biology: Tidal Rhythms in Organisms
    • Physics: Internal Tides Shape the Bottom Gradients of the Continental Slope
    • Science by the Numbers: Depth of the Bay of Fundy
  • Study Guide
• Chapter 9 Marine Ecology
  • 9-1 Ocean Habitats
  • 9-2 Classification of Organisms
    • Kingdom Eubacteria
    • Kingdom Protista
    • Kingdom Chromista
    • Kingdom Fungi
    • Kingdom Metazoa
  • 9-3 Classification by Life-Style
    • Biology: Sampling the Biota
  • 9-4 Basic Ecology
    • Biology: Larval Dispersal and Settlement
    • Temperature
    • Salinity
    • Hydrostatic Pressure
  • 9-5 Selected Adaptive Strategies
    • Life Cycles of Plankton
    • Functional Morphology of Fishes (Nekton)
    • Biology: Killer Whales
    • Benthic Communities
    • Biology: Ecology of the Giant Kelp Community
  • 9-6 Future Discoveries
  • Study Guide
• Chapter 10 Biological Productivity in the Ocean
  • 10-1 Food Webs and Trophic Dynamics
    • Energy and Trophic Dynamics
    • Plants as Primary Producers
    • Animals as Consumers
    • Science by the Numbers: Doubling Rates
    • Bacteria as Decomposers
    • Biology: Large Sharks
    • Food Chains and Energy Transfer
  • 10-2 General Marine Productivity
    • Primary Production in the Ocean
    • Variations in Productivity
    • Biology: Satellite Oceanography
  • 10-3 Global Patterns of Productivity
    • Spatial Variations
    • Estimates of Plant and Fish Production
    • Biology: Migrants
  • 10-4 Biological Productivity of Upwelling Water
    • Physics: What Causes El Niño and What Is La Niña?
    • Complexity Theory: The Peruvian Anchovy Fishery
  • 10-5 Future Discoveries
  • Study Guide
• Chapter 11 The Dynamic Shoreline
  • 11-1 Coastal Water Movement
    • Shoaling Waves and Refraction
    • Circulation in the Surf Zone
  • 11-2 Beaches
    • Beach Profiles
    • Sand Budgets
    • Geology: A Sediment Budget of Fire Island
  • 11-3 Coastal Dunes
    • Geology: The Oregon Coastline
  • 11-4 Barrier Islands
    • Barrier-Island Landscape
    • Geology: The Impact of Hurricane Sandy on the New York and New Jersey Shorelines
    • Geology: Cape Cod, Massachusetts
    • Origin of Barrier Islands
    • Tidal Inlets
    • Storm Effects
    • Complexity Theory: The Migration of Barrier Islands
  • 11-5 Cliffed Coasts
    • Geology: Padre Island, Texas
    • Geology: San Diego County, California
  • 11-6 Deltas
  • 11-7 Impact of People on the Coastline
    • Science by the Numbers: Sand-Budget Study
    • Geology: Ocean City and Assateague Island, Maryland
    • Geology: Katrina Drowns New Orleans
  • 11-8 Future Discoveries
  • Study Guide
• Chapter 12 Coastal Habitats
  • 12-1 Estuaries
    • Origin of Estuaries
    • Circulation and Sedimentation in Estuaries
    • Salt-Wedge Estuaries
    • Partially Mixed Estuaries
    • Well-Mixed Estuaries
    • The Biology of Estuaries
    • Biology: Chesapeake Bay
  • 12-2 Lagoons
  • 12-3 Salt Marshes
  • 12-4 Mangrove Swamps
    • Geology: Salt-Marsh Evolution
    • Salt-Marsh Evolution
    • Biology: San Francisco Bay
  • 12-5 Coral Reefs
    • Biology of Corals
    • Ecology of Coral Reefs
    • Biology: Global Decline of Coral Reefs
    • Complexity Theory: Coral Reefs in the 21st Century
    • Geology of Coral Reefs
    • Science by the Numbers: Residence Time
  • Study Guide
• Chapter 13 Ocean Habitats and Their Biota
  • 13-1 Biology of the Continental Shelf
    • Neritic Zone
    • Sublittoral Zone
    • Biology: Penguins
    • Biology: Feeding Strategies by Whales
  • 13-2 Biology of the Open Ocean and the Deep Sea
    • The Oceanic Realm
    • Biology: Sargassum Gulfweed
    • The Deep-Sea Bottom
    • Biology: Squids
    • Biology: Blue Whales
  • 13-3 Future Discoveries
  • Study Guide
• Chapter 14 The Ocean’s Resources
  • 14-1 Law of the Sea
    • Law of the Sea Treaty
    • Exclusive Economic Zones
  • 14-2 Mineral Resources
    • Gas Hydrates
    • Sand and Gravel
    • Manganese Nodules
    • Cobalt-Rich Oceanic Crusts
    • Phosphate Deposits
    • Geology: Offshore Oil and Gas in the Gulf of Mexico
  • 14-3 Living Resources
    • Biology: Fish Farming and “Super” Fish
    • Mariculture
    • Biology: Antarctic Krill
    • Complexity Theory: Antarctic Krill: A Keystone Species
  • Study Guide
• Chapter 15 The Human Presence in the Ocean
  • 15-1 Pollution: What Is It?
  • 15-2 Hydrocarbons in the Sea
    • Biology: The Torrey Canyon Disaster
  • 15-3 Municipal and Industrial Effluent
    • Biology: Bioremediation
    • Sewage
    • Plastics
    • Metals
    • Biology: The Exxon Valdez Oil Spill
    • Artificial Biocides
    • Science by the Numbers: Steady State
  • 15-4 Ocean Dredging and Mining
    • Dredging
    • Ocean Mining
  • 15-5 Overfishing
    • Biology: Collapse of the New England Fisheries
  • 15-6 The Ocean’s Future
    • Complexity Theory: Regulating the Georges Bank Fishery
    • Biology: Red Tides
    • Biology: The Catastrophic Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill
  • 15-7 Future Discoveries
  • Study Guide
• Chapter 16 Global Climate Change and the Oceans
  • 16-1 Climate Change
    • The process of science: The Global Rise of Sea Level and Its Effects
  • 16-2 Global Climate Impact on the Coast
    • Sea-Level Change
    • Geology: Should the Storm Breaches of Fire Island, N.Y., Be Closed?—Yes, No, or Maybe?
    • Water Temperature
    • GEOLOGY: The Crisis of Louisiana’s Wetland Loss
  • 16-3 The Impact of Global Climate Change in the Open Ocean
    • The Thermohaline Conveyor Belt
    • Complexity Theory: Interconnected Air and Water Feedback Loops
    • The Arctic Ocean and Its Cover of Sea Ice
    • Ocean Plankton
    • Biology: Polar Bears
    • Seawater Chemistry
    • Biology: The Great Barrier Reef in the Twenty-First Century
  • 16-4 What Do We Know, What Do We Do?
    • Chemistry: Iron Fertilization of the Ocean—Yes, No, or Maybe?
  • 16-5 What is the Future of Earth’s Oceans?
  • Study Guide
• Appendices
  • I Properties of the Earth
  • II Conversion Factors
  • III Geologic Time
  • IV Maps and Topographic Profiles
    • Contour Maps
    • Topographic Profiles
    • Oceanographic Profile
  • V Principal Marine Organisms
  • VI The Coriolis Deflection
• Glossary
• Index

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