Efnisyfirlit

• Cover
• Title Page
• Copyright page
• Preface
• New to this Edition
• Guide to the Book
  • Central issues
  • Summaries
  • Recommended reading
  • Questions for discussion
  • Podcasts
  • Web links
• Table of Contents
• Table of Cases
  • International Cases
    • Arbitration Commission of the Peace Conference on Yugoslavia
    • Arbitration Decisions
    • Council for Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights
    • Eritrea Ethiopia Claims Commission
    • European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR)
    • European Union
    • Inter-American Court of Human Rights (Inter-AmCtHR)
    • International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID)
    • International Committee of Jurists
    • International Court of Justice (ICJ)
    • International Criminal Court (ICC)
    • International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR)
    • International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY)
    • International Military Tribunal (IMT), Nuremberg 1946
    • International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS)
    • Iran–US Claims Tribunal
    • Permanent Court of Arbitration
    • Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ)
    • Special Court for Sierra Leone (SCSL)
    • Special Tribunal for Lebanon
    • UN Commission on International Trade Law
    • UN Committee Against Torture
    • UN Human Rights Committee
    • World Trade Organization (WTO)
  • National Cases
    • Austria
    • Belgium
    • Canada
    • Colombia
    • Denmark
    • France
    • Germany
    • Greece
    • Israel
    • Italy
    • Netherlands
    • New Zealand
    • Norway
    • Sweden
    • United Kingdom
    • United States of America
• Table of Legislation
  • Treaties and International Instruments
  • European Legislation
  • National Statutes
    • Cambodia
    • Denmark
    • France
    • Spain
    • United Kingdom
    • United States of America
• 1 Foundations and structure of international law
  • 1.1 Introduction
  • 1.2 A brief history of international law
    • 1.2.1 Early modern international law
    • 1.2.2 Peace of Westphalia
    • 1.2.3 The 19th century and the era of positivism
    • 1.2.4 The interwar period
    • 1.2.5 The period after the Second World War
  • 1.3 The structures of international law
    • 1.3.1 Introduction—a society of sovereign nation states
    • 1.3.2 The international law of coexistence
    • 1.3.3 The international law of cooperation
  • 1.4 The basis of international obligation
  • 1.5 The relationship between international law and national law
  • 1.6 The issue of enforcement of international law
  • 1.7 The critiques of contemporary international law
  • Summary
  • Recommended reading
  • Questions for discussion
  • List of Key Terms
• 2 Sources of international law
  • 2.1 Introduction
  • 2.2 Article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice
  • 2.3 Conventions (treaties) as a legal source
  • 2.4 Custom as a source of international law
    • 2.4.1 Introduction
    • 2.4.2 The objective element—state practice
    • 2.4.3 The subjective requirement—opinio juris
    • 2.4.4 The relationship between custom and treaty law
  • 2.5 General principles as a source of law
  • 2.6 Judicial decisions
    • 2.6.1 Introduction
    • 2.6.2 Decision by the International Court of Justice
    • 2.6.3 Awards from international courts of arbitration
    • 2.6.4 Decisions from other international courts and tribunals
    • 2.6.5 Decisions by national courts
  • 2.7 Scholarly contributions and the ILC
  • 2.8 Unilateral statements
  • 2.9 Hierarchy of sources
  • 2.10 Non-binding commitments and the concept of ‘soft law’ instruments
  • Summary
  • Recommended reading
  • Questions for discussion
  • List of Key Terms
• 3 The law of treaties
  • 3.1 Introduction
  • 3.2 The treaty as a concept under international law
  • 3.3 The authority to conclude a treaty
  • 3.4 Treaties between states and international organizations
  • 3.5 Consent to be bound
  • 3.6 Entry into force—obligations in the interim period
  • 3.7 Validity
  • 3.8 Reservations
  • 3.9 Interpretation
  • 3.10 Taking account of changes
  • 3.11 Termination and withdrawal
  • Summary
  • Recommended reading
  • Questions for discussion
  • List of Key Terms
• 4 The actors in the international legal system
  • 4.1 Introduction
  • 4.2 The state
    • 4.2.1 Introduction
    • 4.2.2 Recognition
    • 4.2.3 The Montevideo criteria
    • 4.2.4 Illegality in the creation of a ‘state’
    • 4.2.5 The right to self-determination
    • 4.2.6 The acquisition of new territory
    • 4.2.7 State succession
    • 4.2.8 Extinction
  • 4.3 International organizations
  • 4.4 Individuals
  • 4.5 Other actors in international law
    • 4.5.1 Territorial entities other than states
    • 4.5.2 Groups of individuals
    • 4.5.3 Private corporations
    • 4.5.4 Non-governmental organizations
    • 4.5.5 Nature as a legal subject?
  • Summary
  • Recommended reading
  • Questions for discussion
  • List of Key Terms
• 5 Jurisdiction
  • 5.1 Introduction
  • 5.2 Jurisdiction to prescribe
    • 5.2.1 Introduction
    • 5.2.2 Territorial jurisdiction
    • 5.2.3 Jurisdiction on the basis of nationality
    • 5.2.4 The passive personality principle
    • 5.2.5 Protective jurisdiction
    • 5.2.6 Universal jurisdiction
    • 5.2.7 Concurring/overlapping jurisdictions
    • 5.2.8 Jurisdiction over aircraft and ships
  • 5.3 Jurisdiction to enforce
  • Summary
  • Recommended reading
  • Questions for discussion
  • List of Key Terms
• 6 Immunity from national jurisdiction and diplomatic protection
  • 6.1 Introduction
  • 6.2 State immunity
    • 6.2.1 Introduction
    • 6.2.2 The distinction between sovereign and commercial acts in adjudicative jurisdiction
      • 6.2.2.1 Background
      • 6.2.2.2 Jure imperii v jure gestionis acts
    • 6.2.3 Other exceptions to state immunity
    • 6.2.4 State immunity and violations of international law
    • 6.2.5 Immunity from enforcement
  • 6.3 The immunities of state representatives
    • 6.3.1 Introduction
    • 6.3.2 The immunity of certain high-ranking representatives
    • 6.3.3 The immunity of other state representatives who perform official acts
  • 6.4 Diplomatic immunities and protection
    • 6.4.1 Introduction
    • 6.4.2 Immunity of diplomatic agents
    • 6.4.3 Other forms of protection of diplomats, diplomatic premises and property
    • 6.4.4 Obligations of the sending state and abuse of privilege
    • 6.4.5 Consular immunity and protection
    • 6.4.6 Immunity for representatives on ‘special missions’
  • Summary
  • Recommended reading
  • Questions for discussion
  • List of Key Terms
• 7 State responsibility
  • 7.1 Introduction
  • 7.2 The basic principles of state responsibility
  • 7.3 Attribution of conduct
    • 7.3.1 Introduction
    • 7.3.2 Attribution for acts performed by the state and its organs
    • 7.3.3 Attribution for acts performed by organs exercising governmental authority
    • 7.3.4 Attribution for acts by organs ‘on loan’ from another state
    • 7.3.5 Responsibility for acts ultra vires
    • 7.3.6 Attribution for acts performed by private individuals
    • 7.3.7 Acts of an insurrectional movement
    • 7.3.8 Responsibility for acts subsequently acknowledged and adopted
  • 7.4 State responsibility in relation to acts of other states
  • 7.5 Circumstances precluding wrongfulness
    • 7.5.1 Introduction
    • 7.5.2 Consent
    • 7.5.3 Self-defence
    • 7.5.4 Lawful countermeasures
    • 7.5.5 Force majeure
    • 7.5.6 Distress
    • 7.5.7 Necessity
    • 7.5.8 Circumstances precluding wrongfulness and jus cogens
  • 7.6 Consequences of wrongful conduct
    • 7.6.1 Introduction
    • 7.6.2 The cessation of wrongful conduct
    • 7.6.3 The duty to make reparation
    • 7.6.4 Obligations of third states following breaches of jus cogens
  • 7.7 Who may invoke a breach of international law?
    • 7.7.1 Introduction—the injured state
    • 7.7.2 Obligations erga omnes
  • 7.8 Diplomatic protection
  • 7.9 The international responsibility of international organizations
  • Summary
  • Recommended reading
  • Questions for discussion
  • List of Key Terms
• 8 The international law of the sea
  • 8.1 Introduction
  • 8.2 The sources of the international law of the sea
  • 8.3 The spatial partitioning of the sea
    • 8.3.1 Introduction
    • 8.3.2 The concept of baselines
    • 8.3.3 Internal waters and the territorial sea
    • 8.3.4 The contiguous zone
    • 8.3.5 The exclusive economic zone (EEZ)
    • 8.3.6 The continental shelf
    • 8.3.7 The Area—exploitation of the deep seabed
    • 8.3.8 The high seas
    • 8.3.9 Delimitation of maritime zones
  • 8.4 Piracy
  • 8.5 Conservation of marine life
  • 8.6 Dispute settlement in the law of the sea
  • Summary
  • Recommended reading
  • Questions for discussion
  • List of Key Terms
• 9 International human rights law
  • 9.1 Introduction
  • 9.2 Sources of human rights law
  • 9.3 Categories of human rights
    • 9.3.1 Introduction
    • 9.3.2 Civil and political rights
    • 9.3.3 Economic and social rights
    • 9.3.4 Collective rights
  • 9.4 Human rights and responsibility for private acts
  • 9.5 Enforcement of human rights in the United Nations
    • 9.5.1 Introduction
    • 9.5.2 Charter-based human rights mechanisms
    • 9.5.3 Treaty-based enforcement mechanisms
  • 9.6 Regional systems for the protection of human rights
    • 9.6.1 Introduction
    • 9.6.2 Human rights protection in Europe
      • 9.6.2.1 Introduction—the ECHR
      • 9.6.2.2 The European Court of Human Rights
      • 9.6.2.3 The substantive rights
      • 9.6.2.4 The ECtHR’s interpretation
      • 9.6.2.5 Other Council of Europe human rights conventions
      • 9.6.2.6 Human rights protection in the EU
    • 9.6.3 Human rights protection in the Americas
    • 9.6.4 Human rights protection in Africa
    • 9.6.5 Human rights protection in the Middle East
  • 9.7 A human right to a healthy environment—climate change and human rights
  • 9.8 The territorial scope of human rights treaties
  • 9.9 Human rights in times of public emergency
  • 9.10 International protection of refugees
    • 9.10.1 Introduction—the Refugee Convention
    • 9.10.2 The protection of refugees in the Refugee Convention
    • 9.10.3 The protection of individuals who fear ill-treatment in other human rights conventions
  • Summary
  • Recommended reading
  • Questions for discussion
  • List of Key Terms
• 10 International environmental law
  • 10.1 Introduction
  • 10.2 From Stockholm to Rio and back to Rio
  • 10.3 Sources of international environmental law
  • 10.4 Basic principles of international environmental law
    • 10.4.1 Introduction
    • 10.4.2 Principles that seek to prevent environmental damage
    • 10.4.3 Principles that seek to ensure a balanced approach to environmental protection
  • 10.5 Substantive regulation
    • 10.5.1 Introduction
    • 10.5.2 Protection of the atmosphere
      • 10.5.2.1 Limiting air pollution
      • 10.5.2.2 Protecting the ozone layer
      • 10.5.2.3 Fighting climate change
    • 10.5.3 Protection of the marine environment
    • 10.5.4 Conservation of nature and species
      • 10.5.4.1 Protection of Antarctica
      • 10.5.4.2 Protection of wetlands
      • 10.5.4.3 Protection of ‘World Heritage’
      • 10.5.4.4 Protection of endangered species
      • 10.5.4.5 Fighting desertification
      • 10.5.4.6 Protection of biodiversity
    • 10.5.5 The regulation of hazardous substances
      • 10.5.5.1 Nuclear energy
      • 10.5.5.2 Chemical substances
  • 10.6 Compensation and overall enforcement
  • Summary
  • Recommended reading
  • Questions for discussion
  • List of Key Terms
• 11 International economic law
  • 11.1 Introduction
  • 11.2 The capitalist basis of the Bretton Woods system
  • 11.3 The WTO and international trade
    • 11.3.1 Introduction
    • 11.3.2 The principles of regulation in the WTO
    • 11.3.3 Substantive regulation in the WTO
      • 11.3.3.1 Introduction
      • 11.3.3.2 The 1994 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
      • 11.3.3.3 The General Agreement on Trade in Services
      • 11.3.3.4 The Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights
    • 11.3.4 Dispute settlement in the WTO
    • 11.3.5 Regional economic cooperation
  • 11.4 International monetary law
    • 11.4.1 Introduction—the IMF
    • 11.4.2 Exchange rate policies
    • 11.4.3 Lending arrangements and the issue of ‘conditionality’
    • 11.4.4 The World Bank—and debt assistance to the poorest states
    • 11.4.5 The monetary system in the EU
  • 11.5 International investment law
    • 11.5.1 Introduction
    • 11.5.2 Expropriation and protection of foreign investors under customary international law
    • 11.5.3 Treaties on investment protection
    • 11.5.4 Settlement of investment disputes
  • Summary
  • Recommended reading
  • Questions for discussion
  • List of Key Terms
• 12 The peaceful settlement of disputes
  • 12.1 Introduction
  • 12.2 Non-adjudicatory means of settling international disputes
  • 12.3 Arbitration
  • 12.4 The International Court of Justice
    • 12.4.1 Introduction
    • 12.4.2 Access to the Court in contentious cases
    • 12.4.3 Consent to jurisdiction in contentious cases
      • 12.4.3.1 Introduction
      • 12.4.3.2 The expression of consent
      • 12.4.3.3 Third states
    • 12.4.4 The existence of a ‘dispute’
    • 12.4.5 The power of the ICJ to indicate provisional measures
    • 12.4.6 The effects of the Court’s decisions
    • 12.4.7 The relationship between the Court and the Security Council
    • 12.4.8 Advisory opinions
  • 12.5 International courts and tribunals with a specialized mandate
  • Summary
  • Recommended reading
  • Questions for discussion
  • List of Key Terms
• 13 The international regulation of the use of force
  • 13.1 Introduction
  • 13.2 The UN Charter and the prohibition on the use of force
    • 13.2.1 Introduction
    • 13.2.2 The prohibition on the use of force
    • 13.2.3 Interferences that fall below the threshold for constituting force under article 2(4)
  • 13.3 The Security Council and the maintenance of international peace and security
    • 13.3.1 Introduction
    • 13.3.2 Determinations under article 39
    • 13.3.3 Provisional measures under article 40
    • 13.3.4 Non-forcible measures under article 41
    • 13.3.5 Enforcement under article 42
    • 13.3.6 Limits on the Security Council’s authority
    • 13.3.7 Interpretation of Security Council resolutions
    • 13.3.8 Regional organizations
  • 13.4 The unilateral use of force by states
    • 13.4.1 The right to self-defence
      • 13.4.1.1 Introduction
      • 13.4.1.2 An ‘armed attack’
      • 13.4.1.3 Attacks by private actors
      • 13.4.1.4 The initiation of self-defence
      • 13.4.1.5 Necessity and proportionality
      • 13.4.1.6 Collective self-defence
      • 13.4.1.7 The relationship between the Security Council and the exercise of self-defence
      • 13.4.1.8 Collective security and self-defence
  • 13.5 A plea of necessity?
  • 13.6 Contentious use of force
    • 13.6.1 Introduction
    • 13.6.2 The use of force to rescue nationals abroad
    • 13.6.3 Unilateral humanitarian intervention
  • 13.7 Russia’s use of force against Ukraine
  • Summary
  • Recommended reading
  • Questions for discussion
  • List of Key Terms
• 14 The law of armed conflict
  • 14.1 Introduction
  • 14.2 The sources of international humanitarian law
  • 14.3 The application of international humanitarian law
    • 14.3.1 Introduction
    • 14.3.2 International armed conflict
    • 14.3.3 Non-international armed conflict
    • 14.3.4 Classification of so-called ‘transnational armed conflicts’
    • 14.3.5 Changes of conflict status
  • 14.4 Battlefield status in international armed conflict
    • 14.4.1 Introduction
    • 14.4.2 Combatants
    • 14.4.3 Civilians
  • 14.5 The basic principles of the conduct of hostilities
    • 14.5.1 Introduction
    • 14.5.2 The principle of distinction
    • 14.5.3 The prohibition against causing unnecessary suffering
    • 14.5.4 Nuclear weapons
    • 14.5.5 Emerging technologies
  • 14.6 The regulation of belligerent occupation
  • 14.7 Non-international armed conflict
  • 14.8 The relationship between international humanitarian law and human rights law
  • Summary
  • Recommended reading
  • Questions for discussion
  • List of Key Terms
• 15 International criminal law
  • 15.1 Introduction
  • 15.2 Sources of international criminal law
  • 15.3 Prosecution of international crimes before international courts
    • 15.3.1 Introduction
    • 15.3.2 International criminal courts
      • 15.3.2.1 Ad hoc international criminal courts
      • 15.3.2.2 The International Criminal Court
    • 15.3.3 Crimes in international criminal law
      • 15.3.3.1 Introduction
      • 15.3.3.2 Genocide
      • 15.3.3.3 Crimes against humanity
      • 15.3.3.4 War crimes
      • 15.3.3.5 Aggression
    • 15.3.4 Criminal liability
    • 15.3.5 Defences
    • 15.3.6 Due process guarantees
    • 15.3.7 The question of immunity as a procedural bar to prosecution before international criminal courts
  • 15.4 National prosecution of international crimes
  • Summary
  • Recommended reading
  • Questions for discussion
  • List of Key Terms
• Glossary
• Index

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