Geodynamics
Námskeið
- JEÐ503M Aflfræði og varmaflutningur.
Lýsing:
Essential reading for any Earth scientist, this classic textbook has been providing advanced undergraduate and graduate students with the fundamentals needed to develop a quantitative understanding of the physical processes of the solid earth for over thirty years. This third edition has two completely new chapters covering numerical modelling and geophysical MATLAB® applications, and the text is now supported by a suite of online MATLAB® codes that will enable students to grasp the practical aspects of computational modelling.
The book has been brought fully up to date with the inclusion of new material on planetary geophysics and other cutting edge topics. Exercises within the text allow students to put the theory into practice as they progress through each chapter and carefully selected further reading sections guide and encourage them to delve deeper into topics of interest. Answers to problems available within the book and also online, for self-testing, complete the textbook package.
Annað
- Höfundar: Donald Turcotte, Gerald Schubert
- Útgáfa:3
- Útgáfudagur: 2014-04-07
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- Format:ePub
- ISBN 13: 9781139904162
- Print ISBN: 9780521186230
- ISBN 10: 1139904167
Efnisyfirlit
- Cover
- Half Title
- Title
- Copyright
- Contents
- Preface to the Third Edition
- 1 Plate Tectonics
- In this Chapter
- 1.1 Introduction
- 1.2 The Lithosphere
- 1.3 Accreting Plate Boundaries
- 1.4 Subduction
- 1.5 Transform Faults
- 1.6 Hotspots and Mantle Plumes
- 1.7 Continents
- 1.8 Paleomagnetism and the Motion of the Plates
- 1.9 Triple Junctions
- 1.10 The Wilson Cycle
- 1.11 Continental Collisions
- 1.12 Volcanism and Heat Flow
- 1.13 Seismicity and the State of Stress in the Lithosphere
- 1.14 The Driving Mechanism
- 1.15 Comparative Planetology
- 1.16 The Moon
- 1.17 Mercury
- 1.18 Mars
- 1.19 Phobos and Deimos
- 1.20 Vesta
- 1.21 Venus
- 1.22 The Galilean Satellites
- 1.23 Saturnian Satellites
- Summary
- Further Reading
- 2 Stress and Strain in Solids
- In this Chapter
- 2.1 Introduction
- 2.2 Body Forces and Surface Forces
- 2.3 Stress in Two Dimensions
- 2.4 Stress in Three Dimensions
- 2.5 Pressures in the Deep Interiors ofPlanets
- 2.6 Stress Measurement
- 2.7 Basic Ideas about Strain
- 2.8 Strain Measurements
- Summary
- Further Reading
- 3 Elasticity and Flexure
- In this Chapter
- 3.1 Introduction
- 3.2 Linear Elasticity
- 3.3 Uniaxial Stress
- 3.4 Uniaxial Strain
- 3.5 Plane Stres
- 3.6 Plane Strain
- 3.7 Pure Shear and Simple Shear
- 3.8 Isotropic Stress
- 3.9 Two-Dimensional Bending or Flexure of Plates
- 3.10 Bending of Plates under Applied Moments and Vertical Loads
- 3.11 Buckling of a Plate under a Horizontal Load
- 3.12 Deformation of Strata Overlying an Igneous Intrusion
- 3.13 Application to the Earth's Lithosphere
- 3.14 Periodic Loading
- 3.15 Stability of the Earth's Lithosphere under an End Load
- 3.16 Bending of the Elastic Lithosphere under the Loads of Island Chains
- 3.17 Bending of the Elastic Lithosphere at an Ocean Trench
- 3.18 Flexure and the Structure of Sedimentary Basins
- Summary
- Further Reading
- 4 Heat Transfer
- In this Chapter
- 4.1 Introduction
- 4.2 Fourier’s LawofHeat Conduction
- 4.3 Measuring the Earth’s Surface Heat Flux
- 4.4 The Earth’s Surface Heat Flow
- 4.5 Heat Generation by the Decay ofRadioactive Elements
- 4.6 One-Dimensional Steady Heat Conduction with Volumetric Heat Production
- 4.7 A Conduction Temperature Profile for the Mantle
- 4.8 Continental Geotherms
- 4.9 Radial Heat Conduction in a Sphere or Spherical Shell
- 4.10 Temperatures in the Moon
- 4.11 Steady Two- and Three-Dimensional Heat Conduction
- 4.12 Subsurface Temperature Due to Periodic Surface Temperature and Topography
- 4.13 One-Dimensional, Time-Dependent Heat Conduction
- 4.14 Periodic Heating of a Semi-Infinite Half-Space: Diurnal and Seasonal Changes in Subsurface Temperature
- 4.15 Instantaneous Heating or Cooling of a Semi-Infinite Half-Space
- 4.16 Cooling of the Oceanic Lithosphere
- 4.17 Plate Cooling Model of the Lithosphere
- 4.18 The Stefan Problem
- 4.19 Solidification of a Dike or Sill
- 4.20 The Heat Conduction Equation in a Moving Medium: Thermal Effects of Erosion and Sedimentation
- 4.21 One-Dimensional, Unsteady Heat Conduction in an Infinite Region
- 4.22 Thermal Stresses
- 4.23 Ocean Floor Topography
- 4.24 Changes in Sea Level
- 4.25 Thermal and Subsidence History ofSedimentary Basins
- 4.26 Heating or Cooling a Semi-Infinite Half-Space by a Constant Surface Heat Flux
- 4.27 Frictional Heating on Faults: Island Arc Volcanism and Melting on the Surface of the Descending Slab
- 4.28 Mantle Geotherms and Adiabats
- 4.29 Thermal Structure of the Subducted Lithosphere
- 4.30 Culling Model for the Erosion and Deposition of Sediments
- Summary
- Further Reading
- 5 Gravity
- In this Chapter
- 5.1 Introduction
- 5.2 Gravitational Acceleration External to the Rotationally Distorted Earth
- 5.3 Centrifugal Acceleration and the Acceleration of Gravity
- 5.4 The Gravitational Potential and the Geoid
- 5.5 Moments ofInertia
- 5.6 Surface Gravity Anomalies
- 5.7 Bouguer Gravity Formula
- 5.8 Reductions ofGravity Data
- 5.9 Compensation
- 5.10 The Gravity Field ofa Periodic Mass Distribution on a Surface
- 5.11 Compensation Due to Lithospheric Flexure
- 5.12 Isostatic Geoid Anomalies
- 5.13 Compensation Models and Observed Geoid Anomalies
- 5.14 Forces Required to Maintain Topography and the Geoid
- Summary
- Further Reading
- 6 Fluid Mechanics
- In this Chapter
- 6.1 Introduction
- 6.2 One-Dimensional Channel Flows
- 6.3 Asthenospheric Counterflow
- 6.4 Pipe Flow
- 6.5 Artesian Aquifer Flows
- 6.6 Flow Through Volcanic Pipes
- 6.7 Conservation of Fluid in Two Dimensions
- 6.8 Elemental Force Balance in Two Dimensions
- 6.9 The Stream Function
- 6.10 Postglacial Rebound
- 6.11 Angle of Subduction
- 6.12 Diapirism
- 6.13 Folding
- 6.14 Stokes Flow
- 6.15 Plume Heads and Tails
- 6.16 Pipe Flowwith Heat Addition
- 6.17 Aquifer Model for Hot Springs
- 6.18 Thermal Convection
- 6.19 Linear Stability Analysis for the Onset of thermal Convection in a Layer of Fluid Heated from Below
- 6.20 A Transient Boundary-Layer Theory for Finite-Amplitude Thermal Convection
- 6.21 A Steady-State Boundary-Layer Theory for Finite-Amplitude Thermal Convection
- 6.22 The Forces that Drive Plate Tectonics
- 6.23 Heating by Viscous Dissipation
- 6.24 Mantle Recycling and Mixing
- Summary
- Further Reading
- 7 Rock Rheology
- In this Chapter
- 7.1 Introduction
- 7.2 Elasticity
- 7.3 Diffusion Creep
- 7.4 Dislocation Creep
- 7.5 Shear Flows of Fluids with Temperature- and Stress-Dependent Rheologies
- 7.6 Mantle Rheology
- 7.7 Rheological Effects on Mantle Convection
- 7.8 Mantle Convection and the Cooling of the Earth
- 7.9 Crustal Rheology
- 7.10 Viscoelasticity
- 7.11 Elastic-Perfectly Plastic Behavior
- Summary
- Further Reading
- 8 Faulting
- In this Chapter
- 8.1 Introduction
- 8.2 Classification of Faults
- 8.3 Friction on Faults
- 8.4 Anderson Theory ofFaulting
- 8.5 Strength Envelope
- 8.6 Thrust Sheets and Gravity Sliding
- 8.7 Earthquakes
- 8.8 San Andreas Fault
- 8.9 North Anatolian Fault
- 8.10 Some Elastic Solutions for Strike-Slip Faulting
- 8.11 Stress Diffusion
- 8.12 Thermally Activated Creep on Faults
- Summary
- Further Reading
- 9 Flows in Porous Media
- In this Chapter
- 9.1 Introduction
- 9.2 Darcy’s Law
- 9.3 Permeability Models
- 9.4 Flow in Confined Aquifers
- 9.5 Flow in Unconfined Aquifers
- 9.6 Geometrical Form of Volcanoes
- 9.7 Equations of Conservation of Mass, Momentum, and Energy for Flow in Porous Media
- 9.8 One-Dimensional Advection of Heat in a Porous Medium
- 9.9 Thermal Convection in a Porous Layer
- 9.10 Thermal Plumes in Fluid-Saturated Porous Media
- 9.11 Porous Flow Model for Magma Migration
- 9.12 Two-Phase Convection
- Summary
- Further Reading
- 10 Chemical Geodynamics
- In this Chapter
- 10.1 Introduction
- 10.2 Radioactivity and Geochronology
- 10.3 Geochemical Reservoirs
- 10.4 A Two-Reservoir Model with Instantaneous Crustal Differentiation
- 10.5 Noble Gas Systems
- 10.6 Isotope Systematics of OIB
- Summary
- Further Reading
- 11 Numerical Tools
- In this Chapter
- 11.1 Introduction
- 11.2 Getting Started with MATLAB
- 11.3 Integration ofFourier’s Law ofHeat Conduction, an Initial Value Problem
- 11.4 Integration of the Equation for One-Dimensional Steady Heat Conduction with Volumetric Heat Production, a Boundary Value Problem
- 11.5 Integration of the Equation for Two-Dimensional Steady Heat Conduction
- 11.6 Integration of the Equation for One-Dimensional Time-Dependent Heat Conduction
- Summary
- 12 Geophysical Applications of Computational Modeling
- In this Chapter
- 12.1 Bending of the Lithosphere under a Triangular Load
- 12.2 Bending of the Elastic Lithosphere under Axisymmetric Loads
- 12.3 MATLAB Evaluation of Temperature and Surface Heat Flow for the Plate Model of the Cooling Oceanic Lithosphere
- 12.4 MATLAB Evaluation of Seafloor Depth for the Plate Model of the Cooling Oceanic Lithosphere
- 12.5 Cooling of a Solidified Dike
- 12.6 Gravity Anomaly above a Rectangular Prism
- 12.7 Free-air Gravity Anomaly ofArbitrary Topography
- 12.8 Postglacial Rebound and Crater Relaxation:Axisymmetric Geometry
- 12.9 A Numerical Solution for Steady, Two-Dimensional, Finite-Amplitude Thermal Convection
- 12.10 Surface Velocity for Strike-Slip Faulting
- 12.11 Additional Solutions for Strike-Slip Faulting
- 12.12 Faulting on Cracks of Arbitrary Size and Orientation
- Summary
- Appendix A Symbols and Units
- Appendix B Physical Constants and Properties
- Appendix C Answers to Selected Problems
- References
- Index
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- Gerð : 208
- Höfundur : Gerald Schubert , Donald L. Turcotte , Donald Turcotte
- Útgáfuár : 2014
- Leyfi : 379