Efnisyfirlit

• Table of Contents and Preface
  • Cover Page
  • Title Page
  • Copyright Page
  • About the Author
  • Brief Contents
  • Contents
  • Preface
    • A Note from the Authors
    • Our Focus—An Integrated Approach
    • The Genetic Way of Thinking
    • Student-Friendly Features
  • Changes in the Eighth Edition
  • Guided Tour
    • Integrating Genetic Concepts
    • Visualizing Genetics
    • Solving Genetics Problems
  • Acknowledgments
  • Connect
    • Instructors The Power of Connections
    • Students Get Learning that Fits You
• Chapter 1: Mendel’s Principles of Heredity
  • Chapter 1 Introduction
    • Mendel’s Principles of Heredity
  • 1.1 The Puzzle of Inheritance
    • Mendel Devised a New Experimental Approach
  • 1.2 Genetic Analysis According to Mendel
    • Monohybrid Crosses Reveal the Law of Segregation
    • Mendel’s Results Reflect Basic Rules of Probability
    • Further Crosses Verify the Law of Segregation
    • Dihybrid Crosses Reveal the Law of Independent Assortment
    • Mendel’s Laws Predict Probabilities, Not Specific Outcomes
    • Mendel’s Genius Was Unappreciated Before 1900
    • Recessive Alleles Are Most Often Nonfunctional, While Dominant Alleles Are Usually Functional
  • 1.3 Mendelian Inheritance in Humans
    • Pedigrees Aid the Study of Hereditary Traits in Human Families
    • A Vertical Pattern of Inheritance Indicates a Rare Dominant Trait
    • A Horizontal Pattern of Inheritance Indicates a Rare Recessive Trait
  • Solved Problems
  • Problems
• Chapter 2: Extensions to Mendel’s Laws
  • Chapter 2 Introduction
    • Extensions to Mendel’s Laws
  • 2.1 Extensions to Mendel for Single-Gene Inheritance
    • Dominance Is Not Always Complete
    • A Gene May Have More than Two Alleles
    • Mutations Are the Source of New Alleles
    • Pleiotropy: One Gene May Contribute to Several Characteristics
    • Sickle-Cell Disease Illustrates Many Extensions to Mendel’s View of Single-Gene Inheritance
  • 2.2 Extensions to Mendel for Two-Gene Inheritance
    • Additive Interactions Between Two Genes Can Produce Novel Phenotypes
    • Epistasis: One Gene Can Mask the Effects of Another Gene
    • Summary: A Variety of Biochemical Pathways Can Produce Any Given Altered Mendelian Ratio
    • Incomplete Dominance or Codominance Can Expand Phenotypic Variation
    • Locus Heterogeneity: Mutations in Any One of Several Genes May Cause the Same Phenotype
  • 2.3 Extensions to Mendel for Complex Trait Inheritance
    • The Same Genotype Does Not Always Produce the Same Phenotype
    • Mendelian Principles Can Explain Continuous Variation
  • 2.4 A Comprehensive Example: Dog Coat Color Genes
  • Solved Problems
  • Problems
• Chapter 3: Chromosomes and Inheritance
  • Chapter 3 Introduction
    • Chromosomes and Inheritance
  • 3.1 Chromosomes: The Carriers of Genes
    • Genes Reside in the Nucleus
    • Genes Reside in Chromosomes
  • 3.2 Mitosis: Cell Division that Preserves Chromosome Number
    • During Interphase, Cells Grow and Replicate Their Chromosomes
    • During Mitosis, Sister Chromatids Separate and Two Daughter Nuclei Form
    • Regulatory Checkpoints Ensure Correct Chromosome Separation
  • 3.3 Meiosis: Cell Divisions that Halve Chromosome Number
    • In Meiosis, the Chromosomes Replicate Once but the Nucleus Divides Twice
    • During Meiosis I, Homologs Pair, Exchange Parts, and Then Segregate
    • During Meiosis II, Sister Chromatids Separate to Produce Haploid Gametes
    • Mistakes in Meiosis Produce Defective Gametes
    • Meiosis Contributes to Genetic Diversity
    • Mitosis and Meiosis: A Comparison
    • Mendel’s Laws Correlate with Chromosome Behavior During Meiosis
  • Solved Problems
  • Problems
• Chapter 4: Sex Chromosomes
  • Chapter 4 Introduction
    • Sex Chromosomes
  • 4.1 Sex Chromosomes and Sex Determination
    • In Humans, the SRY Gene on the Y Chromosome Determines Maleness
    • Human X and Y Chromosomes Also Contain Genes Unrelated to Sex
    • Species Vary Enormously in Sex Determining Mechanisms
  • 4.2 Gametogenesis
    • Oogenesis in Humans Produces One Ovum from Each Primary Oocyte
    • Spermatogenesis in Humans Produces Four Sperm from Each Primary Spermatocyte
  • 4.3 Sex Linkage
    • The Genes for Sex-Linked Traits Are Located on the X Chromosome
    • The Chromosome Theory Integrates Many Aspects of Gene Behavior
  • 4.4 Sex-Linked and Sexually Dimorphic Traits in Humans
    • In XX Human Females, One X Chromosome Is Inactivated
    • Maleness and Male Fertility Are the Only Known Y-Linked Traits in Humans
    • Autosomal Genes Contribute to Sexual Dimorphism
  • 4.5 Human Intersexuality
    • Four Distinct Cell Groups Form Human Sex Organs
    • Mutations in Genes that Act After SRY Can Result in Intersexuality
  • Solved Problems
  • Problems
• Chapter 5: Linkage, Recombination, and Gene Mapping
  • Chapter 5 Introduction
    • Linkage, Recombination, and Gene Mapping
  • 5.1 Gene Linkage and Recombination
    • Some Genes on the Same Chromosome Do Not Assort Independently—Instead, They Are Linked
    • Testcrosses Simplify the Detection of Linkage
  • 5.2 Recombination: A Result of Crossing-Over During Meiosis
    • Reciprocal Exchanges Between Homologs Are the Physical Basis of Recombination
    • Why Recombination?
    • Recombination Frequency Reflects the Distance Between Two Genes
    • Recombination Frequencies Between Two Genes Never Exceed 50%
  • 5.3 Mapping: Locating Genes Along a Chromosome
    • Comparisons of Two-Point Crosses Establish Relative Gene Positions
    • Three-Point Crosses Provide More Accurate Mapping
    • How Do Genetic Maps Correlate with Physical Reality?
    • Multiple-Factor Crosses Help Establish Linkage Groups
  • 5.4 The Chi-Square Test and Linkage Analysis
    • The Chi-Square Test Evaluates the Significance of Differences Between Predicted and Observed Values
    • Applying the Chi-Square Test to Linkage Analysis: An Example
  • 5.5 Tetrad Analysis in Fungi
    • An Ascus Contains All Four Products of a Single Meiosis
    • Tetrads Can Be Characterized as Parental Ditypes (PDs), Nonparental Ditypes (NPDs), or Tetratypes (Ts)
    • Recombination Frequencies May Be Determined by Counting Each Tetrad Type
    • Ordered Tetrads Help Locate Genes in Relation to the Centromere
    • Tetrad Analysis: A Numerical Example
  • 5.6 Mitotic Recombination and Genetic Mosaics
    • Twin Spots Indicate Mosaicism Caused by Mitotic Recombination
    • Mitotic Recombination Can Produce Sectored Yeast Colonies
    • Mitotic Recombination Has Significant Consequences
  • Solved Problems
  • Problems
• Chapter 6: DNA Structure, Replication, and Recombination
  • Chapter 6 Introduction
    • DNA Structure, Replication, and Recombination
  • 6.1 Experimental Evidence for DNA as the Genetic Material
    • Chemical Studies Locate DNA in Chromosomes
    • Bacterial Transformation Implicates DNA as the Genetic Material
    • DNA, Not Protein, Contains the Instructions for Virus Propagation
  • 6.2 The Watson and Crick Double Helix Model of DNA
    • Nucleotides Are the Building Blocks of DNA
    • The DNA Helix Consists of Two Antiparallel Chains
    • The Double Helix May Assume Alternative Forms
    • DNA Structure Is the Foundation of Genetic Function
  • 6.3 Genetic Information in Nucleotide Sequence
    • Most Genetic Information Is Read from Unwound DNA Chains
    • Some Genetic Information Is Accessible Without Unwinding DNA
    • In Some Viruses, RNA Is the Repository of Genetic Information
  • 6.4 DNA Replication
    • Overview: Complementary Base Pairing Ensures Semiconservative Replication
    • Experiments with Heavy Nitrogen Verify Semiconservative Replication
    • DNA Polymerase Has Strict Operating Requirements
    • DNA Replication Is a Tightly Regulated, Complex Process
    • The Integrity of Genetic Information Must Be Preserved
  • 6.5 Homologous Recombination at the DNA Level
    • Tetrad Analysis Illustrates Key Aspects of Recombination
    • DNA Molecules Break and Rejoin During Recombination
    • Crossing-Over at the Molecular Level: A Model
    • DNA Repair of Heteroduplexes Can Result in Gene Conversion
  • 6.6 Site-Specific Recombination
    • Recombinase Enzymes Catalyze Site-Specific Recombination
  • Solved Problems
  • Problems
• Chapter 7: Mutation
  • Chapter 7 Introduction
    • Mutation
  • 7.1 Mutations: Primary Tools of Genetic Analysis
    • Mutations Are Changes in DNA Base Sequences
    • Mutations May Be Classified by How They Change DNA
    • Spontaneous Mutations Occur at a Low Rate
    • Spontaneous Mutations Arise from Random Events
  • 7.2 Molecular Mechanisms that Alter DNA Sequence
    • Natural Processes Cause Spontaneous Mutations Through DNA Damage
    • Mistakes in DNA Replication Cause Spontaneous Mutations
    • Mutagens Induce Mutations
    • Most Mutagens Are Carcinogens
  • 7.3 DNA Repair Mechanisms
    • Some DNA Base Damage Can Be Reversed
    • Damaged Bases Can Be Removed and Replaced
    • Two Important Mechanisms Can Repair Double-Strand Breaks
    • Mismatch Repair Corrects Errors in DNA Replication
    • Error-Prone Repair Systems Serve as Last Resorts
    • Mutations in Genes Encoding DNA Repair Proteins Impact Human Health
    • DNA Repair Cannot Be 100% Efficient
  • Solved Problems
  • Problems
• Chapter 8: Using Mutations to Understand Genes
  • Chapter 8 Introduction
    • Using Mutations to Understand Genes
  • 8.1 What Mutations Tell Us About Gene Structure
    • Complementation Testing Reveals Whether Two Mutations Are in a Single Gene or in Different Genes
    • A Gene Is a Set of Nucleotide Pairs that Can Mutate Independently and Recombine with Each Other
  • 8.2 What Mutations Tell Us About Gene Function
    • A Gene Contains the Information for Producing a Specific Enzyme: The One Gene, One Enzyme Hypothesis
    • Genes Specify the Identity and Order of Amino Acids in Polypeptide Chains
    • A Protein’s Amino Acid Sequence Dictates Its Three-Dimensional Structure
  • 8.3 What Mutations Tell Us About the Genetic Code
    • Triplet Codons of Nucleotides Represent Individual Amino Acids
    • A Gene’s Nucleotide Sequence Is Colinear with the Amino Acid Sequence of the Encoded Polypeptide
    • Cracking the Code: Which Codons Represent Which Amino Acids?
    • The Genetic Code: A Summary
    • The Effects of Mutations on Polypeptides Helped Verify the Code
    • The Genetic Code Is Almost, but Not Quite, Universal
  • 8.4 A Comprehensive Example: Mutations that Affect Vision
    • Cells of the Retina Contain Light-Sensitive Proteins
    • Mutations in the Rhodopsin Gene Family Affect the Way We See
  • Solved Problems
  • Problems
• Chapter 9: Gene Expression: The Flow of Information from DNA to RNA to Protein
  • Chapter 9 Introduction
    • Gene Expression: The Flow of Information from DNA to RNA to Protein
  • 9.1 Transcription: From DNA to RNA
    • RNA Polymerase Synthesizes a Single-Stranded RNA Copy of a Gene
    • Transcription Initiation Differs in Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes
    • In Eukaryotes, RNA Processing After Transcription Produces a Mature mRNA
  • 9.2 Translation: From mRNA to Protein
    • Transfer RNAs Mediate the Translation of mRNA Codons to Amino Acids
    • Polypeptide Synthesis Occurs on Ribosomes
    • Ribosomes and Charged tRNAs Collaborate to Translate mRNAs into Polypeptides
    • Polypeptides Can Be Modified After Translation
  • 9.3 Differences in Gene Expression Between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
    • In Eukaryotes, the Nuclear Membrane Prevents the Coupling of Transcription and Translation
    • Distant Enhancer Sequences and Interactions with Chromatin Influence Eukaryotic Promoters
    • Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes Initiate Translation Differently
    • Eukaryotic mRNAs Require More Processing than Prokaryotic mRNAs
  • 9.4 The Effects of Mutations on Gene Expression and Function
    • Mutations in a Gene’s Coding Sequence May Alter the Gene Product
    • Mutations Outside the Coding Sequence Can Alter Gene Expression
    • Most Mutations that Affect Gene Expression Reduce Gene Function
    • Unusual Gain-of-Function Alleles Are Almost Always Dominant
    • The Effects of a Mutation Can Be Difficult to Predict
    • Mutations in Genes Encoding the Molecules that Implement Expression May Have Global Effects
  • Solved Problems
  • Problems
• Chapter 10: Digital Analysis of DNA
  • Chapter 10 Introduction
    • Digital Analysis of DNA
  • 10.1 Fragmenting DNA
    • Restriction Enzymes Cut the Genome at Specific Sites
    • The Longer the Restriction Enzyme Recognition Site, the Larger the DNA Fragments Produced
    • Partial Digestion with a Restriction Enzyme or Mechanical Shearing Generate Overlapping Genomic DNA Fragments
    • Gel Electrophoresis Separates DNA Fragments According to Size
  • 10.2 Cloning DNA Fragments
    • Ligating Inserts to Vectors Produces Recombinant DNA Molecules
    • Host Cells Take Up and Amplify Recombinant DNA
    • Libraries Are Collections of Cloned Fragments
  • 10.3 Sequencing DNA
    • Sanger Sequencing Depends on DNA Polymerase
    • Sanger Sequencing Generates a Nested Set of DNA Fragments
    • DNA Fragment Fluorescence Reveals the Nucleotide Sequence
  • 10.4 Sequencing Genomes
  • Solved Problems
  • Problems
• Chapter 11: Genome Annotation
  • Chapter 11 Introduction
    • Genome Annotation
  • 11.1 Finding the Genes in Genomes
    • Open Reading Frames (ORFs) Help Locate Protein-Coding Genes
    • Whole-Genome Comparisons Distinguish Genomic Elements Conserved by Natural Selection
    • The Most Direct Method to Find Genes Is to Locate Transcribed Regions
  • 11.2 Genome Architecture and Evolution
    • Much of the Human Genome Is Repetitive Intergenic DNA
    • The Arrangement of Genes in the Genome Is Not Uniform
    • Genomes Evolve
    • A Relatively Small Number of Genes Can Produce Enormous Phenotypic Complexity
    • Genome Sequence Studies Affirm Evolution from a Common Ancestor
  • 11.3 Bioinformatics: Information Technology and Genomes
    • Bioinformatics Provides Tools for Visualizing and Analyzing Genomes
    • BLAST Searches Automate the Identification of Homologous Sequences
  • 11.4 A Comprehensive Example: The Hemoglobin Genes
    • Different Hemoglobins Are Expressed at Different Developmental Stages
    • The Order of the Hemoglobin Genes in the α and β Clusters Reflects the Timing of Their Expression
    • Globin-Related Diseases Result from a Variety of Mutations
  • Solved Problems
  • Problems
• Chapter 12: Analyzing Genomic Variation
  • Chapter 12 Introduction
    • Analyzing Genomic Variation
  • 12.1 Variation Among Genomes
    • Extensive DNA Variation Distinguishes Individuals Within a Species
    • Most DNA Polymorphisms Do Not Influence Phenotype
    • Genetic Variants Occur in Several Types
  • 12.2 Genotyping a Known Disease-Causing Mutation
    • The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Amplifies Defined Regions of a Genome
    • PCR Products Are Genotyped by Sequencing or Sizing
    • Fetal and Embryonic Cells Can Be Genotyped
  • 12.3 Genotyping a Known Disease-Causing Mutation
    • Forensic DNA Profiling Examines Multiple SSR Loci
    • DNA Microarrays Genotype Millions of SNPs
  • 12.4 Positional Cloning
    • Linkage Analysis with DNA Markers Gives Disease Genes an Approximate Chromosomal Address
    • Positional Cloning Has Several Limitations
    • The Lod Score Provides a Statistical Approach to Studying Linkage
    • Genetic Diseases Can Display Allelic or Locus Heterogeneity
  • 12.5 The Era of Whole-Genome Sequencing
    • New Techniques Sequence Millions of Individual DNA Molecules in Parallel
    • Disease-Causing Mutations Are Hidden in a Sea of Variation
    • Pinpointing a Disease Gene Requires a Combination of Approaches
    • The Study of Human Genetics Is an Ongoing Venture
  • Solved Problems
  • Problems
• Chapter 13: The Eukaryotic Chromosome
  • Chapter 13 Introduction
    • The Eukaryotic Chromosome
  • 13.1 Chromosomal DNA and Proteins
    • Each Chromosome Is Composed of a Single Long Molecule of DNA
    • Chromosomes Contain Histone Proteins and Nonhistone Proteins
  • 13.2 Chromosome Structure and Compaction
    • The Nucleosome Is the Fundamental Unit of Chromosome Compaction
    • Condensins Shape Chromosomes by Extruding Chromatin Loops
    • Higher-Order Packaging Condenses Chromosomes Further
    • Giemsa Staining Reveals Reproducible Chromosome Banding Patterns
    • Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) Helps Geneticists Characterize Genomes
  • 13.3 Chromosomal Packaging and Gene Expression
    • Transcription Requires Changes in Chromatin Structure and Nucleosome Position
    • Most Genes in Heterochromatin Regions Are Silenced
    • Heterochromatin Can Spread Along a Chromosome and Silence Nearby Euchromatic Genes
    • Heterochromatin and Euchromatin Have Different Histone Modifications
    • Heterochromatin Formation Inactivates an X Chromosome in Cells of Female Mammals
  • 13.4 Replication of Eukaryotic Chromosomes
    • Chromosomal DNA Replication Begins at Specific Origins
    • New Nucleosomes Must Be Formed During DNA Replication
    • Telomeres Protect the Ends of Linear Chromosomes and Allow Their Replication
  • 13.5 Chromosome Segregation
    • Special DNA Sequences Allow the Formation of Centromeres
    • Kinetochores Govern Attachment of Chromosomes to the Spindle
    • Cohesin Complexes Hold Sister Chromatids Together
  • 13.6 Artificial Chromosomes
    • Yeast Artificial Chromosomes (YACs) Help Characterize DNA Elements Required for Chromosome Replication and Transmission
    • Yeast Can Survive with a Single Giant Chromosome or Many Minichromosomes
    • Synthetic Chromosomes May Help Define Minimal Genomes
  • Solved Problems
  • Problems
• Chapter 14: Chromosomal Rearrangements
  • Chapter 14 Introduction
    • Chromosomal Rearrangements
  • 14.1 Rearrangements of Chromosomal DNA
    • Chromosomal Rearrangements Are Caused by DNA Breakage or Illegitimate Crossing-Over
    • A Variety of Methods Can Detect Chromosomal Rearrangements
  • 14.2 The Effects of Rearrangements
    • Deletions Remove DNA from the Genome
    • Duplication Chromosomes Have Extra Copies of Some Genes
    • Inversions Reorganize the DNA Sequence of a Chromosome
    • Translocations Attach Part of One Chromosome to Another Chromosome
  • 14.3 Transposable Genetic Elements
    • Transposable Elements Vary in Structure, Copy Number, and Mechanism of Movement
    • Nearly Half the Human Genome Consists of Transposable Elements
    • Retrotransposons Move via RNA Intermediates
    • Transposase Enzymes Catalyze Movement of DNA Transposons
    • Genomes Often Contain Defective Copies of Transposable Elements
    • Transposable Elements Can Disrupt Genes and Alter Genomes
    • Several Mechanisms Limit Transposable Element Movement
  • 14.4 Genome Restructuring and Evolution
    • Chromosomal Rearrangements Are Important Sources of Genome Variation
    • Transposable Elements Can Benefit Their Host
    • Duplications Provide Extra Gene Copies that Can Acquire New Functions
    • Translocations Contribute to Speciation
  • Solved Problems
  • Problems
• Chapter 15: Ploidy
  • Chapter 15 Introduction
    • Ploidy
  • 15.1 Aberrations in Chromosome Number: Aneuploidy
    • Autosomal Aneuploidy Is Usually Lethal
    • Most Organisms Tolerate Aneuploidy for Sex Chromosomes
    • Aneuploidy Arises Through Meiotic Nondisjunction
    • Rare Mitotic Nondisjunction or Chromosome Loss Causes Mosaicism
  • 15.2 Variation in Number of Chromosome Sets: Euploidy
    • Monoploid Plants Are Useful to Plant Breeders
    • Triploid Organisms Are Usually Infertile
    • Polyploids with an Even Number of Chromosome Sets Can Become New Species
    • Allopolyploids Are Hybrids with Complete Chromosome Sets from Two Different Species
  • 15.3 Whole-Genome Duplication as a Driver of Evolution
  • Solved Problems
  • Problems
• Chapter 16: Bacterial Genetics
  • Chapter 16 Introduction
    • Bacterial Genetics
  • 16.1 The Enormous Diversity of Bacteria
    • Bacteria Vary in Size and Shape
    • Bacteria Have Diverse Metabolisms
    • A Small Fraction of Bacteria Are Pathogens
  • 16.2 Bacterial Genomes
    • Genes Are Tightly Packed in Bacterial Genomes
    • Individual E. coli Strains Contain Only a Subset of the E. coli Pangenome
    • Bacterial Genomes Contain Transposons
    • Plasmids Carry Genes in Addition to Those in the Bacterial Chromosome
    • Metagenomics Explores the Collective Genomes of Microbial Communities
  • 16.3 Bacteria as Experimental Organisms
    • Bacteria Grow in Liquid Cultures or on the Surface of Petri Plates
    • E. coli Is a Versatile Model Organism
    • Geneticists Identify Mutant Bacteria by the Phenotype of Colonies Under Specific Growth Conditions
  • 16.4 Gene Transfer in Bacteria
    • In Transformation, the Recipient Takes Up DNA that Alters Its Genotype
    • In Conjugation, a Donor Transfers DNA Directly to a Recipient
    • In Transduction, a Phage Transfers DNA from a Donor to a Recipient
    • Horizontal Gene Transfer Has Significant Evolutionary and Medical Implications
  • 16.5 Using Genetics to Study Bacterial Life
    • Recombinant Plasmid Libraries Simplify Gene Identification
    • Transposons Can Be Used as Gene-Tagging Mutagens
    • Gene Targeting Provides a Way to Mutagenize Specific Genes
  • 16.6 A Comprehensive Example: How N. gonorrhoeae Became Resistant to Penicillin
    • Penicillin Interferes with Synthesis of the Bacterial Cell Wall
    • N. gonorrhoeae Become Resistant to Penicillin Through Multiple Mechanisms
    • What Should We Do About the Problem of Drug Resistance?
  • Solved Problems
  • Problems
• Chapter 17: Organellar Inheritance
  • Chapter 17 Introduction
    • Organellar Inheritance
  • 17.1 Mitochondria and Their Genomes
    • Mitochondria Produce ATP
    • Mitochondrial Genomes Vary Among Species
    • Mitochondrial Gene Expression Has Unusual Features
  • 17.2 Chloroplasts and Their Genomes
    • Chloroplasts Are the Sites of Photosynthesis
    • Chloroplast Genomes Are Relatively Uniform
    • Scientists Can Produce Transgenic Chloroplasts
  • 17.3 The Relationship Between Organellar and Nuclear Genomes
    • Nuclear and Organellar Genomes Cooperate with One Another
    • Mitochondria and Chloroplasts Originated from Bacteria
  • 17.4 Non-Mendelian Inheritance of Mitochondria and Chloroplasts
    • In Many Organisms, Organelles and Their DNA Are Inherited from One Parent
    • Variants of Organellar Genomes Segregate During Cell Division
    • Some Organisms Exhibit Biparental Inheritance of Organellar Genomes
  • 17.5 Mutant Mitochondria and Human Disease
    • In LHON, Affected People Are Usually Homoplasmic
    • In MERRF, Affected Individuals Are Heteroplasmic
    • Mitochondrial Mutations May Affect Human Aging
    • Oocyte Nuclear Transplantation Can Prevent Transmission of Mitochondrial Disease
  • Solved Problems
  • Problems
• Chapter 18: Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes
  • Chapter 18 Introduction
    • Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes
  • 18.1 The Elements of Prokaryotic Gene Expression
    • RNA Polymerase Is the Key Enzyme for Transcription
    • Translation in Prokaryotes Begins Before Transcription Ends
    • Regulation of Gene Expression Can Occur at Many Steps
  • 18.2 Regulation of Transcription Initiation via DNA-Binding Proteins
    • Catabolic and Anabolic Pathways Require Different Types of Regulation
    • E. coli’s Utilization of Lactose Provides a Model System of Gene Regulation
    • The Operon Theory Explains How a Single Substance Can Regulate Several Clustered Genes
    • Genetic Analysis Led Jacob and Monod to the Operon Hypothesis
    • Biochemical Experiments Support the Operon Hypothesis
    • The lac Operon Is Also Regulated by Positive Control
    • Repressor/Effector Interaction Enables Repressible Regulation of Transcription Initiation
  • 18.3 RNA-Mediated Mechanisms of Gene Regulation
    • Diverse RNA Leader Devices Act in cis to Regulate Gene Expression
    • Small RNAs Act in trans to Regulate the Translation or Stability of mRNAs
    • Genes Can Also Be Regulated by Antisense RNAs
  • 18.4 Discovering and Manipulating Bacterial Gene Regulatory Mechanisms
    • lacZ Reporter Genes Help Reveal the Regulation of Other Genes
    • lac Operon Regulatory Sequences Help Produce Protein Drugs in Bacteria
    • RNA-Seq Is a General Tool for Characterizing Transcriptomes and Their Regulation
    • Computer Analysis Reveals Many Aspects of Gene Regulation
  • 18.5 A Comprehensive Example: Control of Bioluminescence by Quorum Sensing
    • Recombinant V. fischeri Genes Make E. coli Bioluminescent
    • LuxI and LuxR Are the Quorum-Sensing Proteins in V. fischeri
    • Quorum Sensing Suggests a New Approach to Developing Antibiotics
  • Solved Problems
  • Problems
• Chapter 19: Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes
  • Chapter 19 Introduction
    • Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes
  • 19.1 Overview of Eukaryotic Gene Regulation
  • 19.2 Control of Transcription Initiation Through Enhancers
    • Promoters and Enhancers Are the Major cis-Acting Regulatory Elements
    • Proteins Act in trans to Control Transcription Initiation
    • Enhancers Integrate Cellular Information to Control Gene Transcription
    • New Methods Provide Global Views of cis- and trans-Acting Transcriptional Regulators
    • Topologically Associating Domains (TADs) Control Enhancer/Promoter Interactions
  • 19.3 Regulation After Transcription
    • Sequence-Specific RNA-Binding Proteins Can Regulate RNA Splicing
    • Several Mechanisms Regulate mRNA Translation
    • Ribosome Profiling Measures Translation Efficiency
    • Small RNAs Regulate mRNA Stability and Translation
    • Posttranslational Modifications Can Change Protein Activity Rapidly
  • 19.4 A Comprehensive Example: Sex Determination in Drosophila
    • The Number of X Chromosomes Determines Sex in Drosophila
    • Sxl Protein Triggers a Cascade of Splicing
    • Dsx-F and Dsx-M Proteins Control Development of Somatic Sexual Characteristics
  • Solved Problems
  • Problems
• Chapter 20: Epigenetics
  • Chapter 20 Introduction
    • Epigenetics
  • 20.1 Transcriptional Regulation Through DNA Methylation
    • Methylation at CpG Islands Silences Gene Expression
    • Methylation of Insulators Alters TAD Boundaries
  • 20.2 Genomic Imprinting
    • Sex-Specific DNA Methylation Mediates Imprinting
    • Germ-Line Cells Reprogram Methylation Marks
    • Human Pedigrees Reveal Imprinting
    • Why Did Mammals Evolve Imprinting?
  • 20.3 Inheritance of Programmed Gene Repression
    • Dividing Cells Retain Memories of Cell Fate
    • Dividing Cells Retain Memories of Constitutive Heterochromatin
    • Mammalian Cells Retain Memories of Inactivated X Chromosomes
  • 20.4 Transgenerational Epigenetic Inheritance
    • RNA-Directed DNA Methylation Transmits Information About the On/Off State of Plant Epialleles
    • Drosophila piRNAs Transmit Memories of TE Invasion
  • 20.5 A Comprehensive Example: Epigenetic Inheritance at the A locus in Mice
    • “On”/“Off” Information at AVY Epialleles Is Transmitted Unstably and Can Be Influenced by the Environment
    • Are Environmentally Triggered “On”/“Off” States of AVY Inherited?
  • Solved Problems
  • Problems
• Chapter 21: Manipulating the Genomes of Eukaryotes
  • Chapter 21 Introduction
    • Manipulating the Genomes of Eukaryotes
  • 21.1 Creating Transgenic Organisms
    • Scientists Exploit Natural Gene Transfer Mechanisms to Create Transgenic Organisms
    • DNA Injection into Pronuclei Generates Transgenic Mice
    • Recombinant P Elements Can Transform Drosophila
    • Agrobacterium Ti Plasmid Vectors Accomplish Plant Transgenesis
  • 21.2 Uses of Transgenic Organisms
    • Transgenes Assign Genes to Mutant Phenotypes
    • Transgenes Are Key Tools for Analyzing Gene Expression
    • Transgenic Cells and Organisms Serve as Protein Factories
    • GM Organisms Are Used Widely in Modern Agriculture
    • Transgenic Animals Model Human Gain-of-Function Genetic Diseases
  • 21.3 Targeted Mutagenesis
    • Knockout Mice Have Amorphic Alleles of Specific Genes
    • Conditional Knockout Mice Reveal Functions of Essential Genes
    • Knockins Introduce Specific Mutations
    • CRISPR/Cas9 Allows Targeted Gene Editing in Any Organism
  • 21.4 Human Gene Therapy
    • Therapeutic Genes Can Be Added to the Genome
    • CRISPR/Cas9 Technology Can Repair Mutant Alleles
  • Solved Problems
  • Problems
• Chapter 22: Genetic Analysis of Development
  • Chapter 22 Introduction
    • Genetic Analysis of Development
  • 22.1 Model Organisms: Prototypes for Developmental Genetics
    • All Living Forms Are Related . . .
    • . . . Yet All Species Are Unique
  • 22.2 Mutagenesis Screens
    • Genetic Screens Identify Genes Required for Specific Developmental Processes
    • Primary Mutant Screens Can Miss Key Genes
    • Stock Repositories and Genome Sequences Allow Systematic Screening of Mutations
  • 22.3 Determining Where and When Genes Act
    • Gene Expression Patterns Provide Clues to Developmental Functions
    • Mosaic Analysis Can Determine the Focus of Gene Action
    • Temperature-Sensitive Alleles Help Determine the Time of Gene Action
  • 22.4 Ordering Genes in a Pathway
    • The Effects of One Gene on the Expression of Another Can Reveal the Order of Action
    • Double Mutant Phenotypes Can Help Determine the Order of Gene Action
  • 22.5 A Comprehensive Example: Body Plan Development in Drosophila
    • Drosophila Embryos Become Organized into Segments
    • Maternal Effect Genes Help Specify Segment Number
    • Zygotic Genes Determine Segment Number and Polarity
    • Homeotic Genes Specify Parasegment Identity
  • Solved Problems
  • Problems
• Chapter 23: The Genetics of Cancer
  • Chapter 23 Introduction
    • The Genetics of Cancer
  • 23.1 Characteristics of Cancer Cells
    • Cancerous Cells Evade Normal Controls on Cell Growth
    • Cancer Cells Often Acquire a Potential for Immortality
    • Tumors Interact with the Body Abnormally
    • Most Cancer Cells Have Unstable Genomes
  • 23.2 The Genetic Basis of Cancers
    • Cancer Involves the Proliferation of a Clone of Cells
    • Cancer Is Generally a Disease of Old Age
    • Environmental Mutagens Increase the Likelihood of Cancer
    • Some Known Mutations Increase Predisposition to Cancer
    • Tumor Genome Sequencing Reveals Multiple Mutations in Cancer Cells
    • Feedback Between Cell Proliferation and Genomic Instability Underlies Tumor Progression
  • 23.3 How Cell Division Is Normally Controlled
    • Growth Factors Initiate Cell Division Through Signal Transduction Cascades
    • Cyclins and Cyclin-Dependent Kinases Drive the Cell Cycle
    • Cell-Cycle Checkpoints Ensure Genomic Stability
  • 23.4 How Mutations Cause Cancer
    • Oncogenic Mutations Can Accelerate the Cell Cycle
    • Mutations in Tumor-Suppressor Genes Can Release the Cell-Cycle Brakes or Destabilize the Genome
  • 23.5 Personalized Cancer Treatment
    • Antitumor Drugs Can Target the Products of Oncogenes
    • Some Chemotherapies Target Cells that Lack Functional Tumor-Suppressor Genes
    • New Cancer Therapies Strengthen the Body’s Immune Surveillance
    • Genetic Analysis of Individual Cancers
  • Solved Problems
  • Problems
• Chapter 24: Variation and Selection in Populations
  • Chapter 24 Introduction
    • Variation and Selection in Populations
  • 24.1 The Hardy-Weinberg Law: Predicting Genetic Variation in “Ideal” Populations
    • Population Geneticists Measure Frequencies that Describe Populations
    • The Hardy-Weinberg Law Correlates Allele and Genotype Frequencies
    • Many Loci in Human Populations Are Near Hardy-Weinberg Proportions
  • 24.2 What Causes Allele Frequencies to Change in Real Populations?
    • Hardy-Weinberg Provides a Starting Point for Modeling Actual Populations
    • In Finite Populations, Chance Plays a Crucial Role
    • Mutations Introduce New Genetic Variation
    • Natural Selection Acts on Differences in Fitness to Alter Allele Frequencies
    • Balancing Selective Forces Can Maintain Alleles in a Population
    • A Comprehensive Example: Human Behavior Can Affect Evolution of Insect Pests
  • 24.3 Ancestry and the Evolution of Modern Humans
    • Shared Alleles Denote Common Genetic Ancestry
    • Modern Humans Originated in Africa
    • Modern Humans in Europe and Asia Interbred with Other Hominins
  • Solved Problems
  • Problems
• Chapter 25: Genetic Analysis of Complex Traits
  • Chapter 25 Introduction
    • Genetic Analysis of Complex Traits
  • 25.1 Heritability: Genetic Versus Environmental Influences on Complex Traits
    • Variance Is a Statistical Measure of the Amount of Variation in a Population
    • Genetic Variance Can Be Separated from Environmental Variance
    • Heritability Is the Proportion of Phenotypic Variance Due to Genetic Variance
    • Heritability Studies Examine Phenotypic Variation in Genetic Relatives
    • A Trait’s Heritability Determines Its Potential for Evolution
  • 25.2 Mapping Quantitative Trait Loci (QTLs)
    • Researchers Map QTLs by Analyzing Recombinants Obtained Through Breeding Programs
    • Association Mapping Can Identify QTLs in Populations
    • QTLs Reflect Population Histories
  • Solved Problems
  • Problems
• Guidelines for Gene Nomenclature
  • Guidelines for Gene Nomenclature
    • General Rules
    • Specific Rules for Different Organisms
• Brief Answer Section
  • Brief Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems
    • Chapter 1
    • Chapter 2
    • Chapter 3
    • Chapter 4
    • Chapter 5
    • Chapter 6
    • Chapter 7
    • Chapter 8
    • Chapter 9
    • Chapter 10
    • Chapter 11
    • Chapter 12
    • Chapter 13
    • Chapter 14
    • Chapter 15
    • Chapter 16
    • Chapter 17
    • Chapter 18
    • Chapter 19
    • Chapter 20
    • Chapter 21
    • Chapter 22
    • Chapter 23
    • Chapter 24
    • Chapter 25
• Glossary
  • Glossary
• Index
  • Index
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  • Transcription stops Graphic Text Alternative (Chapter 18)
  • mRNA translated Graphic Text Alternative (Chapter 18)
  • Antiterminator Graphic Text Alternative (Chapter 18)
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  • Figure A Text Alternative (Chapter 19)
  • The retinoic acid Graphic Text Alternative (Chapter 19)
  • DNA binding Graphic Text Alternative (Chapter 19)
  • Hair follicle enhancer Graphic Text Alternative (Chapter 19)
  • Regulatory region of nerve gene Graphic Text Alternative (Chapter 19)
  • TAD boundary Graphic Text Alternative (Chapter 19)
  • Before heat shock Graphic Text Alternative (Chapter 19)
  • Ribosome profiling Graphic Text Alternative (Chapter 19)
  • Position along mRNA Graphic Text Alternative (Chapter 19)
  • RNA-Seq Graphic Text Alternative (Chapter 19)
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  • The disease inheritance pattern Graphic Text Alternative (Chapter 20)
  • Fertile queens Graphic Text Alternative (Chapter 20)
  • Accompanying diagram Graphic Text Alternative (Chapter 20)
  • Percentage of AKR allele Graphic Text Alternative (Chapter 20)
  • Tetracycline binds Graphic Text Alternative (Chapter 20)
  • The Arabidopsis superman Graphic Text Alternative (Chapter 20)
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  • Figure A Text Alternative (Chapter 21)
  • All but the blue loxP sequences Graphic Text Alternative (Chapter 21)
  • Mice are usually gray Graphic Text Alternative (Chapter 21)
  • Scientists hypothesized Graphic Text Alternative (Chapter 21)
  • Fly transcription Graphic Text Alternative (Chapter 21)
  • A loxP site Graphic Text Alternative (Chapter 21)
  • Poly-A addition site Graphic Text Alternative (Chapter 21)
  • Cas9 protein Graphic Text Alternative (Chapter 21)
  • BbsI recognition site Graphic Text Alternative (Chapter 21)
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  • Fertilization Graphic Text Alternative (Chapter 22)
  • Restrictive temperature Graphic Text Alternative (Chapter 22)
  • Wild type Graphic Text Alternative (Chapter 22)
  • Hunchback and Krüppel protein Graphic Text Alternative (Chapter 22)
  • PcG mutant Graphic Text Alternative (Chapter 22)
  • Arabidopsis thaliana Graphic Text Alternative (Chapter 22)
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  • Experiment 1 and experiment 2 Graphic Text Alternative (Chapter 23)
  • A carcinogenic compound Graphic Text Alternative (Chapter 23)
  • Growth factor receptor Graphic Text Alternative (Chapter 23)
  • Hereditary breast and ovarian cancer Graphic Text Alternative (Chapter 23)
  • For a tumor-suppressor gene Graphic Text Alternative (Chapter 23)
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  • Generation Graphic Text Alternative (Chapter 24)
  • DNA samples analyzed Graphic Text Alternative (Chapter 24)
  • The frequencies of alleles Graphic Text Alternative (Chapter 24)
  • A cladogram Graphic Text Alternative (Chapter 24)
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  • Parental generation Graphic Text Alternative (Chapter 25)
  • Systemic lupus erythematosus Graphic Text Alternative (Chapter 25)
  • In GWAS analysis Graphic Text Alternative (Chapter 25)
  • Mitosis Graphic Text Alternative (Answers)
  • Meiosis II Graphic Text Alternative (Answers)
  • Metaphase I Graphic Text Alternative (Answers)
  • Meiosis metaphase Graphic Text Alternative (Answers)
  • NDJ occurred in male meiosis Graphic Text Alternative (Answers)
  • Distal Graphic Text Alternative (Answers)
  • White flowers Graphic Text Alternative (Answers)
  • The parental genotype Graphic Text Alternative (Answers)
  • Tetrad analysis in plants Graphic Text Alternative (Answers)
  • Trp− phenotype Graphic Text Alternative (Answers)
  • Mitotic recombination Graphic Text Alternative (Answers)
  • Smc homozygotes Graphic Text Alternative (Answers)
  • Homologous chromosomes Graphic Text Alternative (Answers)
  • Gene conversion Graphic Text Alternative (Answers)
  • Homologous recombination Graphic Text Alternative (Answers)
  • Recombinase action Graphic Text Alternative (Answers)
  • DNA rearrangements Graphic Text Alternative (Answers)
  • The colored boxes in the table represent Graphic Text Alternative (Answers)
  • The first table is a complementation test Graphic Text Alternative (Answers)
  • X-linked genes cause hemophilia Graphic Text Alternative (Answers)
  • Glutamine Graphic Text Alternative (Answers)
  • Embryo surface Graphic Text Alternative (Answers)
  • The in-frame stop codon Graphic Text Alternative (Answers)
  • Vector Graphic Text Alternative (Answers)
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  • Haploidentical Paternal Graphic Text Alternative (Answers)
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  • Crosslinked chromatin Graphic Text Alternative (Answers)
  • Sister chromatids Graphic Text Alternative (Answers)
  • Giant fused chromosome Graphic Text Alternative (Answers)
  • Translocation Graphic Text Alternative (Answers)
  • Meiotic nondisjunction Graphic Text Alternative (Answers)
  • Gametes Graphic Text Alternative (Answers)
  • The gene order is pyr trp cys Graphic Text Alternative (Answers)
  • Genomic DNA Graphic Text Alternative (Answers)
  • The GFP sequences are cDNA Graphic Text Alternative (Answers)
  • In-frame fusion Graphic Text Alternative (Answers)
  • Specificity for binding Graphic Text Alternative (Answers)
  • Intergenic regions Graphic Text Alternative (Answers)
  • Resting cells Graphic Text Alternative (Answers)
  • Bacterial promoter Graphic Text Alternative (Answers)
  • Percentage AKR allele Graphic Text Alternative (Answers)
  • Clone gene for fish antifreeze Graphic Text Alternative (Answers)
  • Construct for gene targeting Graphic Text Alternative (Answers)
  • Knockin construct Graphic Text Alternative (Answers)
  • Gene X genomic DNA Graphic Text Alternative (Answers)
  • Target cleaved Graphic Text Alternative (Answers)
  • All the progeny Graphic Text Alternative (Answers)
  • sgRNA Graphic Text Alternative (Answers)
  • FLP-induced crossover Graphic Text Alternative (Answers)
  • Mosaic ommatidia Graphic Text Alternative (Answers)
  • X chromosome homologs Graphic Text Alternative (Answers)
  • Mutation Graphic Text Alternative (Answers)
  • Ancestral allele Graphic Text Alternative (Answers)
  • To isolate DNA corresponding Graphic Text Alternative (Answers)

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