Efnisyfirlit

• Cover
• Title
• Copyright
• About the Authors
• Brief Contents
• Contents
• Preface
• Connect
• Chapter One: Introduction and Overview
  • 1–1 Introduction to Thermal-Fluid Sciences
    • Application Areas of Thermal-Fluid Sciences
  • 1–2 Thermodynamics
  • 1–3 Heat Transfer
  • 1–4 Fluid Mechanics
  • 1–5 Importance of Dimensions and Units
    • Some SI and English Units
    • Dimensional Homogeneity
    • Unity Conversion Ratios
  • 1–6 Problem-Solving Technique
    • Step 1: Problem Statement
    • Step 2: Schematic
    • Step 3: Assumptions and Approximations
    • Step 4: Physical Laws
    • Step 5: Properties
    • Step 6: Calculations
    • Step 7: Reasoning, Verification, and Discussion
    • Engineering Software Packages
    • Equation Solvers
    • A Remark on Significant Digits
    • Summary
    • References and Suggested Readings
    • problems
• Part 1: Thermodynamics
  • Chapter Two: Basic Concepts of Thermodynamics
    • 2–1 Systems and Control Volumes
    • 2–2 Properties of a System
      • Continuum
    • 2–3 Density and Specific Gravity
    • 2–4 State and Equilibrium
      • The State Postulate
    • 2–5 Processes and Cycles
      • The Steady-Flow Process
    • 2–6 Temperature and the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
      • Temperature Scales
    • 2–7 Pressure
      • Variation of Pressure with Depth
    • 2–8 Pressure Measurement Devices
      • The Barometer
      • The Manometer
      • Other Pressure Measurement Devices
      • Summary
      • References and Suggested Readings
      • Problems
  • Chapter Three: Energy, Energy Transfer, and General Energy Analysis
    • 3–1 Introduction
    • 3–2 Forms of Energy
      • Some Physical Insight into Internal Energy
      • More on Nuclear Energy
      • Mechanical Energy
    • 3–3 Energy Transfer by Heat
      • Historical Background on Heat
    • 3–4 Energy Transfer By Work
      • Electrical Work
    • 3–5 Mechanical Forms Of Work
      • Shaft Work
      • Spring Work
      • Work Done on Elastic Solid Bars
      • Work Associated with the Stretching of a Liquid Film
      • Work Done to Raise or to Accelerate a Body
      • Nonmechanical Forms of Work
    • 3–6 The First Law Of Thermodynamics
      • Energy Balance
      • Energy Change of a System, ΔEsystem
      • Mechanisms of Energy Transfer, Ein and Eout
    • 3–7 Energy Conversion Efficiencies
      • Efficiencies of Mechanical and Electrical Devices
      • Summary
      • References and Suggested Readings
      • Problems
  • Chapter Four: Properties of Pure Substances
    • 4–1 Pure Substance
    • 4–2 Phases of a Pure Substance
    • 4–3 Phase-Change Processes of Pure Substances
      • Compressed Liquid and Saturated Liquid
      • Saturated Vapor and Superheated Vapor
      • Saturation Temperature and Saturation Pressure
      • Some Consequences of Tsat and Psat Dependence
    • 4–4 Property Diagrams for Phase-Change Processes
      • 1 The T-u Diagram
      • 2 The P-u Diagram
      • Extending the Diagrams to Include the Solid Phase
      • 3 The P-T Diagram
      • The P-u-T Surface
    • 4–5 Property Tables
      • Enthalpy—A Combination Property
      • 1a Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor States
      • 1b Saturated Liquid–Vapor Mixture
      • 2 Superheated Vapor
      • 3 Compressed Liquid
      • Reference State and Reference Values
    • 4–6 The Ideal-Gas Equation of State
      • Is Water Vapor an Ideal Gas?
    • 4–7 Compressibility Factor—A Measure of Deviation from Ideal-Gas Behavior
      • Summary
      • References and Suggested Readings
      • Problems
  • Chapter Five: Energy Analysis of Closed Systems
    • 5–1 Moving Boundary Work
      • Polytropic Process
    • 5–2 Energy Balance for Closed Systems
    • 5–3 Specific Heats
    • 5–4 Internal Energy, Enthalpy, and Specific Heats of Ideal Gases
      • Specific Heat Relations of Ideal Gases
    • 5–5 Internal Energy, Enthalpy, and Specific Heats of Solids and Liquids
      • Internal Energy Changes
      • Enthalpy Changes
      • Summary
      • References and Suggested Readings
      • Problems
  • Chapter Six: Mass and Energy Analysis of Control Volumes
    • 6–1 Conservation of Mass
      • Mass and Volume Flow Rates
      • Conservation of Mass Principle
      • Mass Balance for Steady-Flow Processes
      • Special Case: Incompressible Flow
    • 6–2 Flow Work and the Energy of a Flowing Fluid
      • Total Energy of a Flowing Fluid
      • Energy Transport by Mass
    • 6–3 Energy Analysis of Steady-Flow Systems
    • 6–4 Some Steady-Flow Engineering Devices
      • 1 Nozzles and Diffusers
      • 2 Turbines and Compressors
      • 3 Throttling Valves
      • 4a Mixing Chambers
      • 4b Heat Exchangers
      • 5 Pipe and Duct Flow
    • 6–5 Energy Analysis of Unsteady-Flow Processes
      • Summary
      • References and Suggested Readings
      • Problems
  • Chapter Seven: The Second Law of Thermodynamics
    • 7–1 Introduction to the Second Law
    • 7–2 Thermal Energy Reservoirs
    • 7–3 Heat Engines
      • Thermal Efficiency
      • Can We Save Qout?
      • The Second Law of Thermodynamics: Kelvin–Planck Statement
    • 7–4 Refrigerators and Heat Pumps
      • Coefficient of Performance
      • Heat Pumps
      • Performance of Refrigerators, Air Conditioners, and Heat Pumps
      • The Second Law of Thermodynamics: Clausius Statement
      • Equivalence of the Two Statements
    • 7–5 Reversible and Irreversible Processes
      • Irreversibilities
      • Internally and Externally Reversible Processes
    • 7–6 The Carnot Cycle
      • The Reversed Carnot Cycle
    • 7–7 The Carnot Principles
    • 7–8 The Thermodynamic Temperature Scale
    • 7–9 The Carnot Heat Engine
      • The Quality of Energy
    • 7–10 The Carnot Refrigerator and Heat Pump
      • Summary
      • References and Suggested Readings
      • Problems
  • Chapter Eight: Entropy
    • 8–1 Entropy
      • A Special Case: Internally Reversible Isothermal Heat Transfer Processes
    • 8–2 The Increase of Entropy Principle
      • Some Remarks About Entropy
    • 8–3 Entropy Change of Pure Substances
    • 8–4 Isentropic Processes
    • 8–5 Property Diagrams Involving Entropy
    • 8–6 What is Entropy?
      • Entropy and Entropy Generation in Daily Life
    • 8–7 The T ds Relations
    • 8–8 Entropy Change of Liquids and Solids
    • 8–9 The Entropy Change of Ideal Gases
      • Constant Specific Heats (Approximate Analysis)
      • Variable Specific Heats (Exact Analysis)
      • Isentropic Processes of Ideal Gases
      • Constant Specific Heats (Approximate Analysis)
      • Variable Specific Heats (Exact Analysis)
      • Relative Pressure and Relative Specific Volume
    • 8–10 Reversible Steady-Flow Work
      • Proof that Steady-Flow Devices Deliver the Most and Consume the Least Work When the Process Is Reversible
    • 8–11 Isentropic Efficiencies of Steady-Flow Devices
      • Isentropic Efficiency of Turbines
      • Isentropic Efficiencies of Compressors and Pumps
      • Isentropic Efficiency of Nozzles
    • 8–12 Entropy Balance
      • Entropy Change of a System, ΔSsystem
      • Mechanisms of Entropy Transfer, Sin and Sout
      • 1 Heat Transfer
      • 2 Mass Flow
      • Entropy Generation, Sgen
      • Closed Systems
      • Control Volumes
      • Summary
      • References and Suggested Readings
      • Problems
  • Chapter Nine: Power and Refrigeration Cycles
    • 9–1 Basic Considerations in the Analysis of Power Cycles
    • 9–2 The Carnot Cycle and its Value in Engineering
    • 9–3 Air-Standard Assumptions
    • 9–4 An Overview of Reciprocating Engines
    • 9–5 Otto Cycle: The Ideal Cycle for Spark-Ignition Engines
    • 9–6 Diesel Cycle: The Ideal Cycle for Compression-Ignition Engines
    • 9–7 Brayton Cycle: The Ideal Cycle for Gas-Turbine Engines
      • Development of Gas Turbines
      • Deviation of Actual Gas-Turbine Cycles from Idealized Ones
    • 9–8 The Brayton Cycle with Regeneration
    • 9–9 The Carnot Vapor Cycle
    • 9–10 Rankine Cycle: The Ideal Cycle for Vapor Power Cycles
      • Energy Analysis of the Ideal Rankine Cycle
    • 9–11 Deviation of Actual Vapor Power Cycles From Idealized Ones
    • 9–12 How Can We Increase The Efficiency of The Rankine Cycle?
      • Lowering the Condenser Pressure (Lowers Tlow,avg)
      • Superheating the Steam to High Temperatures (Increases Thigh,avg)
      • Increasing the Boiler Pressure (Increases Thigh,avg)
    • 9–13 The Ideal Reheat Rankine Cycle
    • 9–14 Refrigerators and Heat Pumps
    • 9–15 The Reversed Carnot Cycle
    • 9–16 The Ideal Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle
    • 9–17 Actual Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle
    • 9–18 Heat Pump Systems
      • Summary
      • References and Suggested Readings
      • Problems
• Part 2: Fluid Mechanics
  • Chapter Ten: Introduction and Properties of Fluids
    • 10–1 The No-Slip Condition
    • 10–2 Classification of Fluid Flows
      • Viscous Versus Inviscid Regions of Flow
      • Internal Versus External Flow
      • Compressible Versus Incompressible Flow
      • Laminar Versus Turbulent Flow
      • Natural (or Unforced) Versus Forced Flow
      • Steady Versus Unsteady Flow
      • One-, Two-, and Three-Dimensional Flows
      • Uniform Versus Nonuniform Flow
    • 10–3 Vapor Pressure and Cavitation
    • 10–4 Viscosity
    • 10–5 Surface Tension and Capillary Effect
      • Capillary Effect
      • Summary
      • References and Suggested Reading
      • Problems
  • Chapter Eleven: Fluid Statics
    • 11–1 Introduction to Fluid Statics
    • 11–2 Hydrostatic Forces on Submerged Plane Surfaces
      • Special Case: Submerged Rectangular Plate
    • 11–3 Hydrostatic Forces on Submerged Curved Surfaces
    • 11–4 Buoyancy and Stability
      • Stability of Immersed and Floating Bodies
      • Summary
      • References and Suggested Reading
      • Problems
  • Chapter Twelve: Bernoulli and Energy Equations
    • 12–1 The Bernoulli Equation
      • Acceleration of a Fluid Particle
      • Derivation of the Bernoulli Equation
      • Force Balance Across Streamlines
      • Unsteady, Compressible Flow
      • Static, Dynamic, and Stagnation Pressures
      • Limitations on the Use of the Bernoulli Equation
      • Hydraulic Grade Line (HGL) and Energy Grade Line (EGL)
      • Applications of the Bernoulli Equation
    • 12–2 Energy Analysis of Steady Flows
      • Special Case: Incompressible Flow with No Mechanical Work Devices and Negligible Friction
      • Kinetic Energy Correction Factor, α
      • Summary
      • References and Suggested Reading
      • Problems
  • Chapter Thirteen: Momentum Analysis of Flow Systems
    • 13–1 Newton’s Laws
    • 13–2 Choosing a Control Volume
    • 13–3 Forces Acting on a Control Volume
    • 13–4 The Reynolds Transport Theorem
      • An Application: Conservation of Mass
    • 13–5 The Linear Momentum Equation
      • Special Cases
      • Momentum-Flux Correction Factor, β
      • Steady Flow
      • Flow with No External Forces
      • Summary
      • References and Suggested Reading
      • Problems
  • Chapter Fourteen: Internal Flow
    • 14–1 Introduction
    • 14–2 Laminar and Turbulent Flows
      • Reynolds Number
    • 14–3 The Entrance Region
      • Entry Lengths
    • 14–4 Laminar Flow in Pipes
      • Pressure Drop and Head Loss
      • Effect of Gravity on Velocity and Flow Rate in Laminar Flow
      • Laminar Flow in Noncircular Pipes
    • 14–5 Turbulent Flow in Pipes
      • Turbulent Velocity Profile
      • The Moody Chart and Its Associated Equations
      • Types of Fluid Flow Problems
    • 14–6 Minor Losses
    • 14–7 Piping Networks and Pump Selection
      • Series and Parallel Pipes
      • Piping Systems with Pumps and Turbines
      • Summary
      • References and Suggested Reading
      • Problems
  • Chapter Fifteen: External Flow: Drag and Lift
    • 15–1 Introduction
    • 15–2 Drag and Lift
    • 15–3 Friction and Pressure Drag
      • Reducing Drag by Streamlining
      • Flow Separation
    • 15–4 Drag Coefficients of Common Geometries
      • Biological Systems and Drag
      • Drag Coefficients of Vehicles
      • Superposition
    • 15–5 Parallel Flow Over Flat Plates
      • Friction Coefficient
    • 15–6 Flow Over Cylinders and Spheres
      • Effect of Surface Roughness
    • 15–7 Lift
      • Finite-Span Wings and Induced Drag
      • Summary
      • References and Suggested Reading
      • Problems
• Part 3: Heat Transfer
  • Chapter Sixteen: Mechanisms of Heat Transfer
    • 16–1 Introduction
    • 16–2 Conduction
      • Thermal Conductivity
      • Thermal Diffusivity
    • 16–3 Convection
    • 16–4 Radiation
    • 16–5 Simultaneous Heat Transfer Mechanisms
      • Summary
      • References and Suggested Reading
      • Problems
  • Chapter Seventeen: Steady Heat Conduction
    • 17–1 Steady Heat Conduction in Plane Walls
      • Thermal Resistance Concept
      • Thermal Resistance Network
      • Multilayer Plane Walls
    • 17–2 Thermal Contact Resistance
    • 17–3 Generalized Thermal Resistance Networks
    • 17–4 Heat Conduction in Cylinders and Spheres
      • Multilayered Cylinders and Spheres
    • 17–5 Critical Radius of Insulation
    • 17–6 Heat Transfer from Finned Surfaces
      • Fin Equation
      • Fin Efficiency
      • Fin Effectiveness
      • Proper Length of a Fin
      • Summary
      • References and Suggested Reading
      • Problems
  • Chapter Eighteen: Transient Heat Conduction
    • 18–1 Lumped System Analysis
      • Criteria for Lumped System Analysis
      • Some Remarks on Heat Transfer in Lumped Systems
    • 18–2 Transient Heat Conduction in Large Plane Walls, Long Cylinders, and Spheres with Spatial Effects
      • Nondimensionalized One-Dimensional Transient Conduction Problem
      • Approximate Analytical Solutions
    • 18–3 Transient Heat Conduction in Semi-Infinite Solids
      • Contact of Two Semi-Infinite Solids
    • 18–4 Transient Heat Conduction in Multidimensional Systems
      • Summary
      • References and Suggested Reading
      • Problems
  • Chapter Nineteen: Forced Convection
    • 19–1 Physical Mechanism of Convection
      • Nusselt Number
    • 19–2 Thermal Boundary Layer
      • Prandtl Number
    • 19–3 Parallel Flow Over Flat Plates
      • Flat Plate with Unheated Starting Length
      • Uniform Heat Flux
    • 19–4 Flow Across Cylinders and Spheres
    • 19–5 General Considerations for Pipe Flow
      • Thermal Entrance Region
      • Entry Lengths
    • 19–6 General Thermal Analysis
      • Constant Surface Heat Flux (qs = constant)
      • Constant Surface Temperature (Ts = constant)
    • 19–7 Laminar Flow in Tubes
      • Constant Surface Heat Flux
      • Constant Surface Temperature
      • Laminar Flow in Noncircular Tubes
      • Developing Laminar Flow in the Entrance Region
    • 19–8 Turbulent Flow in Tubes
      • Developing Turbulent Flow in the Entrance Region
      • Turbulent Flow in Noncircular Tubes
      • Flow Through Tube Annulus
      • Heat Transfer Enhancement
      • Summary
      • References and Suggested Reading
      • Problems
  • Chapter Twenty: Natural Convection
    • 20–1 Physical Mechanism of Natural Convection
    • 20–2 Equation Of Motion and the Grashof Number
      • The Grashof Number
    • 20–3 Natural Convection Over Surfaces
      • Vertical Plates (Ts = constant)
      • Vertical Plates (qs = constant)
      • Vertical Cylinders
      • Inclined Plates
      • Horizontal Plates
      • Horizontal Cylinders and Spheres
    • 20–4 Natural Convection Inside Enclosures
      • Effective Thermal Conductivity
      • Horizontal Rectangular Enclosures
      • Inclined Rectangular Enclosures
      • Vertical Rectangular Enclosures
      • Concentric Cylinders
      • Concentric Spheres
      • Combined Natural Convection and Radiation
      • Summary
      • References and Suggested Reading
      • Problems
  • Chapter Twenty One: Radiation Heat Transfer
    • 21–1 Introduction
    • 21–2 Thermal Radiation
    • 21–3 Blackbody Radiation
    • 21–4 Radiative Properties
      • Emissivity
      • Absorptivity, Reflectivity, and Transmissivity
      • Kirchhoff’s Law
      • The Greenhouse Effect
    • 21–5 The View Factor
    • 21–6 View Factor Relations
      • 1 The Reciprocity Relation
      • 2 The Summation Rule
      • 3 The Superposition Rule
      • 4 The Symmetry Rule
      • View Factors Between Infinitely Long Surfaces: The Crossed-Strings Method
    • 21–7 Radiation Heat Transfer: Black Surfaces
    • 21–8 Radiation Heat Transfer: Diffuse, Gray Surfaces
      • Radiosity
      • Net Radiation Heat Transfer to or from a Surface
      • Net Radiation Heat Transfer Between Any Two Surfaces
      • Methods of Solving Radiation Problems
      • Radiation Heat Transfer in Two-Surface Enclosures
      • Radiation Heat Transfer in Three-Surface Enclosures
      • Summary
      • References and Suggested Reading
      • Problems
  • Chapter Twenty Two: Heat Exchangers
    • 22–1 Types of Heat Exchangers
    • 22–2 The Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
      • Fouling Factor
    • 22–3 Analysis of Heat Exchangers
    • 22–4 The Log Mean Temperature Difference Method
      • Counterflow Heat Exchangers
      • Multipass and Crossflow Heat Exchangers: Use of a Correction Factor
    • 22–5 The Effectiveness–Ntu Method
      • Summary
      • References and Suggested Reading
      • Problems
• Appendix 1: Property Tables and Charts (SI Units)
  • Table A–1 Molar mass, gas constant, and critical-point properties
  • Table A–2 Ideal-gas specific heats of various common gases
  • Table A–3 Properties of common liquids, solids, and foods
  • Table A–4 Saturated water—Temperature table
  • Table A–5 Saturated water—Pressure table
  • Table A–6 Superheated water
  • Table A–7 Compressed liquid water
  • Table A–8 Saturated ice–water vapor
  • Figure A–9 T-s diagram for water
  • Figure A–10 Mollier diagram for water
  • Table A–11 Saturated refrigerant-134a—Temperature table
  • Table A–12 Saturated refrigerant-134a—Pressure table
  • Table A–13 Superheated refrigerant-134a
  • Figure A–14 P-h diagram for refrigerant-134a
  • Table A–15 Properties of saturated water
  • Table A–16 Properties of saturated refrigerant-134a
  • Table A–17 Properties of saturated ammonia
  • Table A–18 Properties of saturated propane
  • Table A–19 Properties of liquids
  • Table A–20 Properties of liquid metals
  • Table A–21 Ideal-gas properties of air
  • Table A–22 Properties of air at 1 atm pressure
  • Table A–23 Properties of gases at 1 atm pressure
  • Table A–24 Properties of solid metals
  • Table A–25 Properties of solid nonmetals
  • Table A–26 Emissivities of surfaces
  • Figure A–27 The Moody chart
  • Figure A–28 Nelson–Obert generalized compressibility chart
• Appendix 2: Property Tables and Charts (English Units)
  • Table A–1E Molar mass, gas constant, and critical-point properties
  • Table A–2E Ideal-gas specific heats of various common gases
  • Table A–3E Properties of common liquids, solids, and foods
  • Table A–4E Saturated water—Temperature table
  • Table A–5E Saturated water—Pressure table
  • Table A–6E Superheated water
  • Table A–7E Compressed liquid water
  • Table A–8E Saturated ice–water vapor
  • Figure A–9E T-s diagram for water
  • Figure A–10E Mollier diagram for water
  • Table A–11E Saturated refrigerant-134a—Temperature table
  • Table A–12E Saturated refrigerant-134a—Pressure table
  • Table A–13E Superheated refrigerant-134a
  • Figure A–14E P-h diagram for refrigerant-134a
  • Table A–15E Properties of saturated water
  • Table A–16E Properties of saturated refrigerant-134a
  • Table A–17E Properties of saturated ammonia
  • Table A–18E Properties of saturated propane
  • Table A–19E Properties of liquids
  • Table A–20E Properties of liquid metals
  • Table A–21E Ideal-gas properties of air
  • Table A–22E Properties of air at 1 atm pressure
  • Table A–23E Properties of gases at 1 atm pressure
  • Table A–24E Properties of solid metals
  • Table A–25E Properties of solid nonmetals
• Index
• Nomenclature
• Conversion Factors and Some Physical Constants

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