Efnisyfirlit

• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Brief Contents
• Contents
• Preface
• 1 Origins of Behavioral Neuroscience
  • The Nature of Behavioral Neuroscience
    • The Goals of Research
    • Biological Roots of Behavioral Neuroscience
      • Ancient World
      • Seventeenth Century
      • Nineteenth Century
      • Contemporary Research
  • Natural Selection and Evolution
    • Functionalism and the Inheritance of Traits
    • Evolution of the Human Brain
  • Ethical Issues in Research with Humans and Other Animals
    • Research with Animals
    • Research with Humans
  • Careers in Behavioral Neuroscience and Strategies for Learning
    • Careers in Neuroscience
    • Strategies for Learning
• 2 Structure and Functions of Cells of the Nervous System
  • Cells of the Nervous System
    • The Nervous System: an Overview
    • Neurons
      • Soma
      • Dendrites
      • Axon
      • Myelin Sheath
      • Terminal Buttons
      • Other Cell Structures
    • Supporting Cells
      • Supporting Cells of the Central Nervous System
      • Supporting Cells of the Peripheral Nervous System
    • The Blood–brain Barrier
  • Communication Within a Neuron
    • Neural Communication: an Overview
    • Electrical Potentials of Axons
    • The Membrane Potential: Balance of Two Forces
      • The Force of Diffusion
      • The Force of Electrostatic Pressure
      • Ions in the Extracellular and Intracellular Fluid
      • The Sodium–potassium Pump
    • The Action Potential
    • Conduction of the Action Potential
  • Communication Between Neurons
    • Structure of Synapses
    • Release of Neurotransmitters
    • Activation of Receptors
    • Postsynaptic Potentials
    • Termination of Postsynaptic Potentials
      • Reuptake
      • Enzymatic Deactivation
    • Effects of Postsynaptic Potentials: Neural Integration
    • Autoreceptors
    • Axoaxonic Synapses
    • Nonsynaptic Chemical Communication
• 3 Structure of the Nervous System
  • Basic Features of the Nervous System
    • Anatomical Directions
    • Meninges
    • The Ventricular System and Production of Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
  • Structure and Function of the Central Nervous System (CNS)
    • The Forebrain
      • Telencephalon
      • Diencephalon
    • The Midbrain
      • Tectum
      • Tegmentum
    • The Hindbrain
      • Metencephalon
      • Myelencephalon
    • The Spinal Cord
  • Structure and Function of the Peripheral Nervous System (pns)
    • Cranial Nerves
    • Spinal Nerves
    • The Autonomic Nervous System
      • Sympathetic Division of the Ans
      • Parasympathetic Division of the Ans
• 4 Psychopharmacology
  • Principles of Psychopharmacology
    • An Overview of Psychopharmacology
    • Pharmacokinetics
      • Absorption: Routes of Administration
      • Distribution: Entry of Drugs into the Brain
      • Metabolism and Excretion
    • Drug Effectiveness
    • Effects of Repeated Administration
    • Placebo Effects
  • Sites of Drug Action
    • Effects on Production of Neurotransmitters
    • Effects on Storage and Release of Neurotransmitters
    • Effects on Receptors
    • Effects on Reuptake or Destruction of Neurotransmitters
  • Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators
    • Amino Acids
      • Glutamate
      • Gaba
    • Acetylcholine (ACh)
      • Pathways
      • Production, Storage, and Release
      • Receptors
      • Reuptake and Deactivation
    • The Monoamines
      • Dopamine
      • Norepinephrine
      • Serotonin
      • Histamine
    • Peptides
      • Production, Storage, and Release
      • Receptors
    • Lipids
      • Neurotransmitter Production, Storage, and Release
      • Receptors
      • Reuptake and Deactivation
• 5 Methods and Strategies of Research
  • Experimental Ablation
    • Evaluating the Behavioral Effects of Brain Damage
    • Producing Brain Lesions
    • Stereotaxic Surgery
      • The Stereotaxic Atlas
      • The Stereotaxic Apparatus
    • Histological Methods
      • Fixation and Sectioning
      • Staining
      • Electron Microscopy
      • Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy
    • Tracing Neural Connections
      • Tracing Efferent Axons
      • Tracing Afferent Axons
      • Transneuronal Tracing Methods
    • Studying the Structure of the Living Human Brain
  • Recording and Stimulating Neural Activity
    • Recording Neural Activity
      • Recordings with Microelectrodes
      • Recordings with Macroelectrodes
      • Magnetoencephalography
    • Recording the Brain’s Metabolic and Synaptic Activity
    • Stimulating Neural Activity
      • Electrical and Chemical Stimulation
      • Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
      • Optogenetic Methods
  • Neurochemical Methods
    • Finding Neurons That Produce Particular Neurochemicals
    • Localizing Particular Receptors
    • Measuring Chemicals Secreted in the Brain
  • Genetic Methods
    • Twin Studies
    • Adoption Studies
    • Genomic Studies
    • Targeted Mutations
    • Antisense Oligonucleotides
    • CRISPR-Cas Methods
• 6 Vision
  • The Eye
    • Introduction to Sensation and Perception
    • The Stimulus: Light
    • Anatomy of the Eye
    • Photoreceptors
    • Transduction
    • Central and Peripheral Vision
      • Fovea and Periphery
      • Types of Eye Movements
    • The Optic Nerves
    • Overview of the Visual Pathway
  • Brain Regions Involved in Visual Processing
    • Lateral Geniculate Nucleus
    • Striate Cortex
    • Extrastriate Cortex
      • Structures of the Extrastriate Cortex
      • Pathways of the Extrastriate Cortex
  • Perception of Color
    • Role of the Retina in Color Perception
      • Photoreceptors: Trichromatic Coding
      • Retinal Ganglion Cells: Opponent-process Coding
    • Role of the Striate Cortex
    • Role of the Extrastriate Cortex
  • Perception of Form
    • Role of the Extrastriate Cortex
      • Visual Agnosia
      • Recognizing Categories
      • Recognizing Faces
  • Perception of Spatial Location
  • Perception of Orientation and Movement
    • Role of the Striate Cortex
    • Role of the Extrastriate Cortex
      • Perception of Motion
      • Form from Motion
• 7 Audition, the Body Senses, and the Chemical Senses
  • Audition
    • The Stimulus
    • Anatomy of the Ear
      • Outer Ear
      • Middle Ear
      • Inner Ear
    • Auditory Hair Cells and the Transduction of Auditory Information
    • The Auditory Pathway
      • Afferent Connections with the Cochlear Nerve
      • Efferent Connections with the Cochlear Nerve
      • Subcortical Structures
      • Auditory Cortex
    • Perception of Pitch
      • Place and Rate Coding
    • Perception of Loudness
    • Perception of Timbre
    • Perception of Spatial Location
    • Perception of Complex Sounds
      • Perception of Environmental Sounds and Their Location
    • Perception of Music
  • Vestibular System
    • Anatomy of the Vestibular System
    • The Vestibular Pathway
  • Somatosenses
    • The Stimuli
    • Anatomy of the Skin and Its Receptive Organs
    • Perception of Cutaneous Stimulation
      • Touch
      • Temperature
      • Pain
    • The Somatosensory Pathways
      • Nerves and Subcortical Processing
    • Perception of Pain
      • Why Do We Experience Pain?
      • Perceptual and Behavioral Effects of Pain
    • The Stimuli
  • Gustation
    • Anatomy of the Taste Buds and Gustatory Cells
    • Perception of Gustatory Information
      • Salt
      • Sour
      • Bitter, Sweet, and Umami
    • The Gustatory Pathway
  • Olfaction
    • The Stimulus and Anatomy of the Olfactory Apparatus
      • Olfactory Receptors
      • Olfactory Processing
    • Perception of Specific Odors
• 8 Control of Movement
  • Skeletal Muscle
    • Anatomy
    • The Physical Basis of Muscular Contraction
    • Sensory Feedback from Muscles
  • Control of Movement by the Spinal Cord
    • The Monosynaptic Stretch Reflex
    • Polysynaptic Reflexes
  • Control of Movement by the Brain
    • Cortical Structures
      • Primary Motor Cortex
      • Supplementary Motor Area and Premotor Cortex
    • Cortical Control of Movement: Descending Pathways
      • Lateral Group
      • Ventromedial Group
    • Planning and Initiating Movements: Role of the Motor Association Cortex
    • Subcortical Structures
      • The Reticular Formation
      • The Cerebellum
      • The Basal Ganglia
  • Complex Motor Behavior
    • Imitating and Comprehending Movements: Role of the Mirror Neuron System
    • Control of Reaching and Grasping: Role of the Parietal Cortex
      • Reaching Behavior
      • Grasping Behavior
  • Deficits of Skilled Movements: the Apraxias
    • Limb Apraxia
    • Constructional Apraxia
• 9 Sleep and Biological Rhythms
  • What Is Sleep?
    • Stages of Sleep
    • Brain Activity During Sleep
      • Brain Activity in Rem and Dreaming
      • Brain Activity in Slow-wave Sleep
  • Why Do We Sleep?
    • Functions of Sleep
      • Effects of Sleep Deprivation
      • Effects of Physical Activity on Slow-wave Sleep
      • Effects of Cognitive Activity on Slow-wave Sleep
      • Functions of Rem Sleep
    • Sleep and Learning
  • Physiological Mechanisms of Sleep and Waking
    • Neural Control of Sleep
    • Neural Control of Arousal
      • Acetylcholine
      • Norepinephrine
      • Serotonin
      • Histamine
      • Orex in
    • Neural Control of Sleep/waking Transitions
      • Homeostatic, Allostatic, and Circadian Factors
      • The Preoptic Area
      • Role of Orexin in Sleep/waking Transitions
    • Neural Control of Transition to Rem
  • Disorders of Sleep
    • Insomnia
      • Treatment
      • Sleep Apnea
    • Narcolepsy
      • Sleep Attacks
      • Cataplexy
      • Sleep Paralysis
      • Physiological Basis of Narcolepsy
      • Treatment
    • Rem Sleep Behavior Disorder
    • Problems Associated with Slow-wave Sleep
  • Biological Clocks
    • Circadian Rhythms and Zeitgebers
    • The Suprachiasmatic Nucleus
      • Role in Circadian Rhythms
      • Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Control of Sleep and Waking
      • The Nature of the Clock
    • Control of Seasonal Rhythms: the Pineal Gland and Melatonin
    • Changes in Circadian Rhythms: Shift Work and Jet Lag
• 10 Sexual and Reproductive Behaviors
  • Sexual Development
    • Production of Gametes and Fertilization
    • Development of the Sex Organs
      • Gonads
      • Internal Sex Organs
      • External Genitalia
    • Sexual Maturation
  • Hormonal Control of Sexual Behavior
    • Hormonal Control of Female Reproductive Cycles
    • Hormonal Control of Sexual Behavior of Laboratory Animals
      • Males
      • Females
    • Organizational Effects of Androgens on Behavior: Masculinization and Defeminization
    • Human Sexual Behavior
      • Activational Effects of Sex Hormones in Women
      • Activational Effects of Sex Hormones in Men
    • Effects of Pheromones
      • Human Examples
  • Neural Control of Sexual Behavior
    • Males
    • Females
    • Formation of Pair Bonds
  • Sexual Orientation
    • Roles of Activational and Organizational Effects of Hormones in Sexual Orientation
    • Role of Steroid Hormones
    • Sexual Orientation and the Brain
    • Role of Prenatal Environment in Sexual Orientation
    • Heredity and Sexual Orientation
  • Parental Behavior
    • Maternal Behavior of Rodents
    • Hormonal Control of Maternal Behavior
    • Neural Control of Maternal Behavior
    • Neural Control of Paternal Behavior
• 11 Emotion
  • Components of Emotional Response
    • Role of the Amygdala
    • Role of the Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex
  • Aggression, Impulse Control, and Emotional Decision-making
    • Role of Testosterone in Aggressive Behavior
    • Role of Serotonin in Aggressive Behavior
    • Heredity and Aggressive Behavior
    • Role of the Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex
  • Communication of Emotions
    • Facial Expression of Emotions: Innate Responses
    • Neural Basis of the Communication of Emotions: Recognition
      • Laterality of Emotional Recognition
      • Role of the Amygdala
      • Role of Imitation in Recognition of Emotional Expressions: the Mirror Neuron System
    • Neural Basis of the Communication of Emotions: Expression
  • Feeling Emotions
    • The James-Lange Theory
    • Feedback from Emotional Expressions
• 12 Ingestive Behavior
  • Drinking
    • Physiological Regulatory Mechanisms
    • Two Types of Thirst
      • Osmometric Thirst
      • Volumetric Thirst
  • Eating: What Is Metabolism?
    • The Short-Term Reservoir
    • The Long-Term Reservoir
    • Fasting Phase
    • Absorptive Phase
  • What Starts a Meal?
    • Signals from the Environment
    • Signals from the Stomach
    • Metabolic Signals
  • What Stops a Meal?
    • Gastric Factors
    • Intestinal Factors
    • Liver Factors
    • Insulin
    • Long-term Satiety: Signals from Adipose Tissue
  • Brain Mechanisms
    • Brain Stem
    • Hypothalamus
      • Role in Hunger
      • Role in Satiety
  • Obesity
    • Possible Causes
      • Environmental Factors
      • Physical Activity Factors
      • Genetic Factors
    • Treatment
      • Role of Reinforcement and Stress
      • Surgical Interventions
      • Pharmcological Intervention
      • Behavioral Interventions
  • Eating Disorders
    • Possible Causes
      • Brain Changes
      • Excessive Exercise
      • Genetic Factors
    • Treatment
      • Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
      • Pharmacology
      • Alternative Therapies
• 13 Learning and Memory
  • Overview of Learning and Memory
    • Types of Learning
      • Stimulus-response Learning
      • Motor Learning
      • Perceptual Learning
      • Relational Learning
    • Types of Memory
      • Sensory Memory
      • Short-term Memory
      • Long-term Memory
  • Stimulus-response Learning
    • Classical Conditioning
      • Role of Amygdala
      • Role of Glutamate
    • Operant Conditioning
      • Role of the Basal Ganglia
      • Transcortical Pathways
      • Basal Ganglia Pathways
      • Reinforcement
  • Motor Learning
    • Role of the Cortex
    • Role of the Basal Ganglia
  • Perceptual Learning
    • Role of the Cortex
      • Memory
  • Relational Learning
    • Human Anterograde Amnesia
      • Spared Learning Abilities
      • Declarative and Nondeclarative Memories
      • Role of the Hippocampal Formation in Consolidation of Declarative Memories
      • Semantic Memories
      • Spatial Memory
    • Relational Learning in Laboratory Animals
      • Spatial Learning in Animals
  • Long-Term Potentiation
    • Induction of Long-Term Potentiation
    • Role of NMDA Receptors
    • Role of AMPA Receptors
    • Role of Synaptic Changes
      • Presynaptic Changes
      • Postsynaptic Changes
      • Protein Synthesis
• 14 Human Communication
  • Language Production and Comprehension: Brain Mechanisms
    • Lateralization
    • Language Production
    • Language Comprehension
    • Bilingualism
    • Prosody
    • Recognition of People’s Voices
  • Disorders of Language Production and Comprehension
    • Disorders of Language Production: Broca’s Aphasia
      • Agrammatism
      • Anomia
      • Articulation Difficulties
    • Disorders of Language Comprehension: Wernicke’s Aphasia
      • Deficits in Spoken Word Recognition
      • Deficits in Language Comprehension
      • Deficits in Converting Thoughts into Words
    • Conduction Aphasia
    • Aphasia in People Who Are Deaf
    • Stuttering
  • Disorders of Reading and Writing
    • Relation to Aphasia
    • Pure Alexia
    • Toward an Understanding of Reading
      • Surface Dyslexia
      • Direct Dyslexia
      • Phonological Dyslexia
      • Visual Word-form Area (vwfa)
      • Plasticity in Vwfa
      • Developmental Dyslexias
    • Toward an Understanding of Writing
      • Using Audition in Writing
      • Using Vision in Writing
      • Using Memorization in Writing
      • Using Motor Memory in Writing
      • Neural Basis of Writing
• 15 Neurological Disorders
  • Tumors and Seizures
    • Tumors
      • Causes
      • Treatments
    • Seizures
      • Causes
      • Treatments
  • Cerebrovascular Accidents
    • Causes
    • Treatments
  • Traumatic Brain Injury
    • Causes
    • Treatments
  • Disorders of Development
    • Toxic Chemicals
    • Inherited Metabolic Disorders
    • Down Syndrome
  • Degenerative Disorders
    • Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies
    • Parkinson’s Disease
      • Causes
      • Treatments
    • Huntington’s Disease
      • Causes
      • Treatments
    • Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
      • Causes
      • Treatments
    • Multiple Sclerosis
      • Causes
      • Treatments
    • Dementia
      • Causes
      • Treatments
    • Korsakoff’s Syndrome
  • Disorders Caused by Infectious Diseases
    • Encephalitis
    • Meningitis
• 16 Schizophrenia, Affective Disorders, Anxiety Disorders, and Ocd
  • Schizophrenia
    • Description
      • Positive Symptoms
      • Negative Symptoms
      • Cognitive Symptoms
    • Genetic Factors
      • Mutations
      • Twin and Adoption Studies
      • Paternal Age
      • Epigenetics
    • Environmental Factors
    • The Mesolimbic Dopamine Pathway: Positive Symptoms
      • Effects of Dopamine Agonists and Antagonists
      • Differences in Dopamine Transmission
      • Consequences of Long-term Drug Treatment of Schizophrenia
    • The Mesocortical Dopamine Pathway: Negative and Cognitive Symptoms
      • Hypofrontality
      • Atypical Antipsychotics
      • The Role of Glutamate
      • Developmental Changes
  • Affective Disorders
    • Description
    • Genetic Factors
    • Biological Treatments
      • Pharmacological Treatment
      • Electroconvulsive Therapy
      • Vagus Nerve Stimulation
      • Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
      • Deep Brain Stimulation
    • Role of the Frontal Cortex
    • The Monoamine Hypothesis
    • Role of the 5-HT Transporter
    • Role of Neurogenesis
    • Role of Circadian Rhythms
      • Role of Zeitgebers
  • Anxiety Disorders
    • Symptoms
    • Genetic and Environmental Factors
    • Treatment
  • Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
    • Symptoms
    • Genetic and Environmental Factors
    • Treatment
• 17 Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Stress, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, and Substance Use Disorders
  • Neurodevelopmental Disorders
    • Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
      • Symptoms
      • Possible Causes
    • Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
      • Symptoms
      • Possible Causes
  • Stress
    • Physiology of the Stress Response
      • Sympathetic Adrenal-medullary System
      • Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal Axis
    • Health Effects of Long-term Stress
    • Effects of Stress on the Brain
      • Prenatal Stress
      • Resilience
    • Stress and Infectious Diseases
  • Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
    • Symptoms
    • Possible Causes
    • Treatment
  • Substance Use Disorders
    • The Role of Reinforcement
      • Positive Reinforcement
      • Neural Mechanisms
      • Negative Reinforcement
      • Craving and Relapse
    • Commonly Abused Drugs
      • Opiates
      • Stimulants
      • Nicotine
      • Alcohol
      • Cannabis
    • Treatment for Substance Use Disorders
      • Opiates
      • Stimulants
      • Nicotine
      • Alcohol
• References
• Name Index
• Subject Index

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