Lýsing:
Can certain foods hijack the brain in ways similar to drugs and alcohol, and is this effect sufficiently strong to contribute to major diseases such as obesity, diabetes, and heart disease, and hence constitute a public health menace? Terms like "chocoholic" and "food addict" are part of popular lore, some popular diet books discuss the concept of addiction, and there are food addiction programs with names like Food Addicts in Recovery Anonymous.
Clinicians who work with patients often hear the language of addiction when individuals speak of irresistible cravings, withdrawal symptoms when starting a diet, and increasing intake of palatable foods over time. But what does science show, and how strong is the evidence that food and addiction is a real and important phenomenon? Food and Addiction: A Comprehensive Handbook brings scientific order to the issue of food and addiction, spanning multiple disciplines to create the foundation for what is a rapidly advancing field and to highlight needed advances in science and public policy.
The book assembles leading scientists and policy makers from fields such as nutrition, addiction, psychology, epidemiology, and public health to explore and analyze the scientific evidence for the addictive properties of food. It provides complete and comprehensive coverage of all subjects pertinent to food and addiction, from basic background information on topics such as food intake, metabolism, and environmental risk factors for obesity, to diagnostic criteria for food addiction, the evolutionary and developmental bases of eating addictions, and behavioral and pharmacologic interventions, to the clinical, public health, and legal and policy implications of recognizing the validity of food addiction.
Annað
- Höfundar: Brownell, Kelly D., Gold, Mark S.
- Útgáfa:1
- Útgáfudagur: 2012-08-30
- Engar takmarkanir á útprentun
- Engar takmarkanir afritun
- Format:ePub
- ISBN 13: 9780199313969
- Print ISBN: 9780199738168
- ISBN 10: 0199313962
Efnisyfirlit
- Cover
- Half Title
- Title
- Copyright
- Dedication
- Contents
- Acknowledgments
- Contributors
- Introduction
- Part I: The Neurobiology and Psychology of Addiction
- 1 Animal Models of Drug Addiction
- CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR ANIMAL MODELS
- ANIMAL MODELS OF THE BINGE/INTOXICATION STAGE OF THE ADDICTION CYCLE
- ANIMAL MODELS OF THE DRUG WITHDRAWAL/NEGATIVE AFFECT STAGE OF THE ADDICTION CYCLE
- ANIMAL MODELS OF THE PREOCCUPATION/ANTICIPATION STAGE OF THE ADDICTION CYCLE
- SUMMARY
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
- REFERENCES
- 2 Human Laboratory Models of Addiction
- REFERENCES
- 3 Neuroanatomy of Addiction
- CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
- NEUROCIRCUITRY OF ADDICTION: BINGE/INTOXICATION STAGE
- NEUROCIRCUITRY OF ADDICTION: WITHDRAWAL/NEGATIVE AFFECT STAGE
- NEUROCIRCUITRY OF ADDICTION: PREOCCUPATION/ANTICIPATION (CRAVING) STAGE
- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
- REFERENCES
- 4 Genetics of Addiction
- DRD2 AND ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE
- DRD2 AND OTHER SUBSTANCE DEPENDENCE
- DRD2 PHENOTYPES
- DRD2 AND TREATMENT OF ALCOHOLISM
- DRD2 AND TREATMENT OF ALCOHOLISM
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
- REFERENCES
- 5 Epigenetic Changes in Addiction and Eating Disorders
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS: CHROMATIN REMODELING AND HISTONE MODIFICATION
- EPIGENETICS, PLASTICITY, AND DRUG ADDICTION
- EPIGENETIC STUDIES IN EATING DISORDERS
- CONCLUSION
- REFERENCES
- 6 Feeding Systems and Drugs of Abuse
- INTRODUCTION
- PROAPPETITE SYSTEMS
- APPETITE-SUPPRESSING SYSTEMS
- CONCLUSIONS
- REFERENCES
- 7 Co-Occurring Addiction and Psychiatric Disorders
- INTRODUCTION
- MOOD DISORDERS
- ANXIETY DISORDERS
- POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER
- EATING DISORDERS
- PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS
- PERSONALITY DISORDERS
- CONCLUSIONS
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
- REFERENCES
- 8 The Study of Craving and Its Role in Addiction
- INTRODUCTION
- NEUROBIOLOGY AND GENETICS
- NEUROBIOLOGY AND GENETICS
- CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
- REFERENCES
- 9 Stress and Addiction: A Brief Overview
- STRESS, ALLOSTASIS, AND ADDICTION VULNERABILITY
- STRESS, CHRONIC ADVERSITY, AND INCREASED VULNERABILITY TO ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS
- ADDICTIVE HABITS AND SUSCEPTIBILITY TO COMPULSIVE SEEKING AND STRESS-INDUCED ENGAGEMENT IN HEDONIC BEHAVIORS
- INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCE VARIABLES AFFECTING STRESS AND ADDICTION
- SUMMARY AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS
- REFERENCES
- 1 Animal Models of Drug Addiction
- 10 The Changing Face of Global Diet and Nutrition
- INTRODUCTION
- SHIFTS IN BODY MASS INDEX AND OBESITY
- GLOBAL SHIFTS IN DIET
- UNDERLYING COMMONALITIES: GLOBAL FOOD DISTRIBUTION, MEDIA, TRANSPORTATION, AND FOOD PRICE CHANGES
- SUMMARY
- REFERENCES
- 11 Weight and Diet among Children and Adolescents in the United States, 2005–2008
- DATA SOURCE, DEFINITIONS, AND METHODS
- DIETARY INTAKE
- DIETARY INTAKE
- WEIGHT STATUS AND DIETARY INTAKE
- DISCUSSION
- AUTHOR’S NOTES
- REFERENCES
- 12 Genetics of Body Weight Regulation
- CLASSICAL LINKAGE ANALYSIS
- CANDIDATE GENE ASSOCIATION STUDIES
- DIRECT ANALYSIS OF CANDIDATE GENES
- GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION
- COPY NUMBER VARIANTS
- OTHER CONSIDERATIONS
- CONCLUSION
- ACKNOWLEDGMENT
- REFERENCES
- 13 Central Regulation of Hunger, Satiety, and Body Weight
- DEFENSE OF OPTIMAL ENERGY STORES AND BODY WEIGHT: FLEXIBLE AND ADAPTIVE REGULATION
- APPETITIVE PHASE OF EATING: STRONG BASIC DRIVE TO FIND FOOD DEPENDS ON MULTIPLE NEURAL SYSTEMS WITH COGNITIVE FUNCTIONS PLAYING A MAJOR ROLE
- THE CONSUMMATORY AND SATIATING PHASE OF EATING: FROM PRIMARY AFFERENTS TO BRAINSTEM, HYPOTHALAMUS, AND CORTICO-LIMBIC SYSTEMS
- ENERGY EXPENDITURE: WELL-KNOWN EFFECTOR MECHANISMS BUT ELUSIVE CENTRAL CONTROLS AND COUPLING TO ENERGY INTAKE
- ENERGY EXPENDITURE: WELL-KNOWN EFFECTOR MECHANISMS BUT ELUSIVE CENTRAL CONTROLS AND COUPLING TO ENERGY INTAKE
- REFERENCES
- 14 Peripheral Regulation of Hunger and Satiety
- ACKNOWLEDGMENT
- REFERENCES
- 15 Food Intake and Metabolism
- INTRODUCTION
- BRAIN AND METABOLISM
- FOOD INTAKE AND THE REGULATION OF BODY FAT
- CONTROL OF FOOD INTAKE
- NEGATIVE FEEDBACK VERSUS FEED-FORWARD CONTROL
- EATING AS AN ANTICIPATORY BEHAVIOR
- EATING AND DRUG TAKING
- CONCLUSION
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
- REFERENCES
- 16 Neuroendocrine Regulation of Energy Balance
- THE BRAIN AS A CENTRAL REGULATOR OF ENERGY BALANCE
- THE ARC MELANOCORTIN SYSTEM AS A KEY METABOLIC SENSOR
- SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY MODULATES THE NEUROENDOCRINE RESPONSE IN THE ARC: HOW THE BRAIN SENSES HORMONES
- HORMONAL CROSS-TALK BETWEEN PERIPHERAL ORGANS AND THE BRAIN
- REFERENCES
- 17 Prenatal Programming of Obesity: Role of Macronutrient-Specific Peptide Systems
- NUTRIENT-SPECIFIC CONTROL OF FEEDING BEHAVIOR BY BRAIN PEPTIDES
- PERINATAL UNDERNUTRITION AND OVERNUTRITION
- PRENATAL CARBOHYDRATE-RICH DIET
- PRENATAL HIGH-FAT DIET
- PRENATAL NICOTINE EXPOSURE
- CONCLUSION
- REFERENCES
- 18 The Biology and Psychology of Taste
- ORAL SENSATIONS
- TASTE AND WEIGHT
- REFERENCES
- 19 Leptin Gene Therapy for Hyperphagia, Obesity, Metabolic Diseases, and Addiction: A New Opportunity
- INTRODUCTION
- NEURAL AND HORMONAL CIRCUITS IN INTEGRATION OF ENERGY HOMEOSTASIS
- LEPTIN INSUFFICIENCY SYNDROME
- LEPTIN GENE THERAPY TO OVERCOME CENTRAL LEPTIN INSUFFICIENCY
- AMELIORATION OF DIABETES
- CONCLUDING REMARKS
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
- REFERENCES
- 20 Lessons from Prader-Willi Syndrome and Pathological Brain Reinforcement
- INTRODUCTION
- OBESITY AND PRADER-WILLI SYNDROME
- FOOD ADDICTION AND SHARED BRAIN PATHWAYS
- THE REWARD SYSTEM HYPOTHESIS AND PATHOLOGICAL BRAIN REINFORCEMENT
- CONCLUSION
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
- REFERENCES
- 21 Environmental Toxins as Triggers for Obesity
- INTRODUCTION
- ARE WE AND OUR FOOD POLLUTED?
- TOXINS AND ENERGY BALANCE
- WHEN BODY WEIGHT LOSS BECOMES A PROBLEM
- IS THERE A DECONTAMINATING SOLUTION?
- CONCLUSION
- REFERENCES
- 22 The Special Case of Sugar-Sweetened Beverages
- INTRODUCTION
- CONSUMING SUGAR-SWEETENED BEVERAGES AND DISEASE RISK
- PLAUSIBLE BIOLOGICAL PATHWAYS FOR THE ADVERSE EFFECTS OF SUGAR-SWEETENED BEVERAGES
- CONCLUSION
- REFERENCES
- 23 The Impact of Portion Size and Energy Density on Eating
- COULD PORTION SIZE PLAY A ROLE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF OBESITY?
- STRATEGIES TO MODERATE THE EFFECT OF PORTION SIZE
- ENERGY DENSITY AND ENERGY INTAKE
- DIETARY ENERGY DENSITY AND BODY WEIGHT
- COMBINED EFFECTS OF PORTION SIZE AND ENERGY DENSITY
- CONCLUSION
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
- REFERENCES
- 24 Specific Environmental Drivers of Eating
- ENVIRONMENTAL DRIVERS OF OVEREATING
- DINNERWARE CREATES ILLUSION, WHICH INCREASES SERVING SIZE AND INTAKE
- THE SIZE OF PACKAGES, PLATES, AND PORTIONS SUGGEST CONSUMPTION NORMS
- SALIENT FOOD PROMOTES SALIENT HUNGER
- STRUCTURE AND PERCEIVED VARIETY INCREASE FOOD INTAKE
- STOCKPILED FOOD IS QUICKLY CONSUMED
- CONCLUSION
- REFERENCES
- 25 Food Addiction and Diagnostic Criteria for Dependence
- BEHAVIORAL INDICATORS OF SUBSTANCE DEPENDENCE
- TOLERANCE AND WITHDRAWAL
- LOSS OF CONTROL
- A DESIRE OR REPEATED FAILED ATTEMPTS TO REDUCE OR STOP CONSUMPTION
- A GREAT DEAL OF TIME SPENT IN ACTIVITIES NECESSARY TO OBTAIN, USE, OR RECOVER
- GIVING UP OTHER IMPORTANT ACTIVITIES
- CONTINUED USE DESPITE PHYSICAL OR PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS
- DIAGNOSTIC THRESHOLD AND CLINICALLY SIGNIFICANT IMPAIRMENT OR DISTRESS
- AREAS OF FUTURE RESEARCH
- REFERENCES
- 26 Phylogenetic and Ontogenetic Contributions to Today’s Obesity Quagmire
- REFERENCES
- 27 Food Reward
- INTRODUCTION
- BRAIN REPRESENTATION OF FOOD REWARD
- SUMMARY
- REFERENCES
- 28 Dopamine Deficiency, Eating, and Body Weight
- INTRODUCTION
- EATING BEHAVIOR AND BRAIN NEUROTRANSMITTERS
- EATING BEHAVIOR AND BRAIN DOPAMINE SYSTEM
- MOLECULAR IMAGING OF EATING BEHAVIOR AND BRAIN DOPAMINE SYSTEM
- SENSORY EXPERIENCE OF FOOD AND ITS RELATION TO EATING BEHAVIORS
- IMAGING EXPECTATION AND PREDICTION OF FOOD REWARD
- MOLECULAR IMAGING OF BRAIN DOPAMINE SYSTEM ON OBESITY
- INHIBITORY CONTROL AND OBESITY
- APPLICATIONS TO OTHER AREAS OF HEALTH AND DISEASE
- SUMMARY
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
- REFERENCES
- 29 Genes and Reward Circuitry as Predictors of Eating and Weight Gain
- INTRODUCTION
- RELATION OF FOOD REWARD CIRCUITRY TO EATING AND WEIGHT GAIN
- RELATION BETWEEN DOPAMINE BINDING IN THE REWARD CIRCUITRY AND WEIGHT GAIN
- GENETIC VARIATIONS IN DOPAMINERGIC REWARD IN HUMANS
- CONCLUSIONS AND DIRECTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH
- REFERENCES
- 30 Hormones, Hunger, and Food Addiction
- INTRODUCTION
- THE APPETITIVE BRAIN NETWORK: A COMMON NEURAL SUBSTRATE FOR DRUGS OF ABUSE AND FOOD
- A ROLE FOR GUT SIGNALS BEYOND THE HOMEOSTATIC/HEDONIC DICHOTOMY
- LEARNING AND MOTIVATION
- GUT PEPTIDES AND INCENTIVE MOTIVATION
- CONCLUSION
- REFERENCES
- 31 Bingeing, Withdrawal, and Craving
- WHY STUDY SUGAR ADDICTION?
- BEHAVIORAL EVIDENCE OF ADDICTION IN RATS BINGEING ON SUGAR
- ADDICTIVE-LIKE NEUROCHEMICAL CHANGES IN RESPONSE TO BINGEING ON SUGAR
- CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
- REFERENCES
- 32 Incubation of Sucrose Craving in Animal Models
- INCUBATION OF CRAVING
- INCUBATION OF SUCROSE CRAVING
- INCUBATION OF CRAVING AND FOOD ADDICTION
- REFERENCES
- 33 Liking versus Wanting Food in Human Appetite
- INTRODUCTION
- LIKING AND WANTING AS PSYCHOLOGICAL COMPONENTS OF REWARD
- MEASUREMENT OF LIKING AND WANTING IN HUMANS
- METHODOLOGICAL PLATFORM: LEEDS FOOD PREFERENCE QUESTIONNAIRE
- EXPERIENCE OF CRAVINGS AS A MARKER FOR SENSITIZED WANTING
- CAN CHRONIC EXCESSIVE FOOD INTAKE LEAD TO ENHANCED WANTING?
- ARE LIKING AND WANTING INVOLVED IN FOOD ADDICTION?
- REFERENCES
- 34 The Psychology of Food Cravings
- THE NATURE OF FOOD CRAVINGS
- THE TARGETS OF CRAVINGS
- ASSESSMENT OF FOOD CRAVINGS
- EFFECTS OF ENERGY RESTRICTION
- CRAVING AND DISORDERED EATING
- PSYCHOLOGICAL EXPLANATIONS FOR FOOD CRAVINGS
- CONCLUSIONS
- REFERENCES
- 35 Is Sugar as Addictive as Cocaine?
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
- REFERENCES
- 36 Caffeine, Addiction, and Food Consumption
- INTRODUCTION
- CAFFEINE SUBJECTIVE EFFECTS, REINFORCEMENT, AND CONDITIONED FLAVOR PREFERENCE EFFECTS
- CAFFEINE TOLERANCE
- CAFFEINE WITHDRAWAL
- CAFFEINE DEPENDENCE
- CAFFEINE AND WEIGHT LOSS
- CAFFEINE AS AN INGREDIENT IN BEVERAGES AND FOODS
- CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS AS A VULNERABLE POPULATION
- CONCLUSION
- REFERENCES
- 37 Interactions between Smoking, Eating, and Body Weight
- EPIDEMIOLOGICAL FINDINGS
- WEIGHT GAIN FOLLOWING SMOKING CESSATION
- NEUROBIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE
- CIGARETTE SMOKING IN BINGE-EATING DISORDER
- SMOKING TREATMENTS TARGETING POSTCESSATION WEIGHT GAIN
- SUMMARY
- REFERENCES
- 38 Interactions between Alcohol Consumption, Eating, and Weight
- PSYCHOLOGICAL RISK FACTORS
- NEUROBIOLOGICAL SIMILARITIES
- RELATIONS BETWEEN ALCOHOL AND SUGAR CONSUMPTION
- ALCOHOL AND WEIGHT GAIN
- CONCLUSION
- REFERENCES
- 39 Relationships between Drugs of Abuse and Eating
- INTRODUCTION
- DEFINING SUBSTANCE DEPENDENCE AND ADDICTION
- CLINICAL EVIDENCE FOR CROSS-SENSITIZATION AND COMMON NEUROBIOLOGY
- COMPARING PATTERNS OF USE, NEUROBIOLOGY, PUBLIC HEALTH BURDENS, AND THE LEGAL REGULATION OF FOOD, ALCOHOL, AND TOBACCO
- REFERENCES
- 40 Stress and Reward
- INTRODUCTION
- BASIC MECHANISMS UNDERLYING HOMEOSTATIC EATING AND STRESS-RELATED OVEREATING
- THE STRESS-HEDONIC EATING MODEL
- DIETARY RESTRAINT: ADAPTIVE REGULATOR OR ADDITIONAL STRESSOR?
- PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER: CONTRASTING STRESS EATING VERSUS HOMEOSTATIC EATING
- CONSEQUENCES OF A CHRONICALLY STRESSED SOCIETY AND INTERVENTIONS FOR STRESS EATING
- REFERENCES
- 41 Public Attitudes about Addiction as a Cause of Obesity
- CONCLUSION
- NOTES
- REFERENCES
- 42 Clinical Assessment of Food and Addiction
- ASSESSMENT OF FOOD ADDICTION IN CLINICAL AND RESEARCH SETTINGS
- SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY OF SELF-IDENTIFICATION AND SCREENING MEASURES
- YALE FOOD ADDICTION SCALE
- FUTURE DIRECTIONS
- REFERENCES
- 43 Psychological Treatments for Substance Use Disorders
- SCREENING, BRIEF INTERVENTION, AND REFERRAL TO TREATMENT
- BRIEF INTERVENTION
- CONCLUSION
- REFERENCES
- 44 Behavioral Treatments for Obesity
- PURPOSE
- BACKGROUND AND PHILOSOPHY
- PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES
- CHARACTERISTICS OF BEHAVIORAL TREATMENT
- THE BEHAVIORAL PACKAGE
- SHORT-TERM RESULTS OF BEHAVIORAL TREATMENT
- OUTCOMES FOR BEHAVIORAL TREATMENT
- WEIGHT MAINTENANCE
- FUTURE DIRECTIONS
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
- REFERENCES
- 45 Pharmacotherapy of Addictive Disorders
- ALCOHOL
- OPIOIDS
- NICOTINE
- STIMULANTS (COCAINE, AMPHETAMINE)
- MARIJUANA
- REFERENCES
- 46 Pharmacotherapy for Obesity
- SIBUTRAMINE
- PHENTERMINE
- ORLISTAT
- DIABETES MEDICATIONS THAT CAUSE WEIGHT LOSS
- MEDICATIONS CURRENTLY IN DEVELOPMENT
- REFERENCES
- 47 Surgical Treatments for Obesity
- INTRODUCTION
- TYPES OF BARIATRIC PROCEDURES
- ENTEROENDOCRINE FACTORS AND THE REGULATION OF BODY WEIGHT: EFFECT OF BARIATRIC SURGERY
- CONCLUSIONS
- REFERENCES
- 48 Treatment of Alcohol and Drug Dependence in 2011 and Relevance to Food Addiction
- BEHAVIORAL TREATMENTS
- THE DEFINITION OF RECOVERY
- TREATMENT TODAY
- BARRIERS TO RECOVERY
- THE PHYSICIAN HEALTH PROGRAM: A TREATMENT AND RESEARCH MODEL FOR TREATMENT AND RECOVERY
- REFERENCES
- 49 Treatment of Binge Eating Disorder
- BINGE EATING DISORDER
- TREATMENT OF BINGE EATING DISORDER
- REFERENCES
- 50 Exercise Addiction and Aversion
- OVERVIEW OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND EXERCISE
- “EXERCISE FEELS GOOD”
- EXERCISE ADDICTION
- EXERCISE AVERSION AND PHYSICAL INACTIVITY
- PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND WEIGHT LOSS/MAINTENANCE
- CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS
- REFERENCES
- 51 New Treatments for Obesity Based on Addiction Models
- REFERENCES
- 52 From the Front Lines
- OBSERVATION DATA
- DISCUSSION
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
- REFERENCES
- 53 From the Front Lines
- BRIEF HISTORY OF FOOD ADDICTION TREATMENT
- OBESITY, EATING DISORDERS, AND CHEMICAL DEPENDENCY ON FOOD—THREE SEPARATE DISEASES
- FIVE PRINCIPLES OF TREATING FOOD ADDICTION
- A VISION OF INTEGRATED FOOD ADDICTION RECOVERY
- NOTES
- REFERENCES
- 54 Food and Addiction
- 55 Taxes on Energy-Dense Foods to Improve Nutrition and Prevent Obesity
- INTRODUCTION
- PUBLIC OPINION REGARDING TAXES ON ENERGY-DENSE FOODS
- PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR TAXES ON ENERGY-DENSE FOODS
- “PASS-THROUGH” OF TAXES TO CONSUMER PRICES
- PRICE ELASTICITIES OF DEMAND
- EARMARKING OF TAX REVENUE FOR RELATED PUBLIC HEALTH EFFORTS
- EVASION OF LOCAL FOOD TAXES THROUGH CROSS-BORDER SHOPPING
- ESTIMATES OF EFFECTS OF FOOD TAXES ON CONSUMPTION AND WEIGHT
- DIRECTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH
- POLICY IMPLICATIONS
- ACKNOWLEDGMENT
- REFERENCES
- 56 Addressing Disparities Related to Food Intake and Obesity
- INTRODUCTION
- BACKGROUND
- ETHNIC AND SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS DIFFERENCES IN OBESITY AND FOOD INTAKE
- INTERVENTION PERSPECTIVES
- REFERENCES
- 57 Is Food Advertising Feeding Americans’ Sugar Habit?
- AMERICANS’ SUGAR HABIT
- FOOD ADVERTISING FOR HIGH-SUGAR PRODUCTS
- CONSEQUENCES OF EXPOSURE TO ADVERTISING FOR HIGH-SUGAR FOODS
- REFERENCES
- 58 Environmental Interventions to Reduce Overeating in Children
- PORTION SIZE AND OVEREATING
- AVAILABILITY, VISIBILITY, AND CONVENIENCE
- SCREEN MEDIA VIEWING AND OVEREATING
- CONCLUSION
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
- REFERENCES
- 59 Nutrition Practices in Schools
- THE IMPORTANCE OF SCHOOL FOOD FOR STUDENT NUTRITION
- WHAT DOES THE SCHOOL FOOD LANDSCAPE LOOK LIKE?
- CURRENT EFFORTS TO IMPROVE THE SCHOOL FOOD ENVIRONMENT
- REFERENCES
- 60 Legal and Policy Implications
- CIGARETTES
- OTHER PRODUCTS
- OTHER CONSIDERATIONS
- REFERENCES
- 61 Legal Implications
- INTRODUCTION
- THE FDA’S REGULATORY FRAMEWORK FOR FOOD
- TOBACCO
- LESSONS FOR FOOD AND ADDICTION
- CONCLUSION
- NOTES
- REFERENCES
- 62 What Lessons for Food Policy Can Be Learned from Alcohol Control?
- The Health and Social Costs of Alcohol Misuse
- ACCESS TO ALCOHOL
- THE CURRENT POLICY LANDSCAPE
- EFFECTIVENESS OF DIFFERENT STRATEGIES OF PREVENTION
- FRAMING OF ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION AND OVEREATING DEBATES
- IMPLICATIONS FOR POLICY
- REFERENCES
- 63 Policy Lessons Learned from Tobacco
- THE ROLE OF POLICY IN TOBACCO CONTROL
- APPLICATION OF LESSONS FROM TOBACCO CONTROL POLICY FOR OBESITY CONTROL
- CONCLUSION
- NOTES
- REFERENCES
- 64 Lessons from Drug Policy
- INTRODUCTION
- LESSON ONE—THE EPIDEMIC NATURE OF THE PUBLIC HEALTH THREAT
- LESSON TWO—FIRST THINGS FIRST: DEFINING THE PROBLEM AND SEEKING SOLUTIONS
- LESSON THREE—THE POWER AND THE LIMITS OF THE LAW
- LESSON FOUR—THE UNIQUE ROLES OF COMMUNITY FELLOWSHIPS
- LESSON FIVE—BRAIN MANAGEMENT
- CONCLUSION
- REFERENCES
- 65 Global Policies Affecting Diet and Obesity
- INTRODUCTION
- WHY GLOBAL?
- GLOBAL INTERVENTION
- INSTRUMENTS AVAILABLE
- WHAT NEXT?
- REFERENCES
- 66 Food and Addiction
- IS FOOD AND ADDICTION A VIABLE CONCEPT?
- A KEY DISTINCTION
- MAPPING BIOLOGY ON TO HUMAN EXPERIENCE
- DISPATCHES FROM THE FIELD
- COMPELLING BIOLOGICAL ADVANCES
- WHICH SUBSTANCES MIGHT BE ADDICTIVE AND WHY?
- WHO IS MOST VULNERABLE?
- WHAT IS TO BE DONE AND DOES GOVERNMENT HAVE A ROLE?
- POLICY LESSONS FROM OTHER AREAS
- THE LEGAL IMPORTANCE OF FOOD AND ADDICTION
- LIKELY FOOD INDUSTRY RESPONSE
- CHANGING DEFAULTS AND GOVERNMENT’S RIGHTFUL ROLE
- REFERENCES
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