Efnisyfirlit

• Cover
• Half Title
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Dedication
• Table of Contents
• Acknowledgements
• Glossary
• Preface
• 1 What is a translation theory?
  • 1.1 From theorizing to theories
  • 1.2 Why people do not understand other theories
  • 1.3 What kind of translation is this book about?
  • 1.4 How this book is organized
  • 1.5 Why study translation theories?
  • 1.6 How should translation theories be studied?
  • Summary
• 2 Equivalence
  • 2.1 Equivalence as transformation, aim, and promise
  • 2.2 Dynamic equivalence as naturalness
  • 2.3 Equivalence vs structuralism
  • 2.4 Relevance theory
  • 2.5 Where did equivalence come from?
  • 2.6 Some virtues of equivalence-based theories
  • 2.7 Frequently had arguments
    • 2.7.1 Equivalence presupposes symmetry between languages
    • 2.7.2 Theories of equivalence make the start text superior
    • 2.7.3 The tests of equivalence have no psychological basis
    • 2.7.4 New information cannot be ‘natural’
    • 2.7.5 Equivalence hides imperialism
    • 2.7.6 Naturalness promotes parochialism
  • Summary
  • Sources and further reading
  • Suggested projects and activities
• 3 Solutions
  • 3.1 Only two kinds of translation?
  • 3.2 Three text types so three kinds of translation?
  • 3.3 Four or five kinds of language?
  • 3.4 Only one aim for translation?
  • 3.5 Seven or so solution types?
  • 3.6 Solution types for many languages?
  • 3.7 Some virtues of solution types
  • 3.8 Frequently had arguments
    • 3.8.1 The translator should be on one side or the other
    • 3.8.2 Translation solutions should protect the target language
    • 3.8.3 The selection of translation solutions depends on the directionality
    • 3.8.4 All binarisms stem from the ‘regime of the sign’
    • 3.8.5 The categories do not work in the space of reception
    • 3.8.6 Text tailoring is not translation
    • 3.8.7 Translating is more than problem solving
  • Summary
  • Sources and further reading
  • Suggested projects and activities
• 4 Purposes
  • 4.1 Skopos as the key to a new kind of theory
  • 4.2 Origins of the Skopos approach
  • 4.3 Justa Holz-Mänttäri and the theory of the translator’s expertise
  • 4.4 Purpose-based ‘good enough’ theory
  • 4.5 Who really decides?
  • 4.6 An extension into project analysis
  • 4.7 Some virtues of purpose-based theories
  • 4.8 Frequently had arguments
    • 4.8.1 We translate words, not functions
    • 4.8.2 Purposes are identified in the start text
    • 4.8.3 The concept of purpose (or Skopos) is essentialist
    • 4.8.4 The Skopos theory is unfalsifiable
    • 4.8.5 The theory does not address invariance as an underlying default norm
    • 4.8.6 Purpose analysis is mostly not cost-effective
    • 4.8.7 The well-trained translator is a self-serving notion
    • 4.8.8 The theory cannot resolve cases of conflicting purposes
    • 4.8.9 The theory contradicts the ethics of truth and accuracy
    • 4.8.10 Translators should only translate
  • Summary
  • Sources and further reading
  • Suggested projects and activities
• 5 Science
  • 5.1 What happened to equivalence?
  • 5.2 Main theoretical concepts
  • 5.3 Translation shifts (big and small)
  • 5.4 Systems and polysystems
  • 5.5 Norms
  • 5.6 ‘Assumed’ translations
  • 5.7 Target-side priority
  • 5.8 Translation tendencies or ‘universals’
    • 5.8.1 Lexical simplification
    • 5.8.2 Explicitation
    • 5.8.3 Equalizing
    • 5.8.4 Unique items
  • 5.9 Laws
  • 5.10 Reports of science in Russian
  • 5.11 Systems and laws in translation process studies?
  • 5.12 Some virtues of attempting science
  • 5.13 Frequently had arguments
    • 5.13.1 Scientific descriptions do not help train translators
    • 5.13.2 The target side cannot explain all relations
    • 5.13.3 The theories all concern texts and systems, not people
    • 5.13.4 The focus on norms and universal tendencies promotes conservative positions
    • 5.13.5 Descriptive theory cannot say how norms emerge
    • 5.13.6 The definition of ‘assumed translations’ is circular
    • 5.13.7 Scientific theory is unaware of its historical position
    • 5.13.8 Scientific descriptions create an illusion of causation
  • 5.14 The future of science-based theories
  • Summary
  • Sources and further reading
  • Suggested projects and activities
• 6 Uncertainty
  • 6.1 Why uncertainty?
  • 6.2 The uncertainty principle
  • 6.3 Quine’s principle of the indeterminacy of translation
  • 6.4 Accepting similarity
    • 6.4.1 Semiosis as a forward movement
    • 6.4.2 Game theory: open or closed semiosis?
    • 6.4.3 The translation as an event: don’t look back
  • 6.5 Using indeterminacy as a way of translating
    • 6.5.1 Heidegger and productive indeterminacy
    • 6.5.2 Walter Benjamin and the fall from certainty
    • 6.5.3 Jacques Derrida and the picking apart of essentialism
  • 6.6 Hermeneutics and dialogue with the other
  • 6.7 Ways of seeking understandings
    • 6.7.1 Theories of experience and illumination
    • 6.7.2 Constructivism
    • 6.7.3 Spirit channelling
    • 6.7.4 Theories of consensus
    • 6.7.5 Theories of empathy, charity, and passing theories
  • 6.8 Cooperation theory
    • 6.8.1 Cooperation
    • 6.8.2 Risk management
    • 6.8.3 Trust as a response to uncertainty
  • 6.9 So how should we translate?
  • 6.10 Some virtues of indeterminist theories
  • 6.11 Frequently had arguments
    • 6.11.1 The theories are not useful to translators
    • 6.11.2 The theorists are not translators and do not care about translation
    • 6.11.3 The theories lead to a lack of rigour
    • 6.11.4 Indeterminism is of no consequence
    • 6.11.5 These theories are merely oppositional
    • 6.11.6 Deconstruction prescribes what translations should be like
    • 6.11.7 These theories take us beyond what a translation is expected to be
  • Summary
  • Sources and further reading
  • Suggested projects and activities
• 7 Automation
  • 7.1 Automation as a response to uncertainty
  • 7.2 What is localization?
  • 7.3 What is internationalization?
  • 7.4 Standardization and adaptation in localization projects
  • 7.5 Is localization new?
  • 7.6 Automation and the imposition of the paradigmatic
    • 7.6.1 Automatic text generation
    • 7.6.2 Translation memories
    • 7.6.3 Content management systems
    • 7.6.4 Non-linear authoring and reception
  • 7.7 Neural machine translation
  • 7.8 Do we need to re-define translation?
  • 7.9 Some virtues of automation studies
  • 7.10 Frequently had arguments
    • 7.10.1 Automation kills good jobs
    • 7.10.2 Automation disempowers the translator
    • 7.10.3 Utterances cannot be recycled
    • 7.10.4 Localization is a part of translation
    • 7.10.5 There is nothing new in localization
    • 7.10.6 Automation reduces the quality of texts and communication
    • 7.10.7 Automation creates universal sameness
    • 7.10.8 More translation means less language learning
  • 7.11 Automation, localization, and the future of languages
  • Summary
  • Sources and further reading
  • Suggested projects and activities
• 8 Cultural translation
  • 8.1 A new kind of translation?
  • 8.2 Homi Bhabha and ‘non-substantive’ translation
  • 8.3 Translation without translations: calls for a wider discipline
    • 8.3.1 Jakobson and semiosis, again
    • 8.3.2 Even-Zohar’s call for transfer theory
  • 8.4 Translation across all sciences and beyond
    • 8.4.1 Translation sociology
    • 8.4.2 Ethnography as cultural translation
    • 8.4.3 Political psychoanalytics as translation
    • 8.4.4 Ecology as translation
  • 8.5 Generalized translation
  • 8.6 Some virtues of cultural translation
  • 8.7 Frequently had arguments
    • 8.7.1 These theories only use translation as a metaphor
    • 8.7.2 Cultural translation is an excuse for intellectual wandering
    • 8.7.3 Cultural translation is a space for weak interdisciplinarity
    • 8.7.4 Cultural translation can be studied entirely in English
    • 8.7.5 Cultural translation is not in touch with the translation profession
    • 8.7.6 We need liberation from the ‘reductionist paradigm’
  • Summary
  • Sources and further reading
  • Suggested projects and activities
• Postscript: Where’s the evidence?
• References
• Index

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