Efnisyfirlit

• Cover
• Title Page
• Copyright page
• Preface
• New to this edition
• Table of Contents
• List of figures
• List of boxes
• List of tables
• List of contributors
• List of abbreviations
• 1 Introduction
  • Chapter Contents
  • Reader’s Guide
  • 1.1 Introduction
  • 1.2 Why a European Union?
  • 1.3 What is the European Union?
  • 1.4 What does the European Union do?
  • 1.5 The organization of the book
• Part 1 The Historical Context
  • 2 The European Union: Establishment and Development
    • Chapter Contents
    • Reader’s Guide
    • 2.1 Introduction
    • 2.2 Integration and cooperation in Europe: ambitions, tensions, and divisions
    • 2.3 The Communities and a Europe of ‘the Six’
    • 2.4 Establishing the European Union
      • 2.4.1 The Single European Act
      • 2.4.2 The Treaty on European Union
    • 2.5 Reviewing the Union: the 1996 Intergovernmental Conference and the Treaty of Amsterdam
      • 2.5.1 The Treaty of Amsterdam
    • 2.6 Preparing for enlargement and the twenty-first century: the 2000 Intergovernmental Conference, the Treaty of Nice, and the ‘Future of Europe’ debate
      • 2.6.1 Enlargement moves centre-stage
      • 2.6.2 The 2000 IGC
      • 2.6.3 The Treaty of Nice
    • 2.7 Conclusion
    • Questions
    • Guide to Further Reading
  • 3 Carrying the EU Forward: The Era of Lisbon
    • Chapter Contents
    • Reader’s Guide
    • 3.1 Introduction
    • 3.2 From the ‘Future of Europe’ debate to the Constitutional Treaty
    • 3.3 The 2003–04 Intergovernmental Conference and the Constitutional Treaty
    • 3.4 From Constitutional Crisis to ‘Negotiating’ the Treaty of Lisbon
    • 3.5 The main elements of the Treaty of Lisbon
    • 3.6 The Treaty of Lisbon: an appraisal
    • 3.7 Ratification of the Treaty of Lisbon
    • 3.8 The significance of the Treaty of Lisbon
    • 3.9 Implementing the Treaty of Lisbon
    • 3.10 Beyond the Treaty of Lisbon: crises, Brexit, and the future of the EU
    • 3.11 Conclusion
    • Questions
    • Guide to Further Reading
• Part 2 Theories and Conceptual Approaches
  • 4 Neo-functionalism
    • Chapter Contents
    • Reader’s Guide
    • 4.1 Introduction
    • 4.2 What is neo-functionalism?
    • 4.3 A brief history of neo-functionalism
    • 4.4 Supranationalism and spillover
      • 4.4.1 Spillover
      • 4.4.2 Elite socialization
    • 4.5 The formation of supranational interest groups
    • 4.6 Critiques of neo-functionalism
    • 4.7 The revival of neo-functionalism
    • 4.8 Conclusion
    • Questions
    • Guide to Further Reading
  • 5 Intergovernmentalism
    • Chapter Contents
    • Reader’s Guide
    • 5.1 Introduction
    • 5.2 What is intergovernmentalism?
    • 5.3 Classical intergovernmentalism and its critics
    • 5.4 Variants of intergovernmentalism
      • 5.4.1 Confederalism
      • 5.4.2 The domestic politics approach
      • 5.4.3 The ‘locking-in’ of states
    • 5.5 Liberal intergovernmentalism and its critics
      • 5.5.1 Liberal intergovernmentalism
      • 5.5.2 Critiques of liberal intergovernmentalism
    • 5.6 New intergovernmentalism
    • 5.7 Conclusion
    • Questions
    • Guide to Further Reading
  • 6 Theorizing the European Union after Integration Theory
    • Chapter Contents
    • Reader’s Guide
    • 6.1 Introduction
    • 6.2 The limits of the classical debate and five ways forward
    • 6.3 Political science, the ‘new institutionalism’, and the European Union
    • 6.4 Social constructivist approaches to the European Union
    • 6.5 International relations and international political economy revisited
      • 6.5.1 The EU and the ‘new’ regionalism
      • 6.5.2 The EU as an international actor
      • 6.5.3 The EU and international political economy
    • 6.6 Critical theories and the European Union
    • 6.7 Conclusion
    • Questions
    • Guide to Further Reading
  • 7 Governance in the European Union
    • Chapter Contents
    • Reader’s Guide
    • 7.1 Introduction
    • 7.2 Conceptualizing governance in the European Union
    • 7.3 Multilevel governance
    • 7.4 ‘New governance’ and the European regulatory state
    • 7.5 Normative debates about governance
    • 7.6 Conclusion
    • Questions
    • Guide to Further Reading
  • 8 Europeanization
    • Chapter Contents
    • Reader’s Guide
    • 8.1 Introduction
    • 8.2 Why does Europeanization matter?
    • 8.3 Explaining top-down Europeanization
    • 8.4 Explaining bottom-up Europeanization
    • 8.5 Towards a sequential perspective on Europeanization?
    • 8.6 Conclusion
    • Questions
    • Guide to Further Reading
  • 9 Democracy and Legitimacy in the European Union
    • Chapter Contents
    • Reader’s Guide
    • 9.1 Introduction
    • 9.2 From ‘permissive consensus’ to ‘democratic deficit’
    • 9.3 Maastricht and the debate during the 1990s
    • 9.4 EU democracy and the governance debate
    • 9.5 The Constitutional Treaty and the Treaty of Lisbon
    • 9.6 The output gap, populism, and EU legitimacy
    • 9.7 Conclusion
    • Questions
    • Guide to Further Reading
• Part 3 Institutions and Actors
  • 10 The European Commission
    • Chapter Contents
    • Reader’s Guide
    • 10.1 Introduction
    • 10.2 The functions of the Commission
    • 10.3 Commission influence
    • 10.4 The President and the Commissioners
    • 10.5 Commissioners’ cabinets
    • 10.6 The Commission administration
    • 10.7 Committees, networks, and EU agencies
    • 10.8 Conclusion
    • Questions
    • Guide to Further Reading
  • 11 The European Council and the Council of the European Union
    • Chapter Contents
    • Reader’s Guide
    • 11.1 Introduction
    • 11.2 The Council system’s evolving hierarchy and enigmatic traits
    • 11.3 The layers of the Council system
      • 11.3.1 European Council summitry
    • 11.4 The ministers’ Council(s)
      • 11.4.1 Coreper
      • 11.4.2 Working groups
      • 11.4.3 The General Secretariat of the Council
    • 11.5 The High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy
    • 11.6 How does the Council system work?
      • 11.6.1 Voting and consensus patterns
      • 11.6.2 The role of the rotating presidency
      • 11.6.3 Relations with other EU institutions
      • 11.6.4 Transparency and accountability
      • 11.6.5 Current challenges: ‘absorption capacity’, ‘enhanced cooperation’, and Brexit
    • 11.7 Conclusion
    • Questions
    • Guide to Further Reading
  • 12 The European Parliament
    • Chapter Contents
    • Reader’s Guide
    • 12.1 Introduction
    • 12.2 The evolving European Parliament
    • 12.3 The powers and influence of the European Parliament
      • 12.3.1 Budgetary powers
      • 12.3.2 Holding the Commission to account
      • 12.3.3 Legislative powers and policy-making
      • 12.3.4 An advocate for constitutional change
    • 12.4 The internal politics of the European Parliament
    • 12.5 Elections, the people, and the European Parliament
    • 12.6 Conclusion
    • Questions
    • Guide to Further Reading
  • 13 The Court of Justice of the European Union
    • Chapter Contents
    • Reader’s Guide
    • 13.1 Introduction
    • 13.2 The history and development of the Court of Justice
    • 13.3 Composition and status
      • 13.3.1 Judges of the Court of Justice
      • 13.3.2 Advocates-General of the Court of Justice
      • 13.3.3 A ‘supreme court for the EU’?
    • 13.4 Roles of the Court of Justice
      • 13.4.1 Direct actions
      • 13.4.2 Actions in annulment
      • 13.4.3 Preliminary references
      • 13.4.4 Preliminary reference versus ‘appeal’
    • 13.5 The work of the Court of Justice
      • 13.5.1 The Court and the Single Market
      • 13.5.2 The Court and the ‘new legal order’ of the EU
      • 13.5.3 The Court and ‘gap filling’: the Francovich decision
    • 13.6 ‘Activism’ of the Court?
      • 13.6.1 The work of the Court and the Treaties
      • 13.6.2 Does the Court always favour ‘more’ integration?
    • 13.7 Conclusion
    • Questions
    • Guide to Further Reading
  • 14 Interest Groups and the European Union
    • Chapter Contents
    • Reader’s Guide
    • 14.1 Introduction
    • 14.2 The EU institutions and interest groups
    • 14.3 Regulating EU lobbying: the long road towards a mandatory register of interest groups
    • 14.4 The variety of European interest groups
      • 14.4.1 EU and national groups
      • 14.4.2 Business interests
      • 14.4.3 The social partners and the social dialogue
      • 14.4.4 Non-business interests
      • 14.4.5 The influence of business and diffuse interests
    • 14.5 Conclusion
    • Questions
    • Guide to Further Reading
  • 15 Citizens and Public Opinion in the European Union
    • Chapter Contents
    • Reader’s Guide
    • 15.1 Introduction
    • 15.2 General perceptions of the European Union
    • 15.3 Explaining public attitudes towards European integration
      • 15.3.1 Political economy and rationality
      • 15.3.2 Domestic proxies and attitudes to the national government
      • 15.3.3 Mass publics and political elites
      • 15.3.4 Political psychology: cognitive mobilization and identity
      • 15.3.5 The media: framing the EU
    • 15.4 Conclusion
    • Questions
    • Guide to Further Reading
• Part 4 Policies and Policy-making
  • 16 Policy-making in the European Union
    • Chapter Contents
    • Reader’s Guide
    • 16.1 Introduction
    • 16.2 EU competences and modes of governance
    • 16.3 The policy cycle and EU law
    • 16.4 Legislative procedures
      • 16.4.1 The Commission’s proposal
      • 16.4.2 Examination of the proposal in Council and Parliament
      • 16.4.3 Other actors
      • 16.4.4 Decision by the legislator
      • 16.4.5 The ordinary legislative procedure
    • 16.5 Policy coordination and economic governance
    • 16.6 Policy-making in external relations
    • 16.7 Conclusion
    • Questions
    • Guide to Further Reading
  • 17 Trade and Development Policies
    • Chapter Contents
    • Reader’s Guide
    • 17.1 Introduction
    • 17.2 Institutions and policy-making: the Common Commercial Policy
    • 17.3 Institutions and policy-making: development assistance policy
    • 17.4 The European Union’s policy objectives in trade and development
    • 17.5 The European Union as a power through trade and development
    • 17.6 Conclusion
    • Questions
    • Guide to Further Reading
  • 18 Enlargement
    • Chapter Contents
    • Reader’s Guide
    • 18.1 Introduction
    • 18.2 The history of enlargement
    • 18.3 Enlargement: the process and actors
    • 18.4 Explaining enlargement
      • 18.4.1 Neo-functionalism
      • 18.4.2 Liberal intergovernmentalism
      • 18.4.3 Social constructivism
      • 18.4.4 Europeanization
      • 18.4.5 Differentiated integration
    • 18.5 The future of enlargement: key challenges
    • 18.6 Conclusion
    • Questions
    • Guide to Further Reading
  • 19 The European Union’s Foreign, Security, and Defence Policies
    • Chapter Contents
    • Reader’s Guide
    • 19.1 Introduction
    • 19.2 The emergence of the EU as a foreign and security actor
    • 19.3 CFSP institutions and actors
      • 19.3.1 The European Council and the Foreign Affairs Council (FAC)
      • 19.3.2 The Political and Security Committee and its sub-committees
      • 19.3.3 The High Representative and the European External Action Service
      • 19.3.4 The Commission and the European Parliament
    • 19.4 Explaining the EU as an international actor
    • 19.5 CSDP operations and missions: policy in action
    • 19.6 The future of EU foreign and security policy: challenges and opportunities
    • 19.7 Conclusion
    • Questions
    • Guide to Further Reading
  • 20 The Single Market
    • Chapter Contents
    • Reader’s Guide
    • 20.1 Introduction
    • 20.2 Market integration in historical perspective
    • 20.3 What is a Single Market?
    • 20.4 The politics of neo-liberalism and ‘1992’
      • 20.4.1 A strategic blueprint and agenda: The 1992 programme
    • 20.5 Compensatory measures and regulatory adjustment in the Single Market
    • 20.6 Swings and roundabouts: the revival of the Single Market
    • 20.7 Globalization, external governance, and the Single Market
    • 20.8 Conclusion
    • Questions
    • Guide to Further Reading
  • 21 The Area of Freedom, Security, and Justice
    • Chapter Contents
    • Reader’s Guide
    • 21.1 Introduction
    • 21.2 Preludes to cooperation
    • 21.3 The Schengen experiment
    • 21.4 Maastricht and the ‘third pillar’
    • 21.5 Absorbing the third pillar: from Amsterdam to Lisbon
      • 21.5.1 New first-pillar issues under Amsterdam
      • 21.5.2 The left-over third pillar: cooperation in criminal matters
      • 21.5.3 Absorbing Schengen
      • 21.5.4 ‘Normalizing’ AFSJ: the Constitutional Treaty and the Lisbon Treaty
    • 21.6 Policy output: baby steps to bold agendas
      • 21.6.1 Post-Maastricht developments in policy
      • 21.6.2 Amsterdam and beyond
    • 21.7 EU migration and asylum policy before and after the migration crisis
    • 21.8 Towards a Security Union?
    • 21.9 Conclusion
    • Questions
    • Guide to Further Reading
  • 22 Economic and Monetary Union
    • Chapter Contents
    • Reader’s Guide
    • 22.1 Introduction
    • 22.2 What is economic and monetary policy?
      • 22.2.1 The component parts of EMU
    • 22.3 From The Hague to Maastricht (1969–91)
      • 22.3.1 Developments leading to the relaunch of EMU in the late 1980s
    • 22.4 From treaty to reality (1992–2002)
      • 22.4.1 Ratification problems and the ‘real’ convergence criteria
      • 22.4.2 Managing EMU: the Stability and Growth Pact (SGP) before the sovereign debt crisis
    • 22.5 Explaining economic and monetary union
      • 22.5.1 An economics perspective
      • 22.5.2 A political science perspective
    • 22.6 Criticisms of economic and monetary union
      • 22.6.1 Countries outside the euro area
      • 22.6.2 Criticism of EMU’s institutional design
    • 22.7 The global financial crisis and the sovereign debt crisis
    • 22.8 A new European Commission, Parliament, and the COVID-19 crisis
    • 22.9 Conclusion
    • Questions
    • Guide to Further Reading
  • 23 The Common Agricultural Policy
    • Chapter Contents
    • Reader’s Guide
    • 23.1 Introduction
    • 23.2 The early days of the Common Agricultural Policy and the issue of CAP reform
      • 23.2.1 The early days of the policy
      • 23.2.2 Problems arising and the first incremental reforms
      • 23.2.3 Why is it so difficult to reform the CAP?
    • 23.3 After 1992: the long reform process
      • 23.3.1 External pressures and the MacSharry reform of 1992
      • 23.3.2 An ongoing reform process
    • 23.4 Past and present debates on the CAP and EU agriculture
      • 23.4.1 The long road to rural development
      • 23.4.2 Beyond agriculture? Environment and food
      • 23.4.3 On budgets and equity: where does the money go?
    • 23.5 Conclusion
    • Questions
    • Guide to Further Reading
  • 24 Environmental Policy
    • Chapter Contents
    • Reader’s Guide
    • 24.1 Introduction
    • 24.2 The development of environmental policy: different perspectives
      • 24.2.1 The Environmental Action Programmes
      • 24.2.2 Key items of policy
      • 24.2.3 The evolution of the treaties
      • 24.2.4 Actor dynamics
    • 24.3 Linking different perspectives: the underlying dynamics of environmental policy
      • 24.3.1 Europeanization
      • 24.3.2 Internationalization
      • 24.3.3 Policy integration
      • 24.3.4 Policy dynamics in practice
    • 24.4 Policy challenges: new and continuing
      • 24.4.1 Policy integration: consolidation or dilution?
      • 24.4.2 Turning policy process into environmental outcomes
      • 24.4.3 Re-sizing the EU: coping with enlargement and Brexit
      • 24.4.4 Enlarging the toolbox
    • 24.5 Conclusion
    • Questions
    • Guide to Further Reading
• Part 5 Issues and Debates
  • 25 The Euro Crisis and European Integration
    • Chapter Contents
    • Reader’s Guide
    • 25.1 Introduction
    • 25.2 From global financial crisis to euro crisis
    • 25.3 EU institutions and the euro crisis
      • 25.3.1 The role of the Commission
      • 25.3.2 The Eurogroup
      • 25.3.3 European Council leadership
    • 25.4 The euro crisis and the future of the EU
    • 25.5 Conclusion
    • Questions
    • Guide to Further Reading
  • 26 The Migration and Refugee Crisis
    • Chapter Contents
    • Reader’s Guide
    • 26.1 Introduction
    • 26.2 Setting the scene
    • 26.3 Problematizing the policy approaches
    • 26.4 The impact of crisis
    • 26.5 A new agenda after 2015?
      • 26.5.1 The European Agenda on Migration
      • 26.5.2 The New Pact on Migration and Asylum
    • 26.6 Four key themes
      • 26.6.1 Migration flows
      • 26.6.2 Policy emphasis
      • 26.6.3 Hybrid institutional responses
      • 26.6.4 The political nature of migration and asylum
    • 26.7 Conclusion
    • Questions
    • Guide to Further Reading
  • 27 Brexit
    • Chapter Contents
    • Reader’s Guide
    • 27.1 Introduction
    • 27.2 The UK in Europe between 1945 and 2016
    • 27.3 The 2016 Brexit Referendum
    • 27.4 The Withdrawal Agreement
      • 27.4.1 The negotiating positions
      • 27.4.2 The negotiation process
      • 27.4.3 Content of the Withdrawal Agreement and Ratification
    • 27.5 The Trade and Cooperation Agreement
      • 27.5.1 The negotiating positions
      • 27.5.2 The negotiation process
      • 27.5.3 The content and ratification of the TCA
    • 27.6 Conclusion
    • Questions
    • Guide to Further Reading
  • 28 COVID-19 and EU Health Policy
    • Chapter Contents
    • Reader’s Guide
    • 28.1 Introduction: from egotism to integration
    • 28.2 What is EU health policy?
    • 28.3 The EU’s response to COVID-19
      • 28.3.1 The public health face of the COVID-19 response
      • 28.3.2 The internal market face of the COVID-19 response
      • 28.3.3 The fiscal policy face of the COVID-19 response
    • 28.4 Conclusion: investing in EU health policy?
    • Questions
    • Guide to Further Reading
  • 29 The Future of the EU
    • Chapter Contents
    • Reader’s Guide
    • 29.1 Introduction
    • 29.2 Four scenarios on the future of the EU
      • 29.2.1 Scenario 1: Disintegration
      • 29.2.2 Scenario 2: Piecemeal Adjustment
      • 29.2.3 Scenario 3: Functional Federalism
      • 29.2.4 Scenario 4: A European Sovereignty
    • 29.3 Intervening factors shaping the future of the EU
      • 29.3.1 The Union’s external environment
      • 29.3.2 The challenge of heterogeneity and leadership
    • 29.4 Conclusion
    • Questions
    • Guide to Further Reading
• Glossary
• References
• Index

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