Efnisyfirlit

• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Preface
• Contents
• Table of Cases
• Table of Legislation
• Other Documents
• List of Abbreviations
• I. Primary Law, Institutional and Historical Premises
  • 1. The European Union and Its Structure
    • 1.1 The Origin and Development of the European Union
    • 1.2 The Nature of the European Union
    • 1.3 The Institutional Structure
      • 1.3.1 The European Council
      • 1.3.2 The Council
      • 1.3.3 The Commission
      • 1.3.4 The European Parliament
      • 1.3.5 The Court
      • 1.3.6 The Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions
    • 1.4 The EFTA and the EEA
    • 1.5 Sources of Law in the European Union
    • 1.6 Priority and Direct Effect
    • 1.7 Decision-making Procedures
    • 1.8 Comitology
  • 2. Objectives, Principles, and Resources
    • 2.1 Introduction
    • 2.2 Environment Action Programmes
      • 2.2.1 The first four Action Programmes
      • 2.2.2 The Fifth Environment Action Programme
      • 2.2.3 The Sixth Environment Action Programme
      • 2.2.4 The Seventh Environment Action Programme
    • 2.3 Environmental Objectives and Policy
      • 2.3.1 Historical development
      • 2.3.2 Nature and limits of the environmental objectives
      • 2.3.3 Geographical limits of EU environmental policy
    • 2.4 Pertinent Principles
      • 2.4.1 Sustainable development
      • 2.4.2 Subsidiarity
      • 2.4.3 Proportionality
      • 2.4.4 A high level of protection
      • 2.4.5 Precaution
      • 2.4.6 Preventive action
      • 2.4.7 Proximity
      • 2.4.8 Polluter-pays principle
      • 2.4.9 Integration
      • 2.4.10 Sincere cooperation
      • 2.4.11 Equal treatment and legal certainty
    • 2.5 Institutional Development
    • 2.6 Financial Instruments
  • 3. Free Movement of Goods and the Room for Member State Action
    • 3.1 Introduction
    • 3.2 Quantitative Restrictions on Trade and Measures Having Equivalent Effect
    • 3.3 Legitimising Trade Restrictive Measures
      • 3.3.1 Environmental protection as a mandatory requirement
      • 3.3.2 Developments since the Danish bottle case
      • 3.3.3 Legitimate grounds for exceptions
      • 3.3.4 Discrimination
      • 3.3.5 Proportionality
      • 3.3.6 Acceptable level of protection
    • 3.4 Notification of Technical Standards
    • 3.5 Environmental Taxes
  • 4. Division and Exercise of Competence
    • 4.1 Competence and Legal Bases
    • 4.2 Environmental Policy as Legal Basis (Article 192 TFEU)
      • 4.2.1 Decision-making under Article 192
      • 4.2.2 Factors to be taken account of and financing
      • 4.2.3 More stringent protective measures
    • 4.3 The Internal Market as a Legal Basis (Article 114 TFEU)
      • 4.3.1 National provisions derogating from a harmonisation measure
      • 4.3.2 New derogating national provisions
      • 4.3.3 The Commission’s assessment
    • 4.4 Other Legal Bases
      • 4.4.1 Agricultural and fisheries policy, Article 43 TFEU
      • 4.4.2 Common commercial policy, Articles 206 and 207 TFEU
      • 4.4.3 Transport, Article 91 TFEU
      • 4.4.4 Energy, Article 194 TFEU
    • 4.5 The Extent of the Harmonising Effect
    • 4.6 Choice of Legal Basis
    • 4.7 The EU’s External Competence
      • 4.7.1 Mixed agreements and exclusive competence
      • 4.7.2 The status of international agreements in EU law
  • 5. Monitoring the Application of Union Environmental Law and Sanctions
    • 5.1 Member States’ Obligations
    • 5.2 Penalties for Individuals
    • 5.3 Implementation of EU Law
    • 5.4 The Infringement Procedure
      • 5.4.1 Procedure before the Commission
      • 5.4.2 Infringement cases before the Court
      • 5.4.3 Sanction
    • 5.5 Actions for Annulment and for Failure to Act
    • 5.6 Preliminary Rulings
    • 5.7 Access to Justice for Natural and Legal Persons
• II. Secondary Law
  • 6. Instruments, Approaches, and Trends in EU Secondary Environmental Law
  • 7. Crosscutting Issues
    • 7.1 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
    • 7.1.1 Introduction
    • 7.1.2 The EIA Directive
    • 7.1.3 The SEA Directive
  • 7.2 Prevention of Major Industrial Accidents (the Seveso Directive)
  • 7.3 Ecolabelling
  • 7.4 The EU Eco-Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS)
  • 7.5 Access to Information, Public Participation, and Access to Justice
    • 7.5.1 Access to environmental information in the Member States
    • 7.5.2 Public participation and access to justice in the Member States
    • 7.5.3 Access to information, public participation, and access to justice regarding EU institutions and bodies
  • 7.6 Infrastructure for Spatial Information in the European Community (Inspire)
  • 7.7 European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register
  • 7.8 Environmental Liability
    • 7.8.1. Environmental damage and applicability of the ELD
    • 7.8.2 Obligations on operators and authorities
    • 7.8.3 Cost recovery
    • 7.8.4 Request for action and more protective measures
• 8. Industrial Emissions
  • 8.1 Introduction
  • 8.2 The Industrial Emissions Directive (IED)
    • 8.2.1 Annex I activities
    • 8.2.2 BAT and emission limit values
    • 8.2.3 Permits
    • 8.2.4 Closure and remediation
    • 8.2.5 Inspections and public participation
    • 8.2.6 Special provisions on certain activities
    • 8.2.7 Final Provisions
  • 9. Air Quality and Noise
    • 9.1 Introduction
    • 9.2 Ambient Air Quality and Cleaner Air for Europe
    • 9.3 National Emission Ceilings for Certain Atmospheric Pollutants
    • 9.4 The Clean Air Policy Package
    • 9.5 Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer
    • 9.6 Emissions from Specific Sources
    • 9.7 Noise
  • 10. Water
    • 10.1 Introduction
    • 10.2 The Water Framework Directive (WFD)
    • 10.2.1 Environmental objectives
    • 10.2.2 Exemptions and common implementation
    • 10.2.3 Programmes of measures, monitoring, and management
    • 10.2.4 Combined approach
    • 10.2.5 Recovery of costs
    • 10.2.6 Groundwater
    • 10.2.7 Priority hazardous substances
  • 10.3 Other Legal Acts on Water Protection
    • 10.3.1 Urban waste-water treatment
    • 10.3.2 Pollution by nitrates from agricultural sources
    • 10.3.3 Bathing water quality
    • 10.3.4 Water for human consumption
    • 10.3.5 Flood risks
  • 10.4 The Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD)
    • 10.4.1 Targets, strategies, and monitoring
    • 10.4.2 Programmes of measures
    • 10.4.3 Exceptions
  • 10.5 Ship-related Pollution
    • 10.5.1 Ship-source pollution and penalties for infringements
    • 10.5.2 Other acts on ship-related pollution
  • 10.6 Offshore Oil and Gas Operations
  • 10.7 Maritime Spatial Planning
• 11. Climate and Energy
  • 11.1 Commitments, Distribution, and Monitoring
    • 11.1.1 The climate and energy package
    • 11.1.2 The 2030 Climate and Energy Policy Framework
    • 11.1.3 Monitoring, accounting, and reporting
  • 11.2 The EU ETS
    • 11.2.1 Allocation of allowances
    • 11.2.2 Aviation in the EU ETS
    • 11.2.3 Issuance, surrender, and transfer of allowances
  • 11.3 Sources of Greenhouse Gases Outside the EU ETS
    • 11.3.1 Emissions of carbon dioxide from cars
    • 11.3.2 Fluorinated greenhouse gases
  • 11.4 Energy from Renewable Sources
  • 11.5 Carbon Capture and Storage
  • 11.6 Energy Efficiency
  • 11.7 Energy Efficiency in the Built Environment
  • 11.8 Ecodesign of Energy-using Products
  • 11.9 Eco Labelling
• 12. Waste
  • 12.1 Introduction
  • 12.2 The Framework Directive on Waste
    • 12.2.1 The waste hierarchy and waste management
    • 12.2.2 The problem of defining waste
    • 12.2.3 By-products and end-of-waste
    • 12.2.4 Responsibility for waste management and its costs
    • 12.2.5 Hazardous waste
    • 12.2.6 Waste management plans and waste prevention programmes
  • 12.3 Shipments of Waste
  • 12.4 Landfill of Waste
  • 12.5 Specific Waste Streams
    • 12.5.1 Packaging and packaging waste
    • 12.5.2 End-of-life vehicles
    • 12.5.3 Waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE)
    • 12.5.4 Batteries and accumulators
    • 12.5.5 PCB/PCT
    • 12.5.6 Waste from extractive industries
    • 12.5.7 Sludge
    • 12.5.8 Ship-generated waste and cargo residues
    • 12.5.9 Ship Recycling
  • 13. Chemicals
    • 13.1 Introduction
    • 13.2 REACH
      • 13.2.1 Registration
      • 13.2.2 Chemical safety report
      • 13.2.3 Information in the supply chain
      • 13.2.4 Substance evaluation
      • 13.2.5 Authorisation and substitution
      • 13.2.6 Restrictions
      • 13.2.7 Harmonising effect
      • 13.2.8 Further provisions
    • 13.3 Classification, Labelling, and Packaging
    • 13.4 Pesticides
      • 13.4.1 Plant protection products
      • 13.4.2 Sustainable use of pesticides
      • 13.4.3 Maximum residue levels
      • 13.4.4 Biocides
    • 13.5 Export and Import of Dangerous Chemicals
    • 13.6 Hazardous Substances in Electrical and Electronic Equipment (RoHS)
    • 13.7 Metallic Mercury
    • 13.8 Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)
  • 14. Genetically Modified Organisms
    • 14.1 Introduction
    • 14.2 Deliberate Release into the Environment
      • 14.2.1 Deliberate release
      • 14.2.2 Placing on the market
      • 14.2.3 National prohibitions on cultivation
      • 14.2.4 Food and feed
    • 14.3 Contained Use
    • 14.4 Transboundary Movements of GMOs
  • 15. Biodiversity
    • 15.1 Introduction
    • 15.2 The Conservation of Wild Birds
    • 15.3 The Habitats Directive
      • 15.3.1 Defining areas and species to be protected
      • 15.3.2 Designation of areas
      • 15.3.3 Protective measures
    • 15.4 International Trade in Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
    • 15.5 Invasive Species
    • 15.6 Other Legal Acts and Strategies Protecting Biological Diversity
• Bibliography
• Index

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