Essentials of Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology
Námskeið
- JAR312G Storkuberg.
Lýsing:
All Earth Science students need to understand the origins, environments, and basic processes that produce igneous and metamorphic rocks. This concise introductory textbook provides students with the essential knowledge needed to understand how petrology relates to other topics in the geologic sciences, and has been written specifically for one-semester courses. Throughout, the emphasis is on interpreting the mineralogy and petrology of rock suites in terms of origin and environment, with the first half of the book concentrating on igneous rocks, and the second half on metamorphic rocks.
This Second Edition has been thoroughly revised and brought completely up-to-date. It now includes a new chapter on the application of stable and radiogenic isotopes in petrology, introducing students to the concept of isotopic fractionation and describing the process of radioactive decay. The discussions of phase diagrams, connections between igneous and metamorphic rock suites, and convergent margin magmatism have also been expanded.
Annað
- Höfundar: B. Ronald Frost, Carol D. Frost
- Útgáfa:2
- Útgáfudagur: 10-10-2019
- Engar takmarkanir á útprentun
- Engar takmarkanir afritun
- Format:Page Fidelity
- ISBN 13: 9781108755313
- Print ISBN: 9781108482516
- ISBN 10: 1108755313
Efnisyfirlit
- Half-title
- Title page
- Copyright information
- Contents
- Preface
- Acknowledgments
- What is New in the Second Edition
- 1 Introduction to Igneous Petrology
- 1.1 Introduction
- 1.2 The Scope of Igneous Petrology
- 1.3 Classification of Igneous Rocks
- 1.3.1 Preliminary Classification
- 1.3.2 IUGS Classification of Plutonic Rocks
- 1.3.3 IUGS Classification of Volcanic and Hypabyssal Rocks
- 1.4 Igneous Textures
- 1.4.1 The Crystallization of Igneous Melts
- 1.4.2 Crystal Size
- 1.4.3 Crystal Shape
- 1.5 Igneous Structures
- 1.5.1 Structures in Volcanic Flows
- 1.5.2 Structures in Pyroclastic Deposits
- 1.5.3 Structures in Hypabyssal Rocks
- 1.5.4 Structures in Plutonic Rocks
- Summary
- Questions and Problems
- Further Reading
- Note
- 2 An Introduction to Igneous Phase Diagrams
- 2.1 Introduction
- 2.2 The Phase Rule
- 2.3 The Lever Rule
- 2.4 Two-Component Systems Involving Melt
- 2.4.1 Binary Systems with a Eutectic
- 2.4.2 Binary Systems with a Peritectic
- 2.4.3 Binary Systems with a Thermal Barrier
- 2.4.4 Binary Systems with Solid Solution
- 2.4.5 Binary Systems with Partial Solid Solution
- 2.5 Phase Diagrams of Ternary Systems
- 2.5.1 The Ternary System CaAl2Si2O8-CaMgSi2O6-Mg2SiO4
- 2.6 Implications for Petrology
- Summary
- Questions and Problems
- Further Reading
- 3 Introduction to Silicate Melts and Magmas
- 3.1 Introduction
- 3.2 Role of Volatiles
- 3.2.1 Role of H2O
- 3.2.2 Role of CO2
- 3.3 Physical Properties of Magma
- 3.3.1 Temperature
- 3.3.2 Heat Capacity and Heat of Fusion
- 3.3.3 Viscosity
- 3.3.4 Density
- 3.4 Ascent of Magmas
- 3.5 Magmatic Differentiation
- 3.5.1 Partial Melting
- 3.5.2 Crystallization Processes
- 3.5.3 Liquid-Liquid Fractionation
- 3.5.4 Assimilation
- 3.5.5 Magma Mixing
- Summary
- Questions and Problems
- Further Reading
- Note
- 4 Chemistry of Igneous Rocks
- 4.1 Introduction
- 4.2 Modal Mineralogy versus Normative Mineralogy
- 4.3 Variation Diagrams Based on Major Elements
- 4.4 Major-Element Indices of Differentiation
- 4.4.1 Modified Alkali-Lime Index
- 4.4.2 Iron-Enrichment Index
- 4.4.3 Aluminum-Saturation Index
- 4.4.4 Alkalinity Index
- 4.4.5 Feldspathoid Silica-Saturation Index
- 4.5 Identification of Differentiation Processes Using Trace Elements
- 4.5.1 Use of Trace Elements to Model Melting and Crystallization Processes
- 4.5.2 Graphical Representations of Trace-Element Compositions
- Summary
- Questions and Problems
- Further Reading
- 5 Application of Stable and Radiogenic Isotopes in Petrology
- 5.1 Introduction
- 5.2 Stable-Isotope Geochemistry
- 5.2.1 Stable-Isotope Geothermometry
- 5.2.2 Stable-Isotope Tracers of Magmatic Processes
- 5.3 Radiogenic Isotope Geochemistry
- 5.3.1 Geochronology
- The K–Ar System
- The Isochron Method of Age Determination
- The U–Pb System
- 5.3.2 Isotopic Petrogenesis
- 5.3.1 Geochronology
- Summary
- Questions and Problems
- Further Reading
- 6 Basalts and Mantle Structure
- 6.1 Introduction
- 6.2 Basalt Petrology
- 6.2.1 Classification
- 6.2.2 Chemistry and Petrography
- 6.3 Melt Generation from the Mantle
- 6.3.1 Mantle Composition
- 6.3.2 Crust and Mantle Structure
- 6.3.3 Mechanisms for Partial Melting of the Mantle
- 6.3.4 The Process of Mantle Melting
- 6.3.5 Origin of Tholeiitic versus Alkali Basalts
- 6.4 Environments where Magmas are Generated
- Summary
- Questions and Problems
- Further Reading
- Note
- 7 Oceanic Magmatism
- 7.1 Introduction
- 7.2 Petrology and Structure of the Oceanic Crust
- 7.2.1 Ophiolites as a Model of the Oceanic Crust
- 7.2.2 Refinements of the Ophiolite Model
- Fast-Spreading Centers
- Slow- and Ultra-Slow-Spreading Centers
- 7.3 Petrography and Geochemistry of Oceanic Magmatism
- 7.3.1 Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalt
- 7.3.2 Off-Ridge Magmatism
- Hawaii: An Example of an Oceanic Island Volcano
- Ontong Java: An Example of an Oceanic Plateau
- 8.1 Introduction
- 8.2 Oceanic and Continental Arcs
- 8.2.1 Island Arc Magmatism
- 8.2.2 Continental Arc Magmatism
- 8.2.3 Structure of Island and Continental Arcs
- 8.2.4 Examples of Island and Continental Arcs
- Island Arc Volcano: Seguam, Aleutian Islands, Alaska
- Island Arc Plutonic Complex: Tobago, West Indies
- Continental Arc Volcano: Mount Saint Helens, Washington
- Continental Arc (Cordilleran) Batholith: The Tuolumne Intrusive Suite
- 8.3.1 Petrography of Island Arc Rocks
- 8.3.2 Petrography of Continental Arc Rocks
- 8.4.1 Comparison of Oceanic and Arc Differentiation Trends
- 8.4.2 Comparison of Island and Continental Arc Magma Series
- 8.4.3 Comparison of Oceanic and Continental Arc (Cordilleran) Plutonic Complexes
- 8.4.4 Geochemical and Isotopic Identification of Contrasting Processes Forming Seguam and Mount Sain
- 8.5.1 Primary Arc Magma-Forming Processes
- 8.5.2 Evolution of Arc Magmas During Ascent Through the Crust
- 9.1 Introduction
- 9.2 Continental Flood Basalt Provinces
- 9.2.1 The Columbia Plateau-Snake River Plain Province
- Chemistry of the Columbia River Basalts
- 9.2.2 Petrography and Chemistry of Continental Flood Basalts
- 9.2.3 Models for the Generation of Continental Flood Basalts
- 9.2.1 The Columbia Plateau-Snake River Plain Province
- 9.3 Bimodal Volcanism
- 9.3.1 Bimodal Volcanism in the Yellowstone-Snake River Plain Province
- 9.3.2 Geochemistry of the Yellowstone-Snake River Plain Bimodal Suite
- 9.3.3 Models for the Generation of Bimodal Volcanism
- 9.4 Alkaline Volcanism
- 9.4.1 Sodic Alkaline Magmatism of the East African Rift
- Trends on the Fe-Index and MALI Diagrams
- Trends on the AI–FSSI Diagram
- Implications for the Evolution of Boina, Nyambeni, and Suswa Volcanoes
- 9.4.2 Potassic Alkaline Volcanism
- Mount Vesuvius and the Roman Province
- Kimberlites and Lamproites
- 9.4.1 Sodic Alkaline Magmatism of the East African Rift
- 10.1 Introduction
- 10.2 Layered Mafic Intrusions
- 10.2.1 The Bushveld Intrusion
- 10.2.2 Mineralogical Variation in LMIs
- 10.2.3 Granitic Rocks Associated with LMIs
- 10.2.4 Tectonic Environments of LMIs
- 10.3 Anorthosites and Related Rocks
- 10.3.1 Archean Anorthosites
- 10.3.2 Massif Anorthosites
- 10.3.3 Lunar Anorthosites
- 10.4 Ferroan Granites
- 10.4.1 The Pikes Peak Batholith
- 10.4.2 Composition of Ferroan Granites
- 10.5 Alkaline Complexes
- 10.5.1 Geology of the Ilimaussaq Intrusion
- Summary
- Questions and Problems
- Further Reading
- 11.1 Introduction
- 11.2 Classification of Granitic Rocks
- 11.2.1 Mineralogical Classification
- 11.2.2 Classification Based on Opaque Oxides
- 11.2.3 Alphabetic Classification
- 11.2.4 Geochemical Classification
- 11.3 Peraluminous Leucogranites
- 11.3.1 Himalayan Leucogranites
- 11.3.2 Geochemistry of Peraluminous Leucogranites
- 11.4 Caledonian Granites
- 11.4.1 The Etive Granite
- 11.4.2 Geochemistry and Origin of Caledonian Granites
- 11.5 Review of the Four Main Granite Types
- Summary
- Questions and Problems
- Further Reading
- 12.1 Introduction
- 12.2 Scope of Metamorphism
- 12.3 Types of Metamorphism
- 12.3.1 Regional Metamorphism
- 12.3.2 Contact Metamorphism
- 12.3.3 Burial Metamorphism
- 12.3.4 Dynamic Metamorphism
- 12.3.5 Hydrothermal Metamorphism
- 12.3.6 Impact Metamorphism
- 12.4 Basic Goals of Metamorphic Petrology
- 12.5 Identification of Protolith
- 12.5.1 Rocks of Clearly Sedimentary Parentage
- 12.5.2 Rocks of Clearly Igneous Parentage
- 12.5.3 Rocks of Uncertain Parentage
- 12.6 Determination of Metamorphic Conditions
- 12.6.1 Stability Range of Single Minerals
- 12.6.2 Stability of Mineral Assemblages
- 12.6.3 Metamorphic Facies
- 12.6.4 Thermobarometry
- 12.7 Metamorphic Textures
- 12.7.1 Primary Textures
- Sedimentary Textures
- Igneous Textures
- 12.7.2 Metamorphic Textures
- Static Textures
- Tectonic Textures
- 12.7.1 Primary Textures
- 13.1 Introduction
- 13.2 A Little History
- 13.3 Use of Chemographic Projections
- 13.3.1 Chemographic Projections in a Two-Component System
- 13.3.2 Chemographic Projections in a Three-Component System
- 13.3.3 Chemographic Projections in Systems with Four and More Components
- Summary
- Questions and Problems
- Further Reading
- 14.1 Introduction
- 14.2 Definition of Metamorphic Facies
- 14.3 Facies of Regional Metamorphism
- 14.3.1 Greenschist Facies
- 14.3.2 Blueschist Facies
- 14.3.3 Amphibolite Facies
- 14.3.4 Very Low-Temperature Metamorphism
- 14.3.5 Granulite Facies
- 14.3.6 Eclogite Facies
- 14.4 Facies of Contact Metamorphism
- 14.5 Textural Changes during Metamorphism
- 14.6 Mafic Mineral Assemblages at Increasing Temperature and Pressure
- 14.6.1 Relations at Very Low Temperatures
- 14.6.2 Relations at Low Pressure with Increasing Temperature
- 14.6.3 Relations at Low Temperature with Increasing Pressure
- Summary
- Questions and Problems
- Further Reading
- 15.1 Introduction
- 15.2 The Process of Serpentinization
- 15.3 Prograde Metamorphism of Serpentinite: Reactions in the System CaO–MgO–SiO2–H2O
- 15.4 Role of Minor Components
- 15.4.1 Iron
- 15.4.2 Aluminum
- 15.5 Metaperidotites and Metamorphic Facies
- 15.6 Role of CO2 in Metamorphism of Peridotites
- 15.7 Metasomatism of Peridotites
- 15.8 Examples of Metaperidotites in the Field
- 15.8.1 Malenco Serpentinite
- 15.8.2 Ingalls Peridotite
- Summary
- Questions and Problems
- Further Reading
- 16.1 Introduction
- 16.2 Chemographic Projections for Pelitic Systems
- 16.2.1 Chemographic Projections for Continuous Reactions
- 16.2.2 AFM Projections for Pelitic Rocks
- 16.3 Progressive Metamorphism of Pelitic Rocks: Barrovian Metamorphism
- 16.3.1 The Protolith: The Mineralogy of Shale
- 16.3.2 Low-Grade Metamorphism of Pelitic Rocks
- 16.3.3 Barrovian Metamorphism of Pelitic Schists
- Biotite Zone
- Garnet Zone
- Staurolite Zone
- Kyanite Zone
- Sillimanite Zone
- 16.4.1 Metapelitic Assemblages and Metamorphic Facies
- 16.4.2 Pressure Information from Metapelitic Rocks
- 17.1 Introduction
- 17.2 Metamorphism of Impure Dolomitic Marble
- 17.2.1 Stability of Metamorphic Assemblages in T–X Space
- 17.2.2 Examples of How Mineral Assemblages Can Monitor Fluid Flow in Aureoles
- 17.3 Buffering of Other Fluid Components
- 17.4 Buffering of pH
- Summary
- Questions and Problems
- Further Reading
- 18.1 Introduction
- 18.2 Review of Thermodynamics
- 18.2.1 Free Energy
- 18.2.2 Effect of Changes in Pressure and Temperature on ΔG
- 18.2.3 Equilibrium Constant
- 18.2.4 Activity–Composition Relations
- 18.3 Thermobarometers
- 18.3.1 Geothermometry
- Ion-Exchange Thermometry
- Solvus Thermometry
- 18.3.2 Geobarometry
- 18.3.3 Thermobarometry
- 18.3.4 Metamorphic Assemblage Diagrams (Pseudosections)
- 18.3.1 Geothermometry
- 18.4 Conditions of Metamorphism
- 18.4.1 P–T Conditions for the Metamorphic Facies
- 18.4.2 Upper Temperature Limits to Metamorphism and Migmatites
- 18.4.3 Upper Pressure Limit of Metamorphism
- Summary
- Questions and Problems
- Further Reading
- 19.1 Introduction
- 19.2 Metamorphism in Continental Collisions
- 19.2.1 Examples of Continental Collisions
- 19.3 Metamorphism along Convergent Plate Margins
- 19.3.1 Subduction-Zone Metamorphism
- 19.3.2 Metamorphism in Island Arcs
- 19.3.3 Metamorphism in Accretionary Prisms
- 19.3.4 Metamorphism in Continental Arcs
- 19.4 Metamorphism in Rifting Terrains
- 19.5 Sea-Floor Metamorphism
- 19.6 Burial Metamorphism
- 19.7 Metamorphism in Archean Terrains
- 19.7.1 Greenstone Belts
- 19.7.2 Gneiss Terrains
- 19.7.3 Tectonic Interpretation of Archean Metamorphic Belts
- Summary
- Questions and Problems
- Further Reading
- A.1 Introduction
- A.2 Leucocratic Rock-Forming Minerals
- A.2.1 Quartz
- A.2.2 Feldspars and Feldspathoids
- Plagioclase Series
- Alkali Feldspars
- Feldspathoids
- A.2.3 Carbonates
- A.3 Ferromagnesian Minerals
- A.3.1 Olivine
- A.3.2 Pyroxenes
- Quadrilateral Pyroxenes
- Sodic Pyroxenes
- A.3.3 Amphiboles
- Quadrilateral Amphiboles
- Sodic Amphiboles
- Hornblende
- A.3.4 Phyllosilicates
- Serpentine
- Greenalite
- Talc
- Minnesotaite
- Chlorite
- Micas
- A.4.1 Aluminosilicates (Andalusite, Kyanite, and Sillimanite)
- Andalusite
- Sillimanite
- Kyanite
- A.4.2 Garnets
- A.4.3 Staurolite
- A.4.4 Cordierite
- A.4.5 Chloritoid
- A.5.1 Clinozoisite-Epidote
- A.5.2 Prehnite
- A.5.3 Pumpellyite
- A.5.4 Lawsonite
- A.5.5 Laumontite
- A.6.1 Iron-Titanium Oxides (Magnetite and Ilmenite)
- A.6.2 Other Spinel Minerals
- A.6.3 Iron Sulfides
- A.6.4 Graphite
- A.6.5 Rutile
- A.7.1 Zircon
- A.7.2 Titanite (or Sphene)
- A.7.3 Apatite
- A.7.4 Monazite
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