Námskeið
- .
Ensk lýsing:
Introducing the Fifth Edition of the more focused version of the best-selling Exercise Physiology text. Ideal for an introductory course, this title emphasizes nutrition as the foundation of exercise and uses a new student-friendly magazine-style design, hallmark pedagogy, and an engaging, accessible writing style to make exercise physiology interesting and understandable for today’s students. Featuring updates in every section that reflect the latest trends and research in the field, Essentials of Exercise Physiology helps students develop a deep understanding of the interrelationships among energy intake, energy transfer during exercise, and the related physiologic systems.
Lýsing:
Introducing the Fifth Edition of the more focused version of the best-selling Exercise Physiology text. Ideal for an introductory course, this title emphasizes nutrition as the foundation of exercise and uses a new student-friendly magazine-style design, hallmark pedagogy, and an engaging, accessible writing style to make exercise physiology interesting and understandable for today’s students. Featuring updates in every section that reflect the latest trends and research in the field, Essentials of Exercise Physiology helps students develop a deep understanding of the interrelationships among energy intake, energy transfer during exercise, and the related physiologic systems.
Annað
- Höfundur: William D. McArdle
- Útgáfa:5
- Útgáfudagur: 10/2015
- Hægt að prenta út 2 bls.
- Hægt að afrita 2 bls.
- Format:ePub
- ISBN 13: 9781496320926
- Print ISBN: 9781496302090
- ISBN 10: 1496320921
Efnisyfirlit
- Front Matter
- In Memoriam
- Reviewers
- Preface
- ORGANIZATION
- Highlights of New and Expanded Content
- Special Features
- ORGANIZATION
- User’s Guide
- FEATURES
- STUDENT RESOURCES
- INSTRUCTOR RESOURCES
- Acknowledgments
- CHAPTER 1: Origins of Exercise Physiology: Foundations for the Field of Study
- CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
- ANCILLARIES AT A GLANCE
- INTRODUCTION
- FIGURE 1.1
- Academic Discipline Emerges
- Sharpening the Focus
- Knowledge Explosion and Scientific Research
- PART 1: Origins of Exercise Physiology: From Ancient Greece to the United States
- EARLIEST DEVELOPMENT FROM ANTIQUITY
- DAWN OF EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY
- FIGURE 1.2
- FIGURE 1.3
- William Harvey Proves Blood Flows One-Way in the Body
- EARLY CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE UNITED STATES
- James Lind and the First Planned Controlled Clinical Trial
- Austin Flint, Jr., MD: A Pioneering American Physician-Physiologist
- FIGURE 1.4
- FIGURE 1.5
- Amherst College Connection
- FIGURE 1.6
- William Beaumont’s Revolutionary Concepts About Digestion
- FIGURE 1.7
- FIGURE 1.8
- FIGURE 1.9
- Anthropometric Assessment of Body Build
- FIGURE 1.10
- George Wells Fitz, MD: A Key Exercise Physiology Pioneer
- FIGURE 1.11
- A CLOSER LOOK: Course of Study: Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Physical Training, Lawrence Scientific School, Harvard University, 1893
- Prelude to Exercise Science: Harvard’s Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Physical Training (BS Degree, 1891–1898)
- The Greatest Physiologist Prior to 1900
- Exercise Studies in Research Journals
- A.V. Hill, Exercise Physiology Nobel Laureate
- First Textbook in Exercise Physiology
- CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE HARVARD FATIGUE LABORATORY (1927–1946)
- FIGURE 1.12
- OTHER EARLY EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY RESEARCH LABORATORIES
- FIGURE 1.13
- NORDIC CONNECTION (DENMARK, SWEDEN, NORWAY, AND FINLAND)
- Danish Influence
- FIGURE 1.14
- August Krogh, Nobel Laureate—An Ultimate Exercise Physiologist
- FIGURE 1.15
- FIGURE 1.16
- FIGURE 1.17
- Swedish Influence
- FIGURE 1.18
- FIGURE 1.19
- Norwegian and Finnish Influence
- FIGURE 1.20
- FIGURE 1.21
- Danish Influence
- FIGURE 1.22
- FIGURE 1.23
- Exercise Physiology, the Internet, and Online Social Networking
- Online Social Networking
- WHAT DEFINES THE EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGIST?
- WHAT DO EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGISTS DO?
- Help Wanted: The Exercise Physiologist in the Real World
- TABLE 1.1: Partial List of Employment Opportunities for Qualified Exercise Physiologists
- EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGISTS AND HEALTH AND FITNESS PROFESSIONALS IN THE CLINICAL SETTING
- Sports Medicine and Exercise Physiology: A Vital Link
- TRAINING AND CERTIFICATION BY PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
- TABLE 1.2: Organizations Offering Training or Certification Programs Related to Physical Activity
- A CLOSER LOOK: ACSM Qualifications and Certifications
- CHAPTER 2: Macronutrients and Micronutrients
- CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
- ANCILLARIES AT A GLANCE
- PART 1: Macronutrients: Energy Fuel and Building Blocks for Tissue Synthesis
- CARBOHYDRATES
- Monosaccharides
- FIGURE 2.1
- Disaccharides
- What’s in a Name?
- Polysaccharides
- Plant Polysaccharides
- Starch
- Fiber
- Health Implications of Dietary Fiber
- Animal Polysaccharides
- FIGURE 2.2
- Diet Affects Glycogen Stores
- Plant Polysaccharides
- Carbohydrates’ Role in the Body
- Important Carbohydrate Conversions
- Recommended Carbohydrate Intake
- FIGURE 2.3
- All Carbohydrates Are Not Physiologically Equal
- Glycemic Index
- FIGURE 2.4
- High Glycemic Foods: A Possible Role in Obesity
- Insulin Index of Foods
- Carbohydrate Use During Physical Activity
- Intense Physical Activity
- FIGURE 2.5
- Moderate and Prolonged Physical Activity
- Intense Physical Activity
- Monosaccharides
- CARBOHYDRATES
- LIPIDS (OILS, FATS, AND WAXES)
- Simple Lipids
- FIGURE 2.6
- Saturated Fatty Acids
- Unsaturated Fatty Acids
- Chains of Fats
- Dietary Fatty Acids
- Saturated, Monounsaturated, and Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Content in Common Fats and Oils in Grams per 100 g
- Dietary Fatty Acids
- Simple Lipids
- Compound Lipids
- High- and Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol
- “Bad” Cholesterol (Low-Density Lipoprotein)
- “Good” Cholesterol (High-Density Lipoprotein): A Health Perspective
- High- and Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol
- Derived Lipids
- FIGURE 2.7
- Trans Fatty Acids: The Unwanted Fat
- New U.S. Guidelines Lift Limits on Dietary Cholesterol
- Fish Consumption Is Healthful
- Lipids in Food
- FIGURE 2.8
- Lipid’s Role in the Body
- Energy Reserve
- FIGURE 2.9
- Protection and Insulation
- Vitamin Carrier and Hunger Suppressor
- Energy Reserve
- Recommended Lipid Intake
- Consume Lipids in Moderation
- TABLE 2.1: Examples of Foods High and Low in Saturated Fatty Acids, Foods High in Monounsaturated and Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids, and the Polyunsaturated to Saturated Fatty Acid (P/S) Ratio of Common Fats and Oils
- Consume Lipids in Moderation
- FIGURE 2.10
- Amino Acids
- FIGURE 2.11
- Essential and Nonessential Amino Acids
- The Nine Essential Amino Acids and Common Food Sources
- Dietary Sources
- TABLE 2.2: Rating of Common Sources of Dietary Protein
- Egg White or Egg Yolks for Health?
- Synthesis in the Body
- FIGURE 2.12
- Fate of Amino Acids After Nitrogen Removal
- FIGURE 2.13
- Do Vegetarians Consume Enough Protein?
- TABLE 2.3: Recommended Protein Intake for Adolescent and Adult Men and Women
- Do Athletes Require More Protein?
- The Nature of Vitamins
- Vitamin Classification
- Fat-Soluble Vitamins
- TABLE 2.4: Food Sources, Major Bodily Functions, and Symptoms of Deficiency or Excess of the Fat-Soluble Vitamins for Healthy Adults (Ages 19–50 Years)a
- Water-Soluble Vitamins
- TABLE 2.5: Food Sources, Major Bodily Functions, and Symptoms of Deficiency or Excess of the Water-Soluble Vitamins for Healthy Adults (Ages 19–50 Years)a
- Vitamin Toxicity
- Fat-Soluble Vitamins
- Vitamins’ Role in the Body
- FIGURE 2.14
- Free Radical Production and Antioxidant Role of Specific Vitamins
- Rich Dietary Sources of Antioxidant Vitamins
- Vitamins Behave as Chemicals
- A CLOSER LOOK: Increased Metabolism and Free Radical Production During Physical Activity
- FIGURE 2.15
- Consuming Supplements May Not Impact Disease
- The Nature of Minerals
- Kinds, Sources, and Mineral Functions
- TABLE 2.6: Important Major and Trace Minerals for Healthy Adults (Ages 19–50 Years): Their Food Sources, Functions, and Effects of Deficiencies and Excessesa
- FIGURE 2.16
- Minerals and Physical Activity
- Calcium
- Osteoporosis: Calcium Intake, Estrogen, and Physical Activity
- FIGURE 2.17
- Fourteen Risk Factors for Osteoporosis
- Dietary Calcium Crucial.
- Physical Activity Helps Slow Skeletal Aging.
- Six Principles to Promote Bone Health
- Osteoporosis: Calcium Intake, Estrogen, and Physical Activity
- Calcium
- FIGURE 2.18
- Sodium: How Much Is Enough?
- Iron Stores
- TABLE 2.7: Recommended Dietary Allowances for Irona
- Females: A Population at Risk
- A CLOSER LOOK: Lowering High Blood Pressure With Dietary Intervention: The DASH Diet
- The DASH Approach
- Nutrient Goals for the DASH Diet
- Daily Nutrient Goals Used in the Dash Studies for a 2100-Calorie Eating Plan
- Nutrient Goals for the DASH Diet
- The DASH Approach
- References
- A CLOSER LOOK: Lowering High Blood Pressure With Dietary Intervention: The DASH Diet
- Defense Against Mineral Loss During Physical Activity
- THE BODY’S WATER CONTENT
- Functions of Body Water
- Water Balance: Intake Versus Output
- FIGURE 2.19
- Water Intake
- The Hidden Water in Food
- Hydration Terminology
- Water Output
- Exertional Heat Stroke
- Practical Recommendations for Fluid Replacement in Physical Activity
- Gastric Emptying
- Adequacy of Rehydration
- A CLOSER LOOK: Distinguishing Heat Cramps, Heat Exhaustion, and Heat Stroke
- Hyponatremia: Water Intoxication
- A CLOSER LOOK: Reducing Overhydration Risk During Extended-Duration Endurance Physical Activities: A Divergence From Existing Dogma Worth Considering
- References
- A CLOSER LOOK: Reducing Overhydration Risk During Extended-Duration Endurance Physical Activities: A Divergence From Existing Dogma Worth Considering
- CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
- ANCILLARIES AT A GLANCE
- PART 1: Food as Energy
- CALORIE—A MEASUREMENT OF FOOD ENERGY
- Gross Energy Value of Foods
- FIGURE 3.1
- Heat of Combustion
- Net Energy Value of Foods
- Digestive Efficiency
- Sports That Promote Marginal Nutrition
- Energy Value of a Meal
- TABLE 3.1: Method of Calculating the Caloric Value of a Food From Its Composition of Macronutrients
- Online Food-Calorie Guides
- New Rules Go Into Effect
- Government-Sponsored Resources
- Other Resources
- More Lipid Equals More Calories
- Calories Equal Calories
- A CLOSER LOOK: The New Nutrition Facts Label
- Gross Energy Value of Foods
- CALORIE—A MEASUREMENT OF FOOD ENERGY
- SUMMARY
- THINK IT THROUGH
- TABLE 3.2: Mean (±SD) Nutrient Intake Based on 3-Day Diet Records by Level of Cardiorespiratory Fitness in 7959 Men and 2453 Women
- Eat More Yet Weigh Less
- FIGURE 3.2
- A CLOSER LOOK: Foods and Dietary Patterns That Associate With Reduced Cancer Risk and Improved Survival Following Cancer Diagnosis
- Dietary Areas and Suggestions
- References
- Recommended Meal Composition
- TABLE 3.3: Highlights of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2015
- FIGURE 3.3
- Critics of MyPlate Offer Suggestions
- Alternative Models for Good Nutrition
- Healthy Eating Plate
- Mediterranean Diet Pyramid
- FIGURE 3.4
- Guidelines for Healthful Vegetarian Diets
- Alternative Near-Vegetarian Diet Pyramid
- FIGURE 3.5
- TABLE 3.4: The Diet Quality Index
- FIGURE 3.6
- Physical Activity Makes a Difference
- FIGURE 3.7
- Extreme Energy Intake and Expenditure: The Tour de France
- FIGURE 3.8
- High Protein: Not the Best Choice
- Ideal Precompetition Meal
- Liquid Meals
- Pre-exercise Fructose Intake
- Glycemic Index and Pre-exercise Food Intake
- FIGURE 3.9
- Diet, Glycogen Stores, and Endurance Capacity
- FIGURE 3.10
- Muscle Glycogen Supercompensation Enhanced by Prior Creatine Supplementation
- Enhanced Glycogen Storage: Carbohydrate Loading
- Modified Loading Procedure
- Rapid Loading Procedure: A One-Day Requirement
- FIGURE 3.11
- Rapid Loading Procedure: A One-Day Requirement
- A CLOSER LOOK: Strategies for Carbohydrate Loading
- Classic Carbohydrate-Loading Procedure
- Stage 1—Depletion
- Stage 2—Carbohydrate Loading
- Competition Day
- Specifics of Precompetition Diet-Exercise Plan to Enhance Glycogen Storage
- Sample Meal Plans for Carbohydrate Depletion (Stage 1) and Carbohydrate Loading (Stage 2) Preceding an Endurance Event
- Classic Carbohydrate-Loading Procedure
- CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
- ANCILLARIES AT A GLANCE
- A CLOSER LOOK: A Need to Critically Evaluate Scientific Evidence
- Justification/Scientific Rationale
- Subjects
- Research Sample and Design
- Conclusions
- Dissemination of Findings
- A Fall From Grace
- PART 1: Nutritional Ergogenic Aids
- BUFFERING SOLUTIONS
- TABLE 4.1: Performance Time and Acid-base Profiles for Subjects Under Control, Placebo, and Induced Pre-exercise Alkalosis Conditions Before and Following an 800-m Race
- FIGURE 4.1
- Effects Depend on Dosage and Exercise Anaerobiosis
- Potential Negative Side Effects
- A Huge Disappointment!
- BUFFERING SOLUTIONS
- ANTICORTISOL-PRODUCING COMPOUNDS
- Glutamine
- Banned Substances
- Phosphatidylserine
- Glutamine
- β-HYDROXY–β-METHYLBUTYRATE
- FIGURE 4.2
- CHROMIUM
- Chromium’s Alleged Benefits
- CREATINE
- Important Component of High-Energy Phosphates
- Consuming Carbohydrate Facilitates Creatine Loading
- Unwanted Side Effects
- Desirable Improvements in Performance
- FIGURE 4.3
- FIGURE 4.4
- Effects on Body Mass and Body Composition
- Creatine Loading
- FIGURE 4.5
- Stop Caffeine Consumption When Taking Creatine
- Quercetin Fails the Test
- Desirable Improvements in Performance
- Ginseng
- Ephedrine
- FDA Bans Ephedrine
- Prudent Means to Possibly Augment an Anabolic Effect
- Specific Supplement Timing: A Key to Success
- FIGURE 4.6
- Dietary Supplements: Not What Might Be Expected
- FIGURE 4.7
- A CLOSER LOOK: Nutrient Timing to Optimize Muscle Response to Resistance Training
- Phase 1—Energy Phase
- Phase 2—Anabolic Phase
- Phase 3—Growth Phase
- Inconclusive Exercise Benefits
- Beetroot: The New Garden of Ergogenic Eden?
- FIGURE 4.8
- Effects on Endurance Performance
- A Way to Enhance Endurance Performance?
- Body Fat Loss
- CAFFEINE
- TABLE 4.2: Caffeine Content of Common Foods, Beverages, and Over-the-Counter and Prescription Medications
- Caffeine’s Ergogenic Effects
- FIGURE 4.9
- FIGURE 4.10
- Proposed Mechanisms for Ergogenic Action
- Endurance Effects Often Inconsistent
- Effects on Muscle
- Caffeine Warning
- Powdered Caffeine’s Potentially Lethal Effects
- Does Consuming More Caffeine Enhance Exercise Performance?
- FIGURE 4.11
- Steroid Structure and Action
- Dosage as a Key Factor
- Urine Testing for Steroids (and Other Banned Substances)
- Diuretics Can Mask Drug Use
- Risks of Anabolic Steroid Abuse
- TABLE 4.3: Side Effects and Medical Risks of Anabolic Steroid Use
- Steroid Abuse and Life-Threatening Disease
- Steroid Use and Plasma Lipoproteins
- Specific Female Concerns
- American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM; www.acsm.org) Position Statement on the Use of Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids in Sports
- Alcohol Drinks for Fluid Replacement: Not a Good Idea!
- Summary of Eight Research Findings Concerning Androstenedione
- TETRAHYDROGESTRINONE: THE HIDDEN STEROID
- Competitive Athletes Beware
- FIGURE 4.12
- FIGURE 4.13
- DHEA Safety
- Serious Amphetamine Dangers
- Amphetamines and Athletic Performance
- CHAPTER 5: Fundamentals of Human Energy Transfer
- CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
- ANCILLARIES AT A GLANCE
- PART 1: Energy—The Capacity for Work
- POTENTIAL AND KINETIC ENERGY
- FIGURE 5.1
- ENERGY-RELEASING AND ENERGY-CONSERVING PROCESSES
- A CLOSER LOOK: The Discovery of Adenosine Triphosphate
- ENERGY INTERCONVERSIONS
- FIGURE 5.2
- Examples of Energy Conversions
- Photosynthesis
- FIGURE 5.3
- Cellular Respiration
- FIGURE 5.4
- Photosynthesis
- POTENTIAL AND KINETIC ENERGY
- BIOLOGIC WORK IN HUMANS
- Mechanical Work
- Chemical Work
- Transport Work
- FACTORS AFFECTING BIOENERGETICS
- Enzymes as Biological Catalysts
- TABLE 5.1: Six Classifications of Enzymes
- Reaction Rates
- Mode of Enzyme Action
- FIGURE 5.5
- Coenzymes
- High-Energy Phosphates
- ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE: THE ENERGY CURRENCY
- FIGURE 5.6
- FIGURE 5.7
- FIGURE 5.8
- Adenosine Triphosphate: A Limited Currency
- Diverse Processes for Generating ATP
- FIGURE 5.9
- FIGURE 5.10
- Identifying Important Energy Sources
- Phosphorylation: Chemical Bonds Transfer Energy
- Electron Transport
- FIGURE 5.11
- FIGURE 5.12
- Oxidative Phosphorylation
- “OIL RIG”
- Efficiency of Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation
- Oxygen’s Role in Energy Metabolism
- FIGURE 5.13
- Glucose is Not Retrievable From Fatty Acids
- CARBOHYDRATE ENERGY RELEASE
- Anaerobic Versus Aerobic Glycolysis
- Lactic Acid Versus Lactate
- Glucose to Glycogen and Glycogen to Glucose
- Energy Release From Glucose: Rapid Anaerobic Glycolysis
- FIGURE 5.14
- Substrate-Level Phosphorylation in Rapid Anaerobic Glycolysis
- Hydrogen Release During Rapid Anaerobic Glycolysis
- Lactate Formation
- FIGURE 5.15
- Lactate: A Valuable “Waste Product”
- FIGURE 5.16
- The Discoverers of the Cori Cycle
- Anaerobic Versus Aerobic Glycolysis
- Lactate Shuttle: Blood Lactate as an Energy Source
- Free Radicals Formed During Increased Aerobic Metabolism
- Slow Aerobic Glycolysis Energy Release: The Citric Acid Cycle
- FIGURE 5.17
- FIGURE 5.18
- FIGURE 5.19
- Net Energy Transfer From Glucose Catabolism
- FIGURE 5.20
- The Fat Burning Activity Zone to Optimize Fat Use
- FIGURE 5.21
- Adipocytes: Site of Fat Storage and Mobilization
- Glycerol and Fatty Acid Breakdown
- FIGURE 5.22
- Glycerol
- Fatty Acids
- Total Energy Transfer From Fat Catabolism
- Fats Burn in a Carbohydrate Flame
- Metabolism Under Low-Carbohydrate Conditions
- Slower Energy Release From Fat
- Excess Macronutrients Convert to Fat
- FIGURE 5.23
- FIGURE 5.24
- Regulating Energy Metabolism
- Independent Effects
- FIGURE 5.25
- A CLOSER LOOK: Estimating Individual Protein Requirements
- Measuring Nitrogen Balance
- Example
- Estimated Daily Protein Needs
- Example
- Measuring Nitrogen Balance
- Estimating Individual Protein Requirements
- CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
- ANCILLARIES AT A GLANCE
- IMMEDIATE ENERGY: THE ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE–PHOSPHOCREATINE SYSTEM
- SHORT-TERM GLYCOLYTIC (LACTATE-FORMING) ENERGY SYSTEM
- Lactate Accumulation
- FIGURE 6.1
- Lactic Acid and pH
- Lactate-Producing Capacity
- Blood Lactate as an Energy Source
- Lactate Accumulation
- LONG-TERM ENERGY: THE AEROBIC SYSTEM
- Oxygen Uptake During Physical Activity
- FIGURE 6.2
- Ultimate Aerobic Challenge
- Marathon des Sables Marathon des Sables (www.darbaroud.com/en)
- Badwater 135 Ultramarathon (www.badwater.com/index.html)
- Hardrock 100-Mile Run (www.hardrock100.com/)
- Many Steady Rate Levels
- Oxygen Deficit
- A CLOSER LOOK: Overtraining: Too Much of a Good Thing
- Carbohydrates’ Possible Role in Overtraining
- Tapering Often Helps
- Overtraining Signs and Symptoms
- Oxygen Uptake and Body Size
- FIGURE 6.3
- A CLOSER LOOK: Overtraining: Too Much of a Good Thing
- Oxygen Deficit in Trained and Untrained Individuals
- FIGURE 6.4
- Oxygen Uptake During Physical Activity
- FIGURE 6.5
- FIGURE 6.6
- FIGURE 6.7
- FIGURE 6.8
- Difficult to Excel in All Sports
- Intensity and Duration Determine the Blend of Energy Use
- Nutrient-Related Fatigue
- FIGURE 6.9
- A CLOSER LOOK: Establishing Cardiovascular Fitness Categories
- Cardiovascular Fitness Classifications (V˙O2max Values are in mL · kg−1 · min−1)
- Metabolic Dynamics of Recovery Oxygen Uptake
- Traditional View: A.V. Hill’s 1922 Oxygen Debt Theory
- Testing Hill’s Oxygen Debt Theory
- An Updated Explanation for EPOC
- Seven Possible Causes of Excess Postexercise Oxygen Consumption
- Implications of EPOC for Physical Activity and Recovery
- Optimal Recovery From Steady-Rate Physical Activity
- Optimal Recovery From Non–Steady-Rate Physical Activity
- FIGURE 6.10
- Intermittent Activity and Recovery: The Interval Training Approach
- A CLOSER LOOK: How to Measure Work on a Treadmill, Cycle Ergometer, and Step Bench
- Work and Power
- Calculation of Treadmill Work
- Example
- Calculation of Cycle Ergometer Work
- Example
- Calculation of Bench Stepping Work
- Example
- A CLOSER LOOK: How to Measure Work on a Treadmill, Cycle Ergometer, and Step Bench
- Does Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation (NMES) During Recovery Work?
- TABLE 6.1: Classic Study Results With Intermittent Physical Activity
- CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
- ANCILLARIES AT A GLANCE
- OVERVIEW OF ENERGY TRANSFER CAPACITY DURING PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
- FIGURE 7.1
- FIGURE 7.2
- PART 1: Measuring and Evaluating the Immediate and Short-Term Energy Systems
- PHYSIOLOGIC AND PERFORMANCE TESTS
- Physiologic Tests to Assess the Immediate Energy System
- IMMEDIATE ENERGY SYSTEM PERFORMANCE TESTS
- Jumping Power Test
- Other Immediate Energy Performance-Power Tests
- Interchangeable Expressions for Energy and Work
- A CLOSER LOOK: Predicting Power of the Immediate Energy System Using a Vertical Jump Test
- Vertical Jump Test
- Anaerobic Power Output Equation
- Example
- Applicability to Males and Females
- References
- PHYSIOLOGIC AND PERFORMANCE TESTS
- Activation of the Short-Term Glycolytic Energy System
- Blood Lactate Levels
- High-Intensity Interval Training Reduces Fat in Overweight Young Males
- FIGURE 7.3
- FIGURE 7.4
- Glycogen Depletion
- FIGURE 7.5
- Blood Lactate Levels
- Cycle Ergometer Tests
- TABLE 7.1: Wingate Percentile Norms for Average Power and Peak Power for Physically Active Young Adult Men and Women
- Other Anaerobic Performance Tests
- Children’s Reduced Anaerobic Power
- Gender Differences in Anaerobic Performance
- A CLOSER LOOK: Predicting Anaerobic Power and Capacity Using the Wingate Cycle Ergometer Test
- The Test
- Resistance
- Test Scores
- Example
- Calculations
- The Test
- A CLOSER LOOK: Predicting Anaerobic Power and Capacity Using the Wingate Cycle Ergometer Test
- Benefits of Enhanced Alkaline Reserve
- FIGURE 7.6
- DIRECT CALORIMETRY
- FIGURE 7.7
- INDIRECT CALORIMETRY
- Closed-Circuit Spirometry
- FIGURE 7.8
- Open-Circuit Spirometry
- Bag Technique
- FIGURE 7.9
- Portable Spirometry
- FIGURE 7.10
- Kilocalorie Equivalent for 1 Liter Oxygen
- Bag Technique
- Closed-Circuit Spirometry
- Calibration Required
- Computerized Instrumentation
- FIGURE 7.11
- Caloric Transformation for Oxygen
- Oxygen Drift
- Respiratory Quotient for Carbohydrate
- Respiratory Quotient for Lipid
- Respiratory Quotient for Protein
- Nonprotein RQ
- TABLE 7.2: Thermal Equivalents of Oxygen for the Nonprotein Respiratory Quotient, Including Percentage kcal and Grams Derived From Carbohydrate and Fat
- Mixed Diet Respiratory Quotient
- Respiratory Quotient versus Respiratory Exchange Ratio
- FIGURE 7.12
- A CLOSER LOOK: The Weir Method to Calculate Energy Expenditure
- Basic Equation
- Example
- Weir Factors
- Example
- Basic Equation
- FIGURE 7.13
- Comparisons Among
- TABLE 7.3: Average Maximal Oxygen Uptakes for 15 College Students During Continuous (Cont.) and Discontinuous (Discont.) Tests on the Bicycle and Treadmill
- A CLOSER LOOK: Using a Step Test to Predict V˙O2max
- The Test
- Equations
- Percentile Ranking for Recovery Heart Rate and Predicted V˙O2max (mL · kg–1 · min–1) for Male and Female College Students
- FIGURE 7.14
- Exercise Testing Mode
- Heredity
- A CLOSER LOOK: Predicting V˙O2max Using Age for Sedentary, Physically Active, and Endurance-Trained Individuals
- Equations
- Example 1: Endurance-Trained Man, Age 55 y (Equation 3)
- Example 2: Active Woman, Age 21 y (Equation 2)
- Example 3: 23-Year-Old Woman of Unknown Fitness Status (Equation 4)
- Equations to Predict V˙O2max (mL · kg−1 · min−1) from Age
- Equations
- A CLOSER LOOK: Predicting V˙O2max Using Age for Sedentary, Physically Active, and Endurance-Trained Individuals
- TABLE 7.4: Different Ways to Express Oxygen Uptake
- Absolute Values
- Relative Values
- V˙O2max Predictions From Heart Rate
- FIGURE 7.15
- A CLOSER LOOK: A Walking Test to Predict V˙O2max
- Equations
- Equation 1
- Equation 2
- Example
- Reference
- Equations
- CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
- ANCILLARIES AT A GLANCE
- PART 1: Energy Expenditure During Rest
- FIGURE 8.1
- BASAL (RESTING) METABOLIC RATE
- INFLUENCE OF BODY SIZE ON RESTING METABOLISM
- FIGURE 8.2
- Regular Physical Activity Slows Decreases in Basal Metabolism With Age
- ESTIMATING RESTING DAILY ENERGY EXPENDITURE
- PREDICTING RESTING ENERGY EXPENDITURE
- Examples
- Woman
- Man
- Examples
- CONTRIBUTION OF DIVERSE TISSUES TO RESTING METABOLIC RATE
- TABLE 8.1: Oxygen Uptake of Various Body Tissues at Rest for a 65-kg Man
- A CLOSER LOOK: Estimate Resting Daily Energy Expenditure From Fat-Free Body Mass
- Example
- Estimation of Resting Daily Energy Expenditure (RDEE) Based on Fat-Free Body Mass (FFM)
- Example
- Physical Activity
- Dietary-Induced Thermogenesis
- Climate
- Pregnancy
- CLASSIFICATION OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES BY ENERGY EXPENDITURE
- RATING “STRENUOUSNESS” OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
- Using Metabolic Equivalents
- TABLE 8.2: Five-Level Classification of Physical Activity Based on Physical Activity Intensity
- Heart Rate to Estimate Energy Expenditure
- FIGURE 8.3
- Using Metabolic Equivalents
- TABLE 8.3: Gross Energy Cost (kcal · min−1) for Selected Recreational and Sports Activities in Relation to Body Massa
- Effect of Body Mass
- FIGURE 8.4
- TABLE 8.4: Average Rates of Energy Expenditure for Men and Women Living in the United Statesa
- EFFICIENCY AND ECONOMY OF HUMAN MOVEMENT
- Efficiency of Human Movement
- Changes in Mechanical Efficiency During a Competitive Season Related to Training Volume and Intensity
- Gross Mechanical Efficiency
- Net Mechanical Efficiency
- Delta Efficiency
- Factors Influencing Physical Activity Efficiency
- Elite Runners Run More Economically
- Efficiency of Human Movement
- Physical Activity Oxygen Uptake Reflects Movement Economy
- Running Economy Improves With Age
- FIGURE 8.5
- FIGURE 8.6
- Competition Walking
- Effects of Body Mass
- TABLE 8.5: Prediction of Energy Expenditure (kcal · min−1) From Speed of Level Walking and Body Mass
- Effects of Terrain and Walking Surface
- TABLE 8.6: Effect of Different Terrain on the Energy Expenditure of Walking Between 5.2 and 5.6 km · h−1
- A CLOSER LOOK: Predicting Energy Expenditure During Treadmill Walking and Running
- Basic Equation
- Walking
- Running
- Predicting Energy Expenditure of Treadmill Walking
- Problem
- Solution
- Predicting Energy Expenditure of Treadmill Running
- Problem
- Solution
- Basic Equation
- Edward Payson Weston: Walker Extraordinaire
- A Considerable Energy Output
- Strength and Endurance Training Improves Running Economy of Master Runners
- Running Economy
- Energy Cost of Running
- TABLE 8.7: Net Energy Expenditure per Hour for Horizontal Running Related to Velocity and Body Massa,b
- Exercise Economy and Muscle Fiber Type
- Stride Length and Stride Frequency: Effects on Running Speed
- Optimum Stride Length
- Effects of Air Resistance
- Drafting
- Treadmill Versus Track Running
- Marathon Running
- FIGURE 8.7
- Energy Cost and Drag
- Energy Cost, Swimming Velocity, and Skill
- FIGURE 8.8
- Effects of Buoyancy: Men Versus Women
- Some Women Actually Swim Faster Than Men!
- TABLE 8.8: Comparisons of English Channel World Record Swimming Times Between Men and Women
- CHAPTER 9: The Pulmonary System and Physical Activity
- CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
- ANCILLARIES AT A GLANCE
- PART 1: Pulmonary Structure and Function
- FIGURE 9.1
- ANATOMY OF VENTILATION
- Lungs
- FIGURE 9.2
- Alveoli
- Mechanics of Ventilation
- FIGURE 9.3
- A CLOSER LOOK: Common Symbols Used by Pulmonary Physiologists
- Inspiration
- A Common Posture After Running
- Expiration
- Lungs
- LUNG VOLUMES AND CAPACITIES
- FIGURE 9.4
- Static Lung Volumes
- Residual Lung Volume
- Dynamic Lung Volumes
- Ratio of Forced Expiratory Volume to Forced Vital Capacity
- Maximum Voluntary Ventilation
- Ventilatory Muscles Respond Positively to Training
- PULMONARY VENTILATION
- Minute Ventilation
- Alveolar Ventilation
- TABLE 9.1: Relationships Among Tidal Volume, Breathing Rate, and Minute and Alveolar Minute Ventilation
- The Gas Laws
- Physiologic Dead Space
- FIGURE 9.5
- Breathing Rate Versus Tidal Volume
- FIGURE 9.6
- FIGURE 9.7
- Physiologic Consequences of the Valsalva Maneuver
- A Common Misconception
- Weather Changes and Barometric Pressure
- RESPIRED GASES: CONCENTRATIONS AND PARTIAL PRESSURES
- Ambient Air
- TABLE 9.2: Percentages, Partial Pressures, and Volumes of Gases in 1 L of Dry Ambient Air at Sea Level
- Tracheal Air
- Alveolar Air
- TABLE 9.3: Percentages, Partial Pressures, and Volumes of Gases in 1 L of Moist Alveolar Air at Sea Level (37°C)
- Ambient Air
- Pressure Differential
- FIGURE 9.8
- Solubility
- FIGURE 9.9
- Gas Exchange in Lungs
- Gas Exchange in Tissues
- OXYGEN TRANSPORT IN THE BLOOD
- FIGURE 9.10
- Oxygen Transport in Physical Solution
- Oxygen Combined With Hemoglobin
- FIGURE 9.11
- An Important Function
- Hemoglobin’s Oxygen-Carrying Capacity
- Po2 and Hemoglobin Saturation
- FIGURE 9.12
- Po2 in the Lungs
- Tissue Po2
- Bohr Effect
- Myoglobin and Muscle Oxygen Storage
- Physical Training and Myoglobin
- FIGURE 9.13
- Carbon Dioxide in Solution
- Carbon Dioxide as Carbamino Compounds
- Carbon Dioxide as Bicarbonate
- In Tissues
- In Lungs
- VENTILATORY CONTROL DURING REST
- FIGURE 9.14
- Neural Factors
- Humoral Factors
- Plasma Po2 and Chemoreceptors
- FIGURE 9.15
- Plasma Pco2 and H+ Concentration
- Breath-Holding’s Often Tragic Consequences
- Plasma Po2 and Chemoreceptors
- Hyperventilation and Breath-Holding
- Chemical Factors
- FIGURE 9.16
- Less Breathing During Swimming
- Nonchemical Factors
- Neurogenic Factors
- Temperature Influence
- Integrated Regulation
- During Physical Activity
- FIGURE 9.17
- During Recovery
- During Physical Activity
- PULMONARY VENTILATION AND ENERGY DEMANDS
- FIGURE 9.18
- Ventilation During Steady-Rate Physical Activity
- Ventilation During Non–Steady-Rate Physical Activity
- Ventilatory Threshold
- FIGURE 9.19
- Onset of Blood Lactate Accumulation
- Added Breathing Stimulus
- Possible Causes of Onset of Blood Lactate Accumulation
- Onset of Blood Lactate Accumulation and Endurance Performance
- FIGURE 9.20
- Ventilatory Threshold
- Energy Requirements (Work) of Breathing
- FIGURE 9.21
- Chemical Buffers
- Bicarbonate Buffer
- Result of Acidosis
- Result of Alkalosis
- Bicarbonate Buffer
- Protein Buffer
- Renal Buffer
- A CLOSER LOOK: Exercise-Induced Asthma (EIA)
- Sensitivity to Thermal Gradients
- Environment Makes a Difference
- Even Physically Fit Athletes Can Have Asthma
- A CLOSER LOOK: Exercise-Induced Asthma (EIA)
- FIGURE 9.22
- CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
- ANCILLARIES AT A GLANCE
- PART 1: The Cardiovascular System
- CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM COMPONENTS
- FIGURE 10.1
- The Heart
- FIGURE 10.2
- Arteries
- FIGURE 10.3
- Capillaries
- Veins
- Venous Return
- FIGURE 10.4
- Mechanical Compression
- A Significant Blood Reservoir
- Venous Pooling
- The Physiology of Crucifixion
- Active Cool-Down
- Venous Return
- CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM COMPONENTS
- Determinants of Blood Pressure and Total Peripheral Resistance
- A CLOSER LOOK: Understanding Hypertension: Effect on Bodily Systems
- Lifestyle Choices That Lower Blood Pressure
- FIGURE 10.5
- Blood Pressure at Rest
- A CLOSER LOOK: How to Measure Blood Pressure
- Blood Pressure Measurement Procedures
- Reference
- A CLOSER LOOK: How to Measure Blood Pressure
- Rhythmic Steady-Rate Activity
- FIGURE 10.6
- Resistance Exercise
- FIGURE 10.7
- Record Blood Pressure in Both Arms—Maybe?
- Upper-Body Activity
- FIGURE 10.8
- Myocardial Oxygen Use
- FIGURE 10.9
- Rate Pressure Product: Estimate of Myocardial Work
- The Heart’s Energy Supply
- HEART RATE REGULATION
- Intrinsic Regulation
- FIGURE 10.10
- The Heart’s Electrical Impulse
- Electrocardiography
- FIGURE 10.11
- ECG or EKG?
- Extrinsic Regulation
- Sympathetic Influence
- Parasympathetic Influence
- TABLE 10.1: The Autonomic Nervous System and Cardiovascular Function
- Cortical Influence
- FIGURE 10.12
- Peripheral Input
- Carotid Artery Palpation
- Intrinsic Regulation
- Arrhythmias
- Automated External Defibrillator
- Heart Rhythm Irregularities
- A CLOSER LOOK: Assessing Heart Rate by Palpation and Auscultation Methods
- Heart Rate by Auscultation
- Using the Stethoscope
- Heart Rate by Palpation
- Location for the Palpation Method
- Counting Heart Rate
- Timed Heart Rate Method
- TABLE 1: Heart Rate (in Beats Per Minute; BPM) Conversion. Find the Number of Pulse Counts for 6, 10, or 15 Seconds; Read Across for the BPM
- Thirty-Beat Heart Rate Method
- TABLE 2: Conversion Chart for 30-Beat Heart Rate Method
- Timed Heart Rate Method
- Heart Rate by Auscultation
- A CLOSER LOOK: Assessing Heart Rate by Palpation and Auscultation Methods
- Effects of Physical Activity
- Blood Flow Regulation
- Local Factors
- Neural Factors
- A CLOSER LOOK: Nitric Oxide and Autoregulation of Tissue Blood Flow
- Hormonal Factors
- TABLE 10.2: Summary of Integrated Chemical, Neural, and Hormonal Adjustments Before and During Physical Activity
- Venous Return Important
- CARDIAC OUTPUT
- RESTING CARDIAC OUTPUT: UNTRAINED VERSUS TRAINED
- TABLE 10.3: Average Values for Cardiac Output, Heart Rate, and Stroke Volume for Endurance-Trained and Untrained Men at Rest and During Maximal Effort
- PHYSICAL ACTIVITY CARDIAC OUTPUT: UNTRAINED VERSUS TRAINED
- PHYSICAL ACTIVITY STROKE VOLUME
- FIGURE 10.13
- Stroke Volume and V˙O2max
- Stroke Volume Changes During Rest and Physical Activity
- Greater Systolic Emptying Versus Enhanced Diastolic Filling
- Watson Supercomputer Seeks to Predict Genetic Heart Dangers
- Ejection Fraction: A Measure of Ventricular Function
- Cardiovascular Drift: Reduced Stroke Volume and Increased Heart Rate During Prolonged Physical Activity
- Greater Systolic Emptying Versus Enhanced Diastolic Filling
- Graded Physical Activity
- FIGURE 10.14
- Submaximum Physical Activity
- At Rest
- FIGURE 10.15
- During Physical Activity
- Blood Flow Redistribution
- Heart and Brain Blood Flow
- At Rest
- During Physical Activity
- Maximum Cardiac Output and V˙O2max
- FIGURE 10.16
- Cardiac Output Differences Among Men, Women, and Children
- Rest and Physical Activity a-v¯o2 Difference
- FIGURE 10.17
- FIGURE 10.18
- CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
- ANCILLARIES AT A GLANCE
- PART 1: Neural Control of Human Movement
- HUMAN NEUROMOTOR SYSTEM ORGANIZATION
- FIGURE 11.1
- Central Nervous System: The Brain
- FIGURE 11.2
- Central Nervous System—The Spinal Cord
- FIGURE 11.3
- FIGURE 11.4
- Strategies to Relieve Lower Back Pain
- Brain Neurotransmitters
- Peripheral Nervous System
- FIGURE 11.5
- Somatic Nervous System
- Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous Systems
- FIGURE 11.6
- Sympathetic Nervous System
- Parasympathetic Nervous System
- Autonomic Reflex Arc
- FIGURE 11.7
- Types of Motor Neurons
- Complex Reflexes
- FIGURE 11.8
- Learned Reflexes
- Improving a Sports Skill—Perfect Practice Produces Perfect Performance
- Nerve Supply to Muscle
- HUMAN NEUROMOTOR SYSTEM ORGANIZATION
- MOTOR UNITS
- Motor Unit Anatomy
- Anterior Motor Neuron
- FIGURE 11.9
- Neuromuscular Junction (Motor End Plate)
- FIGURE 11.10
- Excitation
- Facilitation
- Joe Rollino—Coney Island Strongman and Superhuman Feats of Strength
- Inhibition
- Anterior Motor Neuron
- Motor Unit Anatomy
- Motor Unit Physiology
- Identifying Muscle Fibers With Motor Units
- TABLE 11.1: Characteristics and Correspondence Between Motor Units and Muscle Fiber Types
- FIGURE 11.11
- Motor Unit Twitch Characteristics
- Tension-Generating Characteristics
- All-or-None Principle
- Gradation of Force Principle
- Sports Science and Baseball Pitching Speed
- Motor Unit Recruitment
- FIGURE 11.12
- Neuromuscular Fatigability
- Identifying Muscle Fibers With Motor Units
- Muscle Spindles
- Structural Organization
- FIGURE 11.13
- Stretch Reflex
- A CLOSER LOOK: Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation Stretching
- Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation Stretching
- Performing PNF Stretches
- Guidelines for Proper PNF Stretching
- A CLOSER LOOK: Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation Stretching
- Structural Organization
- FIGURE 11.14
- Camillo Golgi
- COMPARISON OF SKELETAL, CARDIAC, AND SMOOTH MUSCLE
- TABLE 11.2: Characteristics of the Three Types of Human Muscle
- How Skeletal Muscles Develop
- GROSS STRUCTURE OF SKELETAL MUSCLE
- FIGURE 11.15
- Levels of Organization
- Medical Problems with Tendons
- Sarcolemma
- Muscles’ Chemical Composition
- A Debt of Gratitude
- Additional Protein Myofilaments
- Blood Supply
- Muscle Capillarization
- FIGURE 11.16
- Sarcomeres: Functional Units of Muscle Cells
- FIGURE 11.17
- Subcellular Systems and Muscle Function
- Actin-Myosin Orientation
- FIGURE 11.18
- FIGURE 11.19
- Intracellular Tubule Systems
- FIGURE 11.20
- Sliding-Filament Model
- FIGURE 11.21
- Muscular Contraction or Muscular Action?
- Mechanical Action of Crossbridges
- FIGURE 11.22
- Linking of Actin, Myosin, and Adenosine Triphosphate
- Like a Cocked Spring
- FIGURE 11.23
- FIGURE 11.24
- A CLOSER LOOK: Histochemical Staining Assays
- Human Fiber Type by Histochemical Assay
- TABLE 11.3: Classification of Human Skeletal Muscle Fiber Types
- FIGURE 11.25
- Fast-Twitch Muscle Fibers
- Fast-Twitch Type II Subdivisions
- Rigor Mortis
- Fast-Twitch Type II Subdivisions
- FIGURE 11.26
- Muscle Fiber Training Specificity
- CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
- ANCILLARIES AT A GLANCE
- ENDOCRINE SYSTEM OVERVIEW
- FIGURE 12.1
- TABLE 12.1: Endocrine Organs and Their Secretions
- ENDOCRINE SYSTEM ORGANIZATION
- FIGURE 12.2
- What Makes a Chemical a Hormone?
- Must Hormones Be Transported to Distant Targets?
- Hormones Exert Effects at Low Concentrations
- Hormones Bind to Receptors
- Hormone Classification
- Peptide/Protein Hormones
- Steroid Hormones
- Astronaut Immune Function Compromised During Prolonged Spaceflight
- Amine Hormones
- How Hormones Function
- FIGURE 12.3
- TABLE 12.2: Storage, Synthesis, Release Mechanism, Transport Medium, Receptor Location and Receptor-Ligand Binding, and Target Organ Response for the Peptide, Steroid, and Amine Hormones
- Caffeine Stimulates Lipolysis
- Target Cell Activation
- Hormone Effects on Enzymes
- Control of Hormone Secretion
- FIGURE 12.4
- Hormonal Stimulation
- Humoral Stimulation
- Neural Stimulation
- Hormone-Hormone Interactions
- Skeletal Muscle as an Endocrine Organ
- FIGURE 12.5
- Skeletal Muscle as an Endocrine Organ
- FIGURE 12.6
- The True Master Gland
- Growth Hormone
- Physical Activity, Growth Hormone, and Tissue Synthesis
- FIGURE 12.7
- Physical Activity, Growth Hormone, and Tissue Synthesis
- FIGURE 12.8
- Thyroid Hormones Affect Quality of Life
- Elevated Thyroid Hormones Predict Metabolic Syndrome in Females
- Don’t Blame the Hormones
- FIGURE 12.9
- Adrenal Medulla Hormones
- Adrenal Cortex Hormones
- Mineralocorticoids
- A Cause for Hypertension
- Glucocorticoids
- FIGURE 12.10
- Cardiovascular Health Status of U.S. Adolescents
- Androgens
- FIGURE 12.11
- Mineralocorticoids
- FIGURE 12.12
- Insulin Secretion
- Glucose-Insulin Interaction
- Insulin’s Functions
- FIGURE 12.13
- Glucagon Secretion
- Glucagon’s Functions
- FIGURE 12.14
- Adipose Tissue as an Endocrine Organ
- TABLE 12.3: Differences Between the Two Major Forms of Diabetes Mellitus
- A Disease of Epidemic Proportions
- TABLE 12.4: Diabetes and Prediabetes Statistics
- Diabetes Signs and Symptoms
- Are You at Risk for T2DM?
- Genetics of Diabetes
- Type 1 Diabetes
- Type 2 Diabetes
- Tests for Diabetes
- The Hemoglobin A1c Test
- Combining Five Healthy Lifestyle Changes to Reduce Diabetes Risk
- TABLE 12.5: Identifying the Metabolic Syndrome
- Physical Training Among Diabetics
- Resistance Training Reduces T2DM Risk
- A CLOSER LOOK: Metabolic Syndrome: Organs Affected, Common Characteristics, Associated Medical Conditions, and Treatment
- Treating Metabolic Syndrome
- Glycemic Control
- A CLOSER LOOK: Overweight Adults With Type 2 Diabetes Suffer Deleterious Effects
- TABLE 1: Body Composition Differences in Total Fat, LBM, and Skeletal Mass by Race and Sexa
- A CLOSER LOOK: Overweight Adults With Type 2 Diabetes Suffer Deleterious Effects
- FIGURE 12.15
- TABLE 12.6: Hormonal Response to Exercise Training
- Anterior Pituitary Hormones
- Growth Hormone and Long-Term Exercise Training
- FIGURE 12.16
- Corticotropin
- Prolactin
- Follicle-Stimulating Hormone, Luteinizing Hormone, and Testosterone
- Parathyroid Hormone
- Growth Hormone and Long-Term Exercise Training
- Posterior Pituitary Hormones
- Antidiuretic Hormone
- Oxytocin
- Thyroid Hormones
- Adrenal Hormones
- Aldosterone
- Cortisol
- Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
- FIGURE 12.17
- Insulin and Glucagon
- Pancreatic Enzymes
- Lipase, Amylase, Protease
- FIGURE 12.18
- CHAPTER 13: Training the Anaerobic and Aerobic Energy Systems
- CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
- ANCILLARIES AT A GLANCE
- TRAINING MUST FOCUS ON ENERGY REQUIREMENTS
- ENERGY FOR MOVEMENT: KNOWING WHAT TO TRAIN FOR
- GENERAL TRAINING PRINCIPLES
- FIGURE 13.1
- Overload Principle
- Specificity Principle
- Individual Differences Principle
- Reversibility Principle
- FIGURE 13.2
- EXERCISE TRAINING ADAPTATIONS
- Anaerobic System Changes
- TABLE 13.1: Changes in Resting Concentrations of PCr, Creatine, ATP, and Glycogen Following 5 Months of Heavy-Resistance Training in Nine Male Subjects
- FIGURE 13.3
- Aerobic System Changes
- TABLE 13.2: Typical Metabolic and Physiologic Values for Healthy, Endurance-Trained and Untrained Mena
- FIGURE 13.4
- Metabolic Adaptations
- Metabolic Machinery
- Enzymes
- Fat Catabolism
- FIGURE 13.5
- Carbohydrate Catabolism
- Muscle Fiber Type and Size
- Cardiovascular Adaptations
- FIGURE 13.6
- Heart Size
- A CLOSER LOOK: An Example of Physical Activity Training Specificity
- Important Contributors to Stroke Volume Increases
- Plasma Volume
- Stroke Volume
- FIGURE 13.7
- Heart Rate
- FIGURE 13.8
- Cardiac Output
- FIGURE 13.9
- Oxygen Extraction—The a−V¯O2diff
- FIGURE 13.10
- 10,000 Steps a Day: A Practical Goal for Sedentary Americans
- Blood Flow and Distribution
- Blood Pressure
- Pulmonary Adaptations
- Maximal Physical Activity
- Submaximal Physical Activity
- Blood Lactate Concentration
- FIGURE 13.11
- Body Composition Changes
- Temperature Regulation
- Endurance Performance Changes
- FIGURE 13.12
- Psychological Benefits
- Anaerobic System Changes
- FIGURE 13.13
- Initial Aerobic Fitness Level
- Optimal Training Frequency
- Optimal Training Duration
- Optimal Training Intensity
- Overly Strenuous Physical Activity Not Required
- FIGURE 13.14
- A CLOSER LOOK: Quantity and Quality of Physical Activity for Developing and Maintaining Cardiorespiratory, Musculoskeletal, and Neuromotor Fitness in Apparently Healthy Adults: Guidance for Prescribing Physical Activity
- Cardiorespiratory Exercise
- Resistance Exercise
- Flexibility Exercise
- Neuromotor Exercise
- Overly Strenuous Physical Activity Not Required
- Optimal Window for Improvement
- FIGURE 13.15
- A CLOSER LOOK: Predicting Maximum Heart Rate and the Training-Sensitive Zone
- Predicting HRmax
- Predicting HRmax for Men and Women With ≥ 30% Body Fat
- Computing Lower- and Upper-Limit Training Heart Rates
- Method 1: Percentage Method
- Method 2: Karvonen Method (Heart Rate Reserve)
- Adjust for Swimming and Other Upper-Body Activities
- Method 3: Perhaps a Modification Required
- A CLOSER LOOK: Cardiovascular Fitness Categories Using V˙O2max
- Cardiovascular Fitness Classifications Based on V˙O2max (mL ˙ kg−1 ˙ min−1)
- Determine Your “Fitness Age”
- General Guidelines
- Guidelines for Children
- Children’s Cardiorespiratory Fitness Standards
- TABLE 13.3: Standards for the Healthy Fitness Zone for 1-Mile Walk-Run Times and V˙O2maxa for Children Ages 10 to 17 Years
- Children’s Cardiorespiratory Fitness Standards
- Train at a Percentage of V˙O2max
- Train at Percentage of Maximum Heart Rate
- A More Accurate Heart Rate Prediction Formula for Men and Women of Diverse Ages
- Effectiveness of Less-Intense Activity
- Structured Physical Activity and High-Intensity Training Not Required for Health Benefits
- FIGURE 13.16
- FIGURE 13.17
- Anaerobic Training
- Intramuscular High-Energy Phosphates
- Lactate-Generating Capacity
- Prolonged Recovery Following Anaerobic Physical Activity
- Continuous Training
- Interval Training
- One-Minute Bouts of Intense Physical Activity Improve Both Fitness and Health
- A CLOSER LOOK: A Typical Aerobic Physical Activity Session
- Rationale for Interval Training
- TABLE 13.4: Guidelines for Determining Interval Training Intensities for Running and Swimming Different Distances
- One-Minute Bouts of Intense Physical Activity Improve Both Fitness and Health
- Exercise Interval
- Relief Interval
- Fartlek Training
- Symptoms of Overtraining and Staleness
- FIGURE 13.18
- Energy Cost and Physiologic Demands of Physical Activity
- Fetal Blood Supply
- Pregnancy Course and Outcome
- Fourteen Exercise Contraindications During Pregnancy
- CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
- ANCILLARIES AT A GLANCE
- PART 1 Muscular Strength: Measurement and Improvement
- FIGURE 14.1
- Contributions to the Early Science of “Strength” Activities
- FOUNDATIONS FOR STUDYING MUSCULAR STRENGTH
- OBJECTIVES OF RESISTANCE TRAINING
- RESISTANCE-TRAINING VOCABULARY
- TABLE 14.1: Definition of Selected Terms Appearing in the Resistance-Training Literature
- MUSCLE ACTION TYPES
- FIGURE 14.2
- MUSCULAR STRENGTH MEASUREMENT AND TESTING
- Isometric Muscle Testing
- FIGURE 14.3
- Eccentric/Concentric Muscle Strength Testing
- One-Repetition Maximum
- FIGURE 14.4
- Five Questions to Answer Before Initiating Resistance Training With Children
- Estimating 1-RM Strength Using Submaximum Repetitions-to-Fatigue Test Scores
- Testing Protocol
- TABLE 14.2: Estimating 1-RM From Submaximum Load (Weight) and Number of Repetitions To Use the Table, (1) Read Across the Max Reps (RM) Row and Find the Number of Repetitions Completed, (2) Read Down the Column to the Load (Weight Completed, lb) Lifted, and (3) Read Across the Row to the Far Left to Find the Estimated 1-RM
- A CLOSER LOOK: How to Assess and Evaluate One-Repetition Maximum for Bench Press and Leg Press
- Reference Values for 1-RM Bench Press and Leg Press Expressed Relative to Body Weighta
- Procedures for Bench Press Test
- Procedures for Leg Press Test
- Testing Protocol
- One-Repetition Maximum
- Isometric Muscle Testing
- A CLOSER LOOK: How to Assign Load (Resistance) and Repetition Number to Achieve Different Training Goals
- Identify Training Goals
- Assigning Load and Repetition
- Load: Repetition Continuum for Specific Training Goals
- Minimally Invasive Microtechniques for Lower Back Surgery
- Weightlifting Belts Help Reduce Injurious Compressive Forces on Spinal Disks
- Overload (Intensity)
- A CLOSER LOOK: Musculoskeletal Conditions and the Lower Back
- Resistance-Training Exercises: Potential Risks to the Lower Back
- General Back Exercises
- A CLOSER LOOK: Musculoskeletal Conditions and the Lower Back
- FIGURE 14.6
- FIGURE 14.7
- FIGURE 14.8
- Absolute Muscle Strength
- TABLE 14.3: Ratio of Female Strength to Male Strength for Different Muscle Groupsa
- Relative Muscle Strength
- FIGURE 14.9
- A CLOSER LOOK: Determining Upper Arm Muscle and Fat
- Figure 1
- Measurements
- Figure 2
- Figure 3
- Example
- Data
- Computations
- TABLE 14.4: Guidelines for Resistance Exercise for Childrena
- FIGURE 14.10
- Isometric (Static) Training
- Isometric Limitations
- Isometric Benefits
- Dynamic Constant External Resistance Training
- Progressive Resistance Exercise
- Variations of Progressive Resistance Exercise
- Responses of Men and Women to Dynamic Constant External Resistance Training (DCER)
- FIGURE 14.11
- Hold That Stretch!
- Progressive Resistance Exercise
- Experiments With Isokinetic Exercise and Training
- FIGURE 14.12
- ACSM Top Ten Fitness Trends in 2013
- FIGURE 14.13
- FIGURE 14.14
- Body Weight–Loaded Training
- Practical Implications
- FIGURE 14.15
- Sport-Specific Training Principles
- Resistance Training Plus Aerobic Training Equals Less Strength Improvement
- FIGURE 14.16
- NEURAL AND MUSCULAR ADAPTATIONS WITH RESISTANCE TRAINING
- FIGURE 14.17
- Knee Pain and Fear Avoidance: A Real-Life Experience
- NEURAL ADAPTATIONS
- Neural Adaptations Are Important
- Motor Unit Activation: Size Principle
- Muscular Strength and Puberty
- Muscle Fiber Hypertrophy
- TABLE 14.5: Physiologic Adaptations to Resistance Training
- Significant Metabolic Adaptations Occur
- Neural and Muscular Factors Determine Strength
- Muscle Remodeling: Can Fiber Type Be Changed?
- FIGURE 14.18
- A CLOSER LOOK: How to Assess Muscular Endurance
- TABLE 1: Recommended Percentage of Body Weight Lifted in Different Resistance Exercise Movements to Assess Muscular Endurance
- Curl-Up Muscular Endurance Test
- Initial Position
- Figure 1
- Movement
- The Test and Standards
- TABLE 2: Test Standards to Assess Curl-Up Performance
- Initial Position
- Push-Up Muscular Endurance Test
- Figure 2
- Initial Position
- Movement
- Standards
- TABLE 3: Test Standards to Assess Push-Up Performance of Men (Full-Body Push-Up) and Women (Modified Push-Up)
- FIGURE 14.19
- Muscle Fiber Hypertrophy and Testosterone Levels
- Muscle Fiber Hypertrophy: Male Versus Female
- TABLE 14.6: Cardiovascular Adaptations to Resistance Training
- Metabolic Stress of Resistance Training
- Circuit Resistance Training: Increased Energy Expenditure
- FIGURE 14.20
- TABLE 14.7: Energy Expenditure for Different Modes of Resistance Exercise Compared With Walkinga
- Circuit Resistance Training: Increased Energy Expenditure
- TABLE 14.8: Body Composition Changes With Resistance Traininga
- Components of Explosive Power Development
- Eccentric Actions Produce Muscle Soreness
- Cell Damage
- Altered Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
- Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness Model
- FIGURE 14.21
- CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
- ANCILLARIES AT A GLANCE
- PART 1: Mechanisms of Thermoregulation
- THERMOREGULATION
- THERMAL BALANCE
- FIGURE 15.1
- Body Temperature Measurement
- HYPOTHALAMIC REGULATION OF BODY TEMPERATURE
- TABLE 15.1: Mechanisms for Temperature Regulation
- Oral Temperature Does Not Always Measure Core Temperature
- REGULATING BODY TEMPERATURE DURING COLD AND HEAT EXPOSURE
- Cold Stress
- Heat Stress
- FIGURE 15.2
- A CLOSER LOOK: Assessing Heat Quality of the Environment: How Hot Is Too Hot?
- Figure 1
- Figure 2
- Evaporative Heat Loss at High Ambient Temperatures
- Heat Loss in High Humidity
- Different Liquids Evaporate at Different Rates
- Circulation
- Evaporation
- Hormonal Adjustments
- Cold Weather Clothing
- Warm Weather Clothing
- Football Uniforms
- PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN THE HEAT
- Circulatory Adjustments
- Vascular Constriction and Dilation
- Maintaining Blood Pressure
- Core Temperature During Physical Activity
- FIGURE 15.3
- A CLOSER LOOK: Recognizing and Treating Signs and Symptoms of Heat-Related Disorders
- What Happens During Heat Stress?
- Signs and Symptoms of Heat-Related Disorders
- Heat Illness: Causes, Signs and Symptoms, and Prevention
- Circulatory Adjustments
- FIGURE 15.4
- Magnitude of Fluid Loss in Physical Activity
- FIGURE 15.5
- Consequences of Dehydration
- TABLE 15.2: Water Requirements (L · H−1) for Rest and Varying Intensities of Work in the Heat: Indoors and Outdoors at Diverse Temperatures and Relative Humidity
- Impact of Weather on Running Performance
- Fluid Loss in Winter Environments
- Diuretic Use
- Determining the Rate and Quantity of Rehydration
- TABLE 15.3: Computing Magnitude of Sweat Loss and Rate of Sweating During Physical Activity
- A CLOSER LOOK: ACSM’s Optimal Goals for Fluid Intake When Exercising
- Pre-activity Hyperhydration
- Adequacy of Rehydration
- Optimizing Hydration
- Electrolyte Replacement
- Acclimatization
- FIGURE 15.6
- TABLE 15.4: Physiologic Adjustments During Heat Acclimatization
- Exercise Training
- Age
- Existing Age-Related Thermoregulatory Differences
- Children
- Gender
- Body Fat Level
- TABLE 15.5: Core Temperature and Associated Psychological Changes That Occur as Core Temperature Falls; Individuals Respond Differently at Each Level of Core Temperature
- Acclimatization to Cold
- Windchill Temperature Index
- FIGURE 15.7
- Three Stages of Frostbite
- Respiratory Tract During Cold Weather Activity
- ALTITUDE STRESS
- FIGURE 15.8
- FIGURE 15.9
- Oxygen Loading at Altitude
- Not Much Oxygen at the Top
- TABLE 15.6: Immediate and Longer-Term Adjustments to Altitude Hypoxia
- Immediate Adjustments to Altitude Exposure
- Fluid Loss
- Longer-Term Adjustments to Altitude Exposure
- FIGURE 15.10
- A CLOSER LOOK: Identification and Treatment of Altitude-Related Medical Problems
- Acute Mountain Sickness
- TABLE 1: Altitude-Related Medical Conditions and Symptoms
- High-Altitude Pulmonary Edema
- TABLE 2: Prevention and Treatment of High-Altitude Pulmonary Edema
- High-Altitude Cerebral Edema
- Other Conditions
- Acute Mountain Sickness
- Aerobic Capacity
- FIGURE 15.11
- Same Oxygen Cost But a Greater Stress at Altitude
- Circulatory Factors
- Difficult to Maintain Body Weight at High Altitude
- Exercise Performance
- The Lactate Paradox
- V˙O2max on Return to Sea Level
- Can Sea-Level Training Be Maintained at High Altitude?
- High-Altitude Training Versus Sea-Level Training
- Altitude Natives May Respond Differently
- “Live High, Train Low”
- RED BLOOD CELL REINFUSION
- How It Works
- Does It Work?
- FIGURE 15.12
- TABLE 15.7: Physiologic, Performance, and Hematologic Characteristics Before and 24 Hours After the Reinfusion of 750 mL of Packed Red Blood Cells
- Hormonal Blood Boosting
- Iron Anomaly Among Cyclists
- Psychological Considerations
- Physiological and Performance Effects
- Warm-Up: Physiologic Considerations
- Warm-Up and Sudden Strenuous Physical Activity: Clinical Considerations
- A Warmed-Up Muscle Enhances Sprint Cycling Performance
- Before Physical Activity
- During Physical Activity
- FIGURE 15.13
- In Recovery
- FIGURE 15.14
- CHAPTER 16: Body Composition, Obesity, and Weight Control
- CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
- ANCILLARIES AT A GLANCE
- PART 1: Human Body Composition
- MULTICOMPONENT MODEL OF BODY COMPOSITION
- FIGURE 16.1
- BEHNKE’S REFERENCE MAN AND REFERENCE WOMAN MODELS
- FIGURE 16.2
- Storage and Essential Fat
- FIGURE 16.3
- Fat-Free Body Mass and Lean Body Mass
- TABLE 16.1: Percentage Body Fat for Male and Female Athletes
- Minimal Leanness Standards
- Men
- Minnesota Semistarvation Experiments
- FIGURE 16.4
- Minnesota Semistarvation Experiments
- Men
- Women
- Low Body Fat in Marathoners
- MULTICOMPONENT MODEL OF BODY COMPOSITION
- Underweight and Thin
- LEANNESS, REGULAR PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, AND MENSTRUAL IRREGULARITY
- LBM-to-Body Fat Ratio
- When a Model Is Not Ideal
- LBM-to-Body Fat Ratio
- DIRECT ASSESSMENT
- FIGURE 16.5
- INDIRECT ASSESSMENT
- Hydrostatic Weighing (Archimedes’ Principle)
- FIGURE 16.6
- Determining Body Density
- Computing Percentage Body Fat, Fat Mass, and Fat-Free Body Mass
- Siri Equation to Predict Percentage Body Fat
- William Siri: Another Side of an Extraordinary Scientist
- Limitations of Density Assumptions
- TABLE 16.2: Percentage Body Fat Estimated From Body Density (Db) Using Age- and Gender-Specific Conversion Constants to Account for Changes in the Density of the Fat-Free Body Mass as a Child Matures
- TABLE 16.3: Equations to Predict Percentage Body Fat From Body Density (Db) Based on Different Estimates of the Fat-Free Body Density (FFDb)
- Siri Equation to Predict Percentage Body Fat
- Body Volume Measurement
- FIGURE 16.7
- Rationale for Measuring Residual Volume
- Menstrual Cycle Effects on Body Fat Computations
- Body Volume Measurement by Air Displacement
- FIGURE 16.8
- Hydrostatic Weighing (Archimedes’ Principle)
- The Caliper
- A CLOSER LOOK: Predicting Residual Lung Volume
- Residual Lung Volume Prediction Equations
- Examples
- Residual Lung Volume Prediction Equations
- A CLOSER LOOK: Predicting Residual Lung Volume
- FIGURE 16.9
- Skinfold Sites
- FIGURE 16.10
- A CLOSER LOOK: When Should Skinfold Readings Be Taken?
- User Beware
- FIGURE 16.11
- Usefulness of Girth Measurements
- A CLOSER LOOK: Choosing the Appropriate Skinfold Equation to Predict Body Fat in Diverse Populations
- Different Equations
- Equations to Predict Percentage Body Fat From Skinfolds
- Different Equations
- A CLOSER LOOK: Choosing the Appropriate Skinfold Equation to Predict Body Fat in Diverse Populations
- FIGURE 16.12
- Hydration Level Affects Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis Accuracy
- A CLOSER LOOK: How to Predict Percentage Body Fat From Girths for Overly Fat Men and Women
- Predicting Percentage Body Fat
- Examples
- A Word of Caution When Using BIA for Athletes
- A CLOSER LOOK: How to Predict Percentage Body Fat From Girths for Overly Fat Men and Women
- FIGURE 16.13
- FIGURE 16.14
- Limitations of Body Mass Index for Athletes
- BMI Misclassifies Athletes as Overweight or Obese
- Near-Infrared Interactance
- Ultrasound Assessment of Body Fat
- Computed Tomography
- FIGURE 16.15
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- FIGURE 16.16
- TABLE 16.4: Average Percentage Body Fat for Younger and Older Women and Men From Selected Studies
- A Desirable Range for Goal Body Weight
- The Supersizing of America
- FIGURE 16.17
- One in Five American Children Is Obese
- DEFINITIONS: OVERWEIGHT, OVERFAT, AND OBESE
- OBESITY: A GLOBAL EPIDEMIC
- Obesity and Minorities
- TABLE 16.5: Classification of Overweight and Obesity by BMI, Waist Circumference, and Associated Disease Risk
- Obesity and Minorities
- Overeating and Other Causative Factors
- Effect of Global Changing of Dietary Patterns
- Worldwide Food Consumption Patterns
- TABLE 16.6: Global and Regional Per Capita Food Consumption (kcal Per Capita Per Day)
- Fast Food and Obesity Link in Adolescents
- Enormous Portion Sizes
- FIGURE 16.18
- Enormous Portion Sizes
- The Good and Bad of Body Fat
- FIGURE 16.19
- FIGURE 16.20
- Obesity-Related Illness
- Physical Inactivity: An Important Component for Fat Accumulation
- FIGURE 16.21
- Percentage Body Fat
- Regional Fat Distribution
- FIGURE 16.22
- Specific Health Risks of Excessive Body Fat
- FIGURE 16.23
- Fat Cell Size and Number
- FIGURE 16.24
- A CLOSER LOOK: Calculating and Interpreting the Waist-to-Hip Girth Ratio
- Waist-to-Hip Girth Ratio and Disease Risk
- Calculating WHR
- Example 1
- Example 2
- Cellularity Differences Between Nonobese and Obese Persons
- FIGURE 16.25
- FIGURE 16.26
- FIGURE 16.27
- FIGURE 16.28
- THE ENERGY BALANCE EQUATION: THE KEY TO WEIGHT CONTROL
- FIGURE 16.29
- Consuming Excess Calories Produces Fat Gain Regardless of Nutrient Source
- References:
- A CLOSER LOOK: Computing Daily Energy (Caloric) Requirement Including Physical Activity for Weight Management and Weight Loss
- Computing Total Daily Energy Expenditure to Maintain Body Weight
- TABLE 1: Computation of Daily Total Caloric Requirement and Target Caloric Intake to Lose Weight
- Example Computations
- TABLE 2: Average 24-Hour Energy Expenditure Estimated From Body Weight (lb) Based on Different Physical Activity Levels for Men and Womena
- TABLE 3: Sample Caloric Expenditures in kcal Per Pound of Body Weight Per Minute (kcal · lb–1 · min–1)
- Computations of Target Energy Intake Required to Reduce Body Weight
- Computing Total Daily Energy Expenditure to Maintain Body Weight
- Unbalancing the Energy Balance Equation
- Energy Intake
- Energy Output
- Controversy: Can You Really Reduce 1 lb a Week With a 3500-kcal Deficit?
- Practical Illustration
- Unpredictable Mathematics of Weight Loss?
- Resting Metabolic Rate Lowered
- Set Point Theory: A Case Against Dieting
- Vicious Cycle
- The Challenge to the Weight-Loss Equation
- Vicious Cycle
- FIGURE 16.30
- Liposuction: Surgical Removal of Excess Fat
- Worldwide Liposuction Craze
- When Reality Meets the Road
- Does Surgical Fat Removal or Reshaping Have Permanent Effects?
- Worldwide Liposuction Craze
- New Fat Cells Develop as Obesity Progresses
- How to Select a Diet Plan
- Low-Carbohydrate Ketogenic Diets
- High-Protein Diets
- Confirming Evidence to Reduce Dietary Animal Fat
- Semistarvation Diets
- Early Weight Loss Largely Water
- FIGURE 16.31
- Hydration Level
- Longer-Term Deficit Promotes Fat Loss
- FIGURE 16.32
- Fat Loss Best With Aerobic Activity
- Two Misconceptions Regarding Physical Activity
- The Amount of Physical Activity Required for a 150-lb Person to Burn Off the Calories in Popular Foods
- Misconception 1: Increased Physical Activity and Food Intake
- Misconception 2: Low Caloric Stress of Physical Activity
- Effectiveness of Regular Physical Activity
- FIGURE 16.33
- High-Intensity Physical Activity May Boost Recovery Metabolism
- FIGURE 16.34
- Dose-Response Relationship
- Optimal Physical Activity Frequency
- Self-Selected Energy Expenditures: Mode of Physical Activity
- More Fat and Less Muscle With Regained Weight
- Physical Activity Prevents Fat Infiltration Into Muscle
- Promising Animal Studies of Exercise Effects on Improving Brain Function
- Increase Lean Mass, Not Body Fat
- Use It or Lose It
- FIGURE 16.35
- CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
- ANCILLARIES AT A GLANCE
- PART 1: The Graying of America
- FIGURE 17.1
- FIGURE 17.2
- THE NEW GERONTOLOGY: SUCCESSFUL AGING
- Healthy Life Expectancy
- FIGURE 17.3
- Healthy Life Expectancy
- SUMMARY
- THINK IT THROUGH
- Terminology
- FIGURE 17.4
- Activities of Americans Who Report Regular Physical Activity
- Physical Activity Participation
- Getting America More Physically Active
- FIGURE 17.5
- A CLOSER LOOK: How to Assess Joint Flexibility in Common Body Areas
- Specificity and Flexibility
- Five Common Field Tests of Static Flexibility
- Test 1: Hip and Trunk Flexibility (Modified Sit-and-Reach Test)
- Modified Sit and Reach, Age Range
- Test 2: Shoulder-Wrist Flexibility (Shoulder and Wrist Elevation Test)
- Shoulder and Wrist Elevation (in inches)
- Test 3: Trunk and Neck Flexibility (Trunk and Neck Extension Test)
- Trunk and Neck Extension (in inches)
- Test 4: Shoulder Flexibility (Shoulder Rotation Test)
- Shoulder Rotation (in inches)
- Test 5: Ankle Flexibility (Ankle Flexion Test)
- Ankle Flexion (in inches)
- Test 1: Hip and Trunk Flexibility (Modified Sit-and-Reach Test)
- Death Risk for Marathoners Is Lower Than Expected
- Prevalence of Sitting for U.S. Population
- FIGURE 17.6
- FIGURE 17.7
- AGING AND MUSCULAR STRENGTH
- Decrease in Muscle Mass
- Muscle Trainability in Middle Age and the Elderly
- FIGURE 17.8
- FIGURE 17.9
- Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis
- Adrenal Cortex
- Growth Hormone and Insulinlike Growth Factor-1 Axis
- FIGURE 17.10
- Maximal Oxygen Uptake
- FIGURE 17.11
- Aging Response to Training
- Maximum Heart Rate: Age-Related Changes
- FIGURE 17.12
- Additional Cardiovascular Changes
- FIGURE 17.13
- FIGURE 17.14
- Cellular Level Changes
- Brief Periods of Regular Physical Activity May Protect Health and Extend Life
- Other Considerations
- Vulnerable Plaque: Difficult to Detect Yet Lethal
- Vulnerable Patients
- CHD: A Lifelong Process
- FIGURE 17.15
- Heart Attack Warning Signs
- Heart Attack Versus Cardiac Arrest
- Risks Develop at an Early Age
- The Cardiovascular Disease Epidemic
- CORONARY HEART DISEASE RISK FACTORS
- TABLE 17.1: Modifiable and Unmodifiable Risk Factors Most Frequently Associated With Coronary Heart Disease
- Cigarette Smoking
- Blood Lipid Abnormalities
- FIGURE 17.16
- Behavioral Factors That Affect Blood Lipids
- Hypertension
- Should Cholesterol Be Measured in Children?
- Diabetes
- FIGURE 17.17
- Other Coronary Heart Disease Risk Factor Candidates
- Age, Gender, and Heredity
- Immunologic Factors
- Homocysteine (Optimal Levels = <10 to 12 mcmol · L–1)
- Diabetes Risk Lowered With Regular Physical Activity
- Excessive Body Fat (See Chapter 16 for Optimal Levels)
- Physical Inactivity
- TABLE 17.2: Possible Mechanisms for Eight Beneficial Effects of Regular Aerobic Physical Activity on Risk of Coronary Heart Disease and Mortality
- C-Reactive Protein
- Lipoprotein(a)
- Sitting Too Much, Not Just Lack of Physical Activity, Detrimental to Cardiovascular Health
- Fibrinogen
- Coronary Heart Disease Risk Factor Interactions
- FIGURE 17.18
- Coronary Heart Disease Risk Factors in Children
- FIGURE 17.19
- A CLOSER LOOK: Calculate Your Coronary Heart Disease Risk
- Framingham 10-Year CHD Risk Estimate Worksheet
- Causes of Death in the United States
- FIGURE 17.20
- Health Risk to Teens by Increased e-Cigarette Use
- Increased Physical Activity and Exercise Improve Health and Extend Life
- FIGURE 17.21
- Improved Fitness: A Little Goes a Long Way
- FIGURE 17.22
- Structured Physical Activity Not Necessary
- Changes in Physical Activity and Mortality Among Older Women
- SUMMARY
- THINK IT THROUGH
- CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
- ANCILLARIES AT A GLANCE
- TABLE 18.1: Clinical Areas and Corresponding Diseases and Disorders Where Exercise Therapy Applies
- PART 1: The Clinical Exercise Physiologist: A Vital Link Between Sports Medicine and Exercise Physiology
- TABLE 18.2: Health Benefits of Regular Physical Activitya
- TRAINING AND CERTIFICATION PROGRAMS FOR PROFESSIONAL EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGISTS
- A CLOSER LOOK: What’s in a Name?
- Education for Personal Trainers Takes Precedence Over Experience
- SUMMARY
- THINK IT THROUGH
- PART 2: Cardiovascular Diseases and Disorders
- TABLE 18.3: Three Categories of Heart Disease That Lead to Functional Disability
- Diseases of the Heart Muscle
- Angina Pectoris
- TABLE 18.4: Similarity of Symptoms of Angina and Heartburn
- FIGURE 18.1
- Myocardial Infarction
- FIGURE 18.2
- Pericarditis
- Heart Failure
- Aneurysm
- Angina Pectoris
- Heart Valve Diseases
- Endocarditis
- Congenital Malformations
- Mitral Valve Prolapse
- Cardiac Nervous System Diseases
- CARDIAC DISEASE ASSESSMENT
- Patient Medical History
- TABLE 18.5: Chest Pain Diagnosis
- Physical Examination
- Heart Auscultation
- Laboratory-Based Screening and Assessment
- TABLE 18.6: Six Categories for ECG Interpretation
- TABLE 18.7: Normal and Abnormal ECG Changes Commonly Observed During Exercise
- Noninvasive Physiologic Screening and Assessment
- Echocardiography
- FIGURE 18.3
- Graded Exercise Stress Test
- Echocardiography
- Major Signs and Symptoms of Cardiopulmonary Disease
- Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and Physical Activity
- Why Stress Test?
- Who Should Be Stress Tested?
- TABLE 18.8: Recommendations for Medical Examination, Graded Exercise Stress Testing (GXT), and Physician Supervision of GXT Before Participation in an Exercise Program
- Informed Consent
- TABLE 18.9: Example of Informed Consent for a Grade Exercise Stress Test
- A CLOSER LOOK: Assessing Readiness for Physical Activity: The Par-Q Screening Tool
- Contraindications to Stress Testing
- Absolute Contraindications to Stress Testing
- Relative Contraindications to Stress Testing
- Maximal Versus Submaximal Stress Testing
- TABLE 18.10: Criteria for Stopping a GXT in Apparently Health Adults
- Stress Test Protocols
- Treadmill Tests.
- TABLE 18.11: Modified Treadmill Protocols for Different Populations
- Cycle Ergometer Tests.
- Arm-Crank Ergometer Tests.
- FIGURE 18.4
- Treadmill Tests.
- Safety of Stress Testing
- Stress Test Outcomes
- Stress Testing the “Oldest-Old”
- Patient Medical History
- Exercise-Induced Indicators of Coronary Heart Disease
- Exercise-Induced Electrocardiographic Indicators of Coronary Heart Disease
- Angina Pectoris
- Electrocardiographic Disorders
- FIGURE 18.5
- A CLOSER LOOK: Determining Heart Rate From an Electrocardiographic Tracing
- Standard Electrocardiogram Tracing
- Figure 1.
- Determining Heart Rate
- Method 1
- Figure 2.
- Method 2
- Method 3
- Method 1
- Standard Electrocardiogram Tracing
- Exercise-Induced Electrocardiographic Indicators of Coronary Heart Disease
- Regular Exercise Can Produce Unexpected Adverse Metabolic Responses
- Hypertensive or Hypotensive Response
- Heart Rate Response
- FIGURE 18.6
- Guidelines
- Supervision of Cardiac Exercise Program
- TABLE 18.12: ACSM Categories for Exercise Programs Related to Patient Symptoms
- Supervision of Cardiac Exercise Program
- TABLE 18.13: Cardiac Medications: Their Use, Side Effects, and Effects on Exercise Response
- TABLE 18.14: Guidelines for Risk Stratification From the AHA When Considering an Exercise Program
- Inpatient Programs
- Outpatient Programs
- Resistance-Training Prescription
- Beneficial Effects of Resistance Exercise
- Resistance-Training Prescription
- Restrictive Lung Dysfunction
- TABLE 18.15: Major Restrictive Lung Diseases and Their Causes, Signs and Symptoms, and Treatments
- Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
- TABLE 18.16: Difference Among Major Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases
- Chronic Bronchitis
- FIGURE 18.7
- Emphysema
- FIGURE 18.8
- FIGURE 18.9
- Cystic Fibrosis
- TABLE 18.17: Clinical Signs and Symptoms of Cystic Fibrosis and Related Pulmonary Involvement
- FIGURE 18.10
- Eight Factors Predisposing to Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
- Physical Activity and Asthma
- FIGURE 18.11
- Stroke
- Clinical Features
- Physical Activity Prescription
- Multiple Sclerosis
- Clinical Features
- Physical Activity Prescription
- Parkinson Disease
- Clinical Features
- Physical Activity Prescription
- SUMMARY
- THINK IT THROUGH
- Clinical Features
- Physical Activity Prescription
- Apollo Space Program Develops Critical Care Dialysis System
- SUMMARY
- THINK IT THROUGH
- Clinical Features
- TABLE 18.18: Cancer Therapies and Their Complications
- Physical Activity Prescription
- TABLE 18.19: Nine Special Precautions for Testing the Functional Capacity of Cancer Patients
- TABLE 18.20: General Aerobic Exercise Guidelines for Otherwise Healthy Cancer Survivors
- Breast Cancer
- FIGURE 18.12
- Resistance Training Helps Breast Cancer Survivors
- SUMMARY
- THINK IT THROUGH
- Clinical Features
- TABLE 18.21: Twelve Common Signs and Symptoms of Depression
- Physical Activity Prescription
- Just A Little Physical Activity Adds Life to Seniors 85+ Years
- Known Benefits of Regular Physical Activity
- SUMMARY
- THINK IT THROUGH
- APPENDIX A: The Metric System and Conversion Constants in Exercise Physiology
- THE METRIC SYSTEM
- Units of Length
- UNITS OF WEIGHT
- Units of Weight
- Units of Volume
- Temperature
- Units of Speed
- Common Expressions of Work, Energy, and Power
- TERMINOLOGY AND UNITS OF MEASUREMENT
- SI UNITS
- Definitions of Common SI Units
- Base Units of SI Nomenclature
- Base Units of SI Style Guidelines
- THE METRIC SYSTEM
- Dietary Guidelines for Americans: Changing Goals and Recommendations
- TABLE B.1: Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs): Recommended Intakes for Individuals: Vitamins
- TABLE B.2: Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs): Recommended Intakes for Individuals: Minerals
- STANDARDIZING GAS VOLUMES: ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
- TABLE C.1: Vapor Pressure PH2O of Wet Gas at Temperatures Normally Encountered in the Laboratory
- TABLE C.2: BTPS Factors
- CALCULATION OF OXYGEN UPTAKE
- CALCULATION OF CARBON DIOXIDE PRODUCTION
- CALCULATION OF RESPIRATORY QUOTIENT
- SAMPLE METABOLIC CALCULATIONS
- TABLE C.3: Factors to Reduce Moist Gas to a Dry Gas Volume at 0°C and 760 mm Hg
- CHART D.1: Conversion Constants to Predict Percentage Body Fat for Young Mena
- CHART D.2: Conversion Constants to Predict Percentage Body Fat for Older Mena
- CHART D.3: Conversion Constants to Predict Percentage Body Fat for Young Womena
- CHART D.4: Conversion Constants to Predict Percentage Body Fat for Older Womena
- THE NOMOGRAM
- FIGURE E.1
- VARIABLES
- USING THE NOMOGRAM
- EXAMPLE
- CAUTION
- EQUATIONS
- REFERENCES
UM RAFBÆKUR Á HEIMKAUP.IS
Bókahillan þín er þitt svæði og þar eru bækurnar þínar geymdar. Þú kemst í bókahilluna þína hvar og hvenær sem er í tölvu eða snjalltæki. Einfalt og þægilegt!Rafbók til eignar
Rafbók til eignar þarf að hlaða niður á þau tæki sem þú vilt nota innan eins árs frá því bókin er keypt.
Þú kemst í bækurnar hvar sem er
Þú getur nálgast allar raf(skóla)bækurnar þínar á einu augabragði, hvar og hvenær sem er í bókahillunni þinni. Engin taska, enginn kyndill og ekkert vesen (hvað þá yfirvigt).
Auðvelt að fletta og leita
Þú getur flakkað milli síðna og kafla eins og þér hentar best og farið beint í ákveðna kafla úr efnisyfirlitinu. Í leitinni finnur þú orð, kafla eða síður í einum smelli.
Glósur og yfirstrikanir
Þú getur auðkennt textabrot með mismunandi litum og skrifað glósur að vild í rafbókina. Þú getur jafnvel séð glósur og yfirstrikanir hjá bekkjarsystkinum og kennara ef þeir leyfa það. Allt á einum stað.
Hvað viltu sjá? / Þú ræður hvernig síðan lítur út
Þú lagar síðuna að þínum þörfum. Stækkaðu eða minnkaðu myndir og texta með multi-level zoom til að sjá síðuna eins og þér hentar best í þínu námi.
Fleiri góðir kostir
- Þú getur prentað síður úr bókinni (innan þeirra marka sem útgefandinn setur)
- Möguleiki á tengingu við annað stafrænt og gagnvirkt efni, svo sem myndbönd eða spurningar úr efninu
- Auðvelt að afrita og líma efni/texta fyrir t.d. heimaverkefni eða ritgerðir
- Styður tækni sem hjálpar nemendum með sjón- eða heyrnarskerðingu
- Gerð : 208
- Höfundur : 5802
- Útgáfuár : 2015
- Leyfi : 379