Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology, Global Edition
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For one-semester courses in anatomy & physiology. Celebrated for its precise illustrations, emphasis on integration, and engaging clinical content, Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology is crafted especially for students with no prior knowledge of anatomy & physiology and little science background. The 8th Edition guides students through tough A&P topics, helping them retain challenging content in the fast-paced one-semester A&P course.
Annað
- Höfundar: Frederic H. Martini, Edwin F. Bartholomew
- Útgáfa:8
- Útgáfudagur: 2020-06-25
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- Format:Page Fidelity
- ISBN 13: 9781292348797
- Print ISBN: 9781292348667
- ISBN 10: 1292348798
Efnisyfirlit
- Title Page
- Copyright Page
- Text and Illustration Team
- Preface
- Contents
- 1 An Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
- An Introduction to Studying the Human Body
- 1-1 All living things display responsiveness, growth, reproduction, movement, and metabolism
- 1-2 Anatomy is structure, and physiology is function
- Anatomy
- Physiology
- 1-3 Levels of organization progress from atoms and molecules to a complete organism
- 1-4 The human body consists of 11 organ systems
- 1-5 Homeostasis is the state of internal balance
- 1-6 Negative feedback opposes variations from normal, whereas positive feedback exaggerates them
- Negative Feedback
- Positive Feedback
- 1-7 Anatomical terms describe body regions, anatomical positions and directions, and body sections
- Surface Anatomy
- Sectional Anatomy
- 1-8 Body cavities of the trunk protect internal organs and allow them to change shape
- The Thoracic Cavity
- The Abdominopelvic Cavity
- SPOTLIGHT
- Levels of Organization
- CLINICAL NOTES
- Homeostasis and Disease
- Imaging Techniques
- Chapter Review
- 2 The Chemical Level of Organization
- An Introduction to the Chemical Level of Organization
- 2-1 Atoms are the basic particles of matter
- Atomic Structure
- Isotopes
- Atomic Weight
- Electron Shells
- 2-2 Chemical bonds are forces formed by interactions between atoms
- Ionic Bonds
- Covalent Bonds
- Hydrogen Bonds
- 2-3 Decomposition, synthesis, and exchange reactions are important chemical reactions in physiology
- Basic Energy Concepts
- Types of Reactions
- Reversible Reactions
- 2-4 Enzymes catalyze specific biochemical reactions by lowering a reaction's activation energy
- 2-5 Inorganic compounds usually lack carbon, and organic compounds always contain carbon
- 2-6 Physiological systems depend on water
- 2-7 Body fluid pH is vital for homeostasis
- 2-8 Acids, bases, and salts have important physiological roles
- Salts
- Buffers and pH
- 2-9 Carbohydrates contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio
- Monosaccharides
- Disaccharides and Polysaccharides
- 2-10 Lipids contain a carbon-to-hydrogen ratio of 1:2
- Fatty Acids
- Fats
- Steroids
- Phospholipids
- 2-11 Proteins contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen and are formed from amino acids
- Protein Function
- Protein Structure
- Enzyme Function
- 2-12 DNA and RNA are nucleic acids
- Structure of Nucleic Acids
- 2-13 ATP is a high-energy compound used by cells
- 2-14 Chemicals form functional units called cells
- SPOTLIGHT
- Chemical Notation
- CLINICAL NOTE
- Too Sweet on Sugar?
- Chapter Review
- 3 Cell Structure and Function
- An Introduction to Cell Structure and Function
- 3-1 The study of cells provides the foundation for understanding human physiology
- The Study of Cells
- An Overview of Cell Anatomy
- 3-2 The plasma membrane separates the cell from its surrounding environment and performs various fun
- Membrane Lipids
- Membrane Proteins
- Membrane Carbohydrates
- 3-3 Diffusion is a passive transport process that assists membrane passage
- Diffusion
- 3-4 Carrier-mediated and vesicular transport processes assist membrane passage
- Carrier-Mediated Transport
- Vesicular Transport
- 3-5 Organelles within the cytoplasm perform specific functions
- The Cytosol
- The Organelles
- 3-6 The nucleus contains DNA and enzymes essential for controlling cellular activities
- Nuclear Structure and Contents
- Information Storage in the Nucleus
- 3-7 DNA controls protein synthesis, cell structure, and cell function
- Transcription
- Translation
- 3-8 Stages of a cell's life cycle include interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis
- Interphase
- Mitosis
- Cytokinesis
- 3-9 Tumors and cancers are characterized by abnormal cell growth and division
- 3-10 Cellular differentiation is cellular specialization as a result of gene activation or repressio
- SPOTLIGHT
- Anatomy of a Model Cell
- Protein Synthesis, Processing, and Packaging
- CLINICAL NOTES
- Inheritable Mitochondrial Disorders
- DNA Fingerprinting
- Mutations and Mosaicism
- Chapter Review
- 4 The Tissue Level of Organization
- An Introduction to the Tissue Level of Organization
- 4-1 The four tissue types are epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous
- 4-2 Epithelial tissue covers body surfaces, lines cavities and tubular structures, and serves essent
- Functions of Epithelia
- Intercellular Connections
- The Epithelial Surface
- The Basement Membrane
- Epithelial Renewal and Repair
- 4-3 Cell shape and number of layers determine the classification of epithelia
- Cell Layers
- Cell Shapes
- Classification of Epithelia
- Glandular Epithelia
- 4-4 Connective tissue provides a protective structural framework for other tissue types
- Connective Tissue Proper
- Types of Connective Tissue Proper
- Fluid Connective Tissues
- Supporting Connective Tissues
- 4-5 Tissue membranes are physical barriers of four types: mucous, serous, cutaneous, and synovial
- Mucous Membranes
- Serous Membranes
- The Cutaneous Membrane
- Synovial Membranes
- 4-6 The three types of muscle tissue are skeletal, cardiac, and smooth
- Skeletal Muscle Tissue
- Cardiac Muscle Tissue
- Smooth Muscle Tissue
- 4-7 Nervous tissue responds to stimuli and propagates electrical impulses throughout the body
- 4-8 The response to tissue injury involves inflammation and regeneration
- 4-9 With advancing age, tissue repair declines and cancer rates increase
- Aging and Tissue Structure
- Aging and Cancer Rates
- SPOTLIGHT
- Inflammation and Regeneration
- CLINICAL NOTES
- Exfoliative Cytology
- Marfan Syndrome
- Adipose Tissue and Weight Control
- Cartilages and Joint Injuries
- Chapter Review
- 5 The Integumentary System
- An Introduction to the Integumentary System
- 5-1 The epidermis is composed of strata (layers) with various functions
- Stratum Basale
- Intermediate Strata
- Stratum Corneum
- 5-2 Epidermal pigmentation and dermal circulation influence skin color
- The Role of Pigmentation
- The Role of Dermal Circulation
- 5-3 Sunlight has beneficial and detrimental effects on the skin
- The Epidermis and Vitamin D3
- Skin Cancers
- 5-4 The dermis is the tissue layer that supports the epidermis
- 5-5 The subcutaneous layer connects the dermis to underlying tissues
- 5-6 Hair is composed of dead, keratinized cells that have been pushed to the skin surface
- The Structure of Hair and Hair Follicles
- Functions of Hair
- Hair Color
- 5-7 Sebaceous glands and sweat glands are exocrine glands found in the skin
- Sebaceous (Oil) Glands
- Sweat Glands
- 5-8 Nails are keratinized epidermal cells that protect the tips of fingers and toes
- 5-9 After an injury, the integument is repaired in several phases
- Repair of Skin Injuries
- Effects of Burns
- 5-10 Effects of aging include dermal thinning, wrinkling, and reduced melanocyte activity
- SPOTLIGHT
- The Epidermis
- CLINICAL NOTES
- Drug Administration through the Skin
- Disorders of Keratin Production
- Dermatitis
- Hair Loss
- Burns
- Chapter Review
- 6 The Skeletal System
- An Introduction to the Skeletal System
- 6-1 The skeletal system has five major functions
- 6-2 Bones are classified according to shape and structure
- Macroscopic Features of Bone
- Microscopic Features of Bone
- 6-3 Ossification and appositional growth are processes of bone formation and enlargement
- Intramembranous Ossification
- Endochondral Ossification
- Bone Growth and Body Proportions
- Requirements for Normal Bone Growth
- 6-4 Bone growth and development depend on a balance between bone formation and resorption, and on ca
- The Role of Remodeling in Support
- The Skeleton as a Calcium Reserve
- Repair of Fractures
- 6-5 Osteopenia has a widespread effect on aging skeletal tissue
- 6-6 The bones of the skeleton are distinguished by bone markings and grouped into two skeletal divis
- Bone Markings (Surface Features)
- Skeletal Divisions
- 6-7 The bones of the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage make up the axial skeleton
- The Skull
- The Vertebral Column and Thoracic Cage
- 6-8 The pectoral girdles and upper limb bones, and the pelvic girdle and lower limb bones, make up t
- The Pectoral Girdles
- The Upper Limb
- The Pelvic Girdle
- The Lower Limb
- 6-9 Joints are categorized according to their range of motion or anatomical organization
- Immovable Joints (Synarthroses)
- Slightly Movable Joints (Amphiarthroses)
- Freely Movable Joints (Diarthroses)
- 6-10 The structure and functions of synovial joints enable various skeletal movements
- Types of Movements at Synovial Joints
- Types of Synovial Joints
- 6-11 Intervertebral joints and appendicular joints demonstrate functional differences in support and
- Intervertebral Joints
- Joints of the Upper Limb
- Joints of the Lower Limb
- 6-12 The skeletal system supports and stores energy and minerals for other body systems
- SPOTLIGHT
- Synovial Joints
- CLINICAL NOTES
- Types of Fractures and Steps in Repair
- Osteoporosis
- Rheumatism and Arthritis
- Hip Fractures
- Chapter Review
- 7 The Muscular System
- An Introduction to Muscle Tissue
- 7-1 Skeletal muscle performs five primary functions
- 7-2 A skeletal muscle contains muscle tissue, connective tissues, blood vessels, and nerves
- Connective Tissue Organization
- Blood Vessels and Nerves
- 7-3 Skeletal muscle fibers have distinctive features
- The Sarcolemma and Transverse Tubules
- Myofibrils
- The Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
- Sarcomeres
- 7-4 The nervous system and skeletal muscles communicate at neuromuscular junctions
- The Neuromuscular Junction
- The Contraction Cycle
- 7-5 Sarcomere shortening and muscle fiber stimulation produce tension
- Frequency of Muscle Fiber Stimulation
- Number of Muscle Fibers Activated
- Isotonic and Isometric Contractions
- Muscle Elongation Following Contraction
- 7-6 ATP is the energy source for muscle contraction
- ATP and CP Reserves
- ATP Generation
- Energy Use and the Level of Muscle Activity
- Muscle Fatigue
- The Recovery Period
- 7-7 Muscle performance depends on muscle fiber type and physical conditioning
- Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibers
- Physical Conditioning
- 7-8 Cardiac and smooth muscle tissues differ in structure and function from skeletal muscle tissue
- Cardiac Muscle Tissue
- Smooth Muscle Tissue
- 7-9 Descriptive terms are used to name skeletal muscles
- Origins, Insertions, and Actions
- Names of Skeletal Muscles
- 7-10 Axial muscles are muscles of the head and neck, vertebral column, trunk, and pelvic floor
- Muscles of the Head and Neck
- Muscles of the Spine
- The Axial Muscles of the Trunk
- Muscles of the Pelvic Floor
- 7-11 Appendicular muscles are muscles of the shoulders, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, and lower limbs
- Muscles of the Shoulders and Upper Limbs
- Muscles of the Pelvis and Lower Limbs
- 7-12 The size and power of muscle tissue decrease with advancing age
- 7-13 Exercise produces responses in multiple body systems
- SPOTLIGHTS
- Events at the Neuromuscular Junction
- The Contraction Cycle
- CLINICAL NOTES
- Interference at the NMJ and Muscular Paralysis
- Rigor Mortis
- Tetanus
- Hernias
- Intramuscular Injections
- Chapter Review
- 8 The Nervous System
- An Introduction to the Nervous System
- 8-1 The nervous system has anatomical and functional divisions
- 8-2 Neurons are specialized for intercellular communication and are supported by cells called neurog
- Neurons
- Neuroglia
- Organization of Neurons in the Nervous System
- 8-3 In neurons, a change in the plasma membrane's electrical potential may result in an action poten
- The Membrane Potential
- Propagation of an Action Potential
- 8-4 At synapses, communication takes place among neurons or between neurons and other cells
- Structure of a Synapse
- Synaptic Function and Neurotransmitters
- Neuronal Pools
- 8-5 The brain and spinal cord are surrounded by three layers of membranes called the meninges
- The Dura Mater
- The Arachnoid
- The Pia Mater
- 8-6 The spinal cord contains gray matter surrounded by white matter and connects to 31 pairs of spin
- Gross Anatomy
- Sectional Anatomy
- 8-7 The brain has several principal structures, each with specific functions
- The Major Regions of the Brain
- The Ventricles of the Brain
- The Cerebrum
- The Diencephalon
- The Midbrain
- The Pons
- The Cerebellum
- The Medulla Oblongata
- 8-8 The PNS connects the CNS with the body's external and internal environments
- The Cranial Nerves
- The Spinal Nerves
- Nerve Plexuses
- 8-9 Reflexes are rapid, automatic responses to stimuli
- Simple Reflexes
- Complex Reflexes
- Integration and Control of Spinal Reflexes
- 8-10 Separate pathways carry sensory information and motor commands
- Sensory Pathways
- Motor Pathways
- 8-11 The autonomic nervous system, composed of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions, is inv
- The Sympathetic Division
- The Parasympathetic Division
- Relationships between the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions
- 8-12 Aging produces various structural and functional changes in the nervous system
- 8-13 The nervous system is closely integrated with other body systems
- SPOTLIGHTS
- The Generation of an Action Potential
- Propagation of an Action Potential
- CLINICAL NOTES
- Demyelination Disorders
- Epidural and Subdural Hemorrhages
- Spinal Cord Injuries
- Aphasia and Dyslexia
- Seizures
- Cerebral Palsy
- Alzheimer's Disease
- Chapter Review
- 9 The General and Special Senses
- An Introduction to General and Special Senses
- 9-1 Sensory receptors connect our internal and external environments with the nervous system
- 9-2 General sensory receptors are classified by the type of stimulus that excites them
- Pain
- Temperature
- Touch, Pressure, and Position
- Chemical Detection
- 9-3 Olfaction, the sense of smell, involves olfactory receptors responding to chemical stimuli
- The Olfactory Pathways
- 9-4 Gustation, the sense of taste, involves taste receptors responding to chemical stimuli
- The Taste Pathways
- 9-5 Internal eye structures contribute to vision, while accessory eye structures provide protection
- The Accessory Structures of the Eye
- The Eye
- 9-6 Photoreceptors respond to light and change it into electrical signals essential to visual physio
- Rods and Cones
- Photoreceptor Structure
- Photoreception
- The Visual Pathways
- 9-7 Equilibrium sensations originate within the internal ear, while hearing involves the detection a
- Anatomy of the Ear
- Equilibrium
- Hearing
- 9-8 Aging is accompanied by a noticeable decline in the special senses
- Smell and Aging
- Taste and Aging
- Vision and Aging
- Equilibrium and Aging
- Hearing and Aging
- SPOTLIGHT
- Refractive Problems
- CLINICAL NOTES
- Cataracts
- Visual Acuity
- Night Blindness
- Hearing Deficits
- Chapter Review
- 10 The Endocrine System
- An Introduction to the Endocrine System
- 10-1 Homeostasis is preserved through intercellular communication
- 10-2 The endocrine system regulates physiological processes through the binding of hormones to recep
- The Structure of Hormones
- Hormone Action
- The Secretion and Distribution of Hormones
- The Control of Endocrine Activity
- 10-3 The bilobed pituitary gland is an endocrine organ that releases nine peptide hormones
- The Anterior Lobe of the Pituitary Gland
- The Posterior Lobe of the Pituitary Gland
- 10-4 The thyroid gland synthesizes thyroid hormones that affect the rate of metabolism
- Thyroid Follicles and Thyroid Hormones
- The C Cells of the Thyroid Gland and Calcitonin
- 10-5 The four parathyroid glands, embedded in the posterior surfaces of the thyroid gland, secrete p
- 10-6 The adrenal glands, consisting of a cortex and a medulla, cap each kidney and secrete several h
- The Adrenal Cortex
- The Adrenal Medulla
- 10-7 The pineal gland, attached to the third ventricle, secretes melatonin
- 10-8 The endocrine pancreas produces insulin and glucagon, hormones that regulate blood glucose leve
- Diabetes Mellitus
- 10-9 Many organs have secondary endocrine functions
- The Intestines
- The Kidneys
- The Heart
- The Thymus
- The Gonads
- Adipose Tissue
- 10-10 Hormones interact to produce coordinated physiological responses
- Hormones and Growth
- Hormones and Stress
- Hormones and Behavior
- Hormones and Aging
- 10-11 Extensive integration occurs between the endocrine system and other body systems
- SPOTLIGHT
- The General Adaptation Syndrome
- CLINICAL NOTES
- Diabetes Insipidus
- Diabetes Mellitus
- Hormones and Athletic Performance
- Endocrine Disorders
- Chapter Review
- 11 The Cardiovascular System: Blood
- An Introduction to the Cardiovascular System
- 11-1 Blood has several important functions and unique physical characteristics
- Composition of Blood
- Blood Collection and Analysis
- 11-2 Plasma, the fluid portion of blood, contains significant quantities of plasma proteins
- Plasma Proteins
- 11-3 Red blood cells, formed by erythropoiesis, contain hemoglobin that can be recycled
- Abundance of Red Blood Cells
- Structure of RBCs
- Hemoglobin Structure and Function
- RBC Life Span and Circulation
- RBC Formation
- 11-4 The ABO blood types and Rh system are based on antigen–antibody responses
- Cross-Reactions in Transfusions
- Testing for Blood Compatibility
- 11-5 The various types of white blood cells contribute to the body's defenses
- WBC Circulation and Movement
- Types of WBCs
- The Differential Count and Changes in WBC Abundance
- WBC Formation
- 11-6 Platelets, disc-shaped structures formed from megakaryocytes, function in the clotting process
- 11-7 Hemostasis involves vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, and blood coagulation
- Phases of Hemostasis
- The Clotting Process
- Clot Retraction and Removal
- SPOTLIGHT
- The Composition of Whole Blood
- CLINICAL NOTES
- Abnormal Hemoglobin
- Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn
- Abnormal Hemostasis
- Chapter Review
- 12 The Cardiovascular System: The Heart
- The Heart's Role in the Cardiovascular System
- 12-1 The heart is a four-chambered organ, supplied by coronary circulation, that pumps oxygen-poor b
- The Surface Anatomy of the Heart
- The Heart Wall
- Internal Anatomy and Organization
- 12-2 Contractile cells and the conducting system produce each heartbeat, and an electrocardiogram re
- Contractile Cells
- The Conducting System
- The Electrocardiogram
- 12-3 Events during a complete heartbeat make up a cardiac cycle
- Phases of the Cardiac Cycle
- Heart Sounds
- 12-4 Heart dynamics examines the factors that affect cardiac output
- Blood Volume Reflexes
- Autonomic Innervation
- Hormones
- SPOTLIGHT
- The Heart: Internal Anatomy and Blood Flow
- CLINICAL NOTES
- Heart Valve Disorders
- Abnormal Conditions Affecting Cardiac Output
- Chapter Review
- 13 The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels and Circulation
- An Introduction to Blood Vessels and Circulation
- 13-1 Arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins differ in size, structure, and function
- The Structure of Vessel Walls
- Arteries
- Capillaries
- Veins
- 13-2 Pressure and resistance determine blood flow and affect rates of capillary exchange
- Factors Affecting Blood Flow
- Cardiovascular Pressures within the Systemic Circuit
- 13-3 Cardiovascular regulation involves autoregulation, neural processes, and endocrine responses
- Autoregulation of Blood Flow within Tissues
- Neural Control of Blood Pressure and Blood Flow
- Hormones and Cardiovascular Regulation
- 13-4 The cardiovascular system adapts to physiological stress
- Exercise and the Cardiovascular System
- The Cardiovascular Response to Hemorrhage
- 13-5 The pulmonary and systemic circuits of the cardiovascular system exhibit three general function
- 13-6 In the pulmonary circuit, deoxygenated blood enters the lungs in arteries, and oxygenated blood
- 13-7 The systemic circuit carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to tissues other than the
- Systemic Arteries
- Systemic Veins
- 13-8 Modifications of fetal and maternal cardiovascular systems promote the exchange of materials un
- Placental Blood Supply
- Fetal Circulation in the Heart and Great Vessels
- Circulatory Changes at Birth
- 13-9 Aging affects the blood, heart, and blood vessels
- 13-10 The cardiovascular system is both structurally and functionally linked to all other systems
- SPOTLIGHT
- Major Vessels of the Systemic Circuit
- CLINICAL NOTES
- Arteriosclerosis
- Capillary Dynamics and Blood Volume and Pressure
- Checking the Pulse and Blood Pressure
- Exercise, Cardiovascular Fitness, and Health
- Shock
- Chapter Review
- 14 The Lymphatic System and Immunity
- An Introduction to the Lymphatic System and Immunity
- 14-1 Anatomical barriers and defense processes make up nonspecific defense, and lymphocytes provide
- 14-2 Lymphatic vessels, lymphocytes, lymphoid tissues, and lymphoid organs function in body defenses
- Functions of the Lymphatic System
- Lymphatic Vessels
- Lymphocytes
- Lymphoid Tissues
- Lymphoid Organs
- 14-3 Innate (nonspecific) defenses respond in a characteristic way regardless of the potential threa
- Physical Barriers
- Phagocytes
- Immune Surveillance
- Interferons
- The Complement System
- Inflammation
- Fever
- 14-4 Adaptive (specific) defenses respond to specific threats and are either cell mediated or antibo
- Forms of Immunity
- An Overview of Adaptive Immunity
- 14-5 T cells play a role in starting and controlling adaptive immunity
- Antigen Presentation
- T Cell Activation
- 14-6 B cells respond to antigens by producing specific antibodies
- B Cell Sensitization and Activation
- Antibody Structure
- Antibody Function
- Primary and Secondary Responses to Antigen Exposure
- Summary of the Immune Response
- Hormones of the Immune System
- 14-7 Abnormal immune responses result in immune disorders
- Autoimmune Disorders
- Immunodeficiency Diseases
- Allergies
- 14-8 The immune response diminishes as we age
- 14-9 For all body systems, the lymphatic system provides defenses against infection and returns tiss
- SPOTLIGHT
- Origin and Distribution of Lymphocytes
- CLINICAL NOTES
- "Swollen Glands"
- Injury to the Spleen
- AIDS
- Stress and the Immune Response
- Manipulating the Immune Response
- Chapter Review
- 15 The Respiratory System
- An Introduction to the Respiratory System
- 15-1 The respiratory system, composed of air-conducting and respiratory portions, has several basic
- Functions of the Respiratory System
- Structures of the Respiratory System
- 15-2 The nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and larger bronchioles conduct air into the lungs
- The Nose
- The Pharynx
- The Larynx
- The Trachea
- The Bronchi
- 15-3 The smallest bronchioles and the alveoli within the lungs make up the respiratory portion of th
- The Bronchioles
- The Blood Air Barrier
- The Lungs
- The Pleural Cavities
- 15-4 External respiration and internal respiration allow gas exchange within the body
- 15-5 Pulmonary ventilation—the exchange of air between the atmosphere and the lungs—involves pre
- Pressure and Airflow to the Lungs
- Compliance
- Modes of Breathing
- Lung Volumes and Capacities
- 15-6 Gas exchange depends on the partial pressures of gases and the diffusion of molecules
- Mixed Gases and Partial Pressures
- Partial Pressures in the Pulmonary and Systemic Circuits
- 15-7 In gas transport, most oxygen is transported bound to hemoglobin, whereas carbon dioxide is tra
- Oxygen Transport
- Carbon Dioxide Transport
- 15-8 Neurons in the medulla oblongata and pons, along with respiratory reflexes, control respiration
- The Local Control of Respiration
- Control by the Respiratory Centers of the Brain
- The Reflex Control of Respiration
- Control by Higher Centers
- Respiratory Changes at Birth
- 15-9 Respiratory performance declines with age
- 15-10 The respiratory system provides oxygen to, and removes carbon dioxide from, other organ syste
- SPOTLIGHTS
- Pulmonary Ventilation
- The Control of Respiration
- CLINICAL NOTES
- Cystic Fibrosis
- Tracheal Blockage
- Pneumonia
- Tuberculosis
- Decompression Sickness
- Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
- Emphysema and Lung Cancer
- Chapter Review
- 16 The Digestive System
- An Introduction to the Digestive System
- 16-1 The digestive system—the digestive tract and accessory organs—performs various food-process
- Functions of the Digestive System
- Histological Organization of the Digestive Tract
- The Movement of Digestive Materials
- 16-2 The oral cavity contains the tongue, salivary glands, and teeth, each with specific functions
- The Tongue
- Salivary Glands
- Teeth
- 16-3 The pharynx is a passageway between the oral cavity and the esophagus
- The Pharynx
- The Esophagus
- Swallowing
- 16-4 The J-shaped stomach receives food from the esophagus and aids in chemical and mechanical diges
- The Gastric Wall
- The Regulation of Gastric Activity
- Digestion in the Stomach
- 16-5 The small intestine chemically digests and absorbs nutrients
- The Intestinal Wall
- Intestinal Movements
- Intestinal Secretions
- Intestinal Hormones
- Digestion in the Small Intestine
- 16-6 The pancreas, liver, and gallbladder are accessory organs that assist with chemical digestion i
- The Pancreas
- The Liver
- The Gallbladder
- 16-7 The large intestine is divided into three parts with regional specialization
- The Cecum
- The Colon
- The Rectum
- The Functions of the Large Intestine
- 16-8 Chemical digestion is the alteration of food that allows the absorption and use of nutrients
- The Processing and Absorption of Nutrients
- Water and Electrolyte Absorption
- Absorption of Vitamins
- 16-9 Many age-related changes affect digestion and absorption
- 16-10 The digestive system is extensively integrated with other body systems
- SPOTLIGHTS
- Regulation of Gastric Activity
- Chemical Events in Digestion
- CLINICAL NOTES
- Gastritis and Peptic Ulcers
- Stomach Cancer
- Vomiting
- Pancreatitis
- Liver Disease
- Colorectal Cancer
- Diverticulosis
- Diarrhea and Constipation
- Lactose Intolerance
- Chapter Review
- 17 Metabolism and Energetics
- An Introduction to Nutrition and Metabolism
- 17-1 Metabolism refers to all the chemical reactions in the body, and energetics refers to the flow
- 17-2 Carbohydrate metabolism involves glycolysis, ATP production, and gluconeogenesis
- Glycolysis
- Energy Production Within Mitochondria
- Energy Yield of Glycolysis and Cellular Respiration
- Gluconeogenesis (Glucose Synthesis)
- Alternate Catabolic Pathways
- 17-3 Lipid metabolism involves lipolysis, beta-oxidation, and the transport and distribution of lipi
- Lipid Catabolism
- Lipids and Energy Production
- Lipid Synthesis
- Lipid Transport and Distribution
- 17-4 Protein catabolism involves transamination and deamination, and protein synthesis involves amin
- Amino Acid Catabolism
- Amino Acids and Protein Synthesis
- 17-5 Nucleic acid catabolism involves RNA, but not DNA
- RNA Catabolism
- Nucleic Acid Synthesis
- 17-6 Adequate nutrition is necessary to prevent deficiency disorders and maintain homeostasis
- Food Groups and a Balanced Diet
- Minerals, Vitamins, and Water
- Diet and Disease
- 17-7 Metabolic rate is the average caloric expenditure, and thermoregulation involves balancing heat
- The Energy Content of Food
- Energy Expenditure: Metabolic Rate
- Thermoregulation
- 17-8 Caloric needs decline with advancing age
- SPOTLIGHT
- Electron Transport Chain and ATP Formation
- CLINICAL NOTES
- Carbohydrate Loading
- Dietary Fats and Cholesterol
- Ketoacidosis
- Chapter Review
- 18 The Urinary System
- An Introduction to the Urinary System
- 18-1 The urinary system—made up of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra—has three
- 18-2 The kidneys are highly vascular organs containing functional units called nephrons, which perfo
- Superficial and Sectional Anatomy of the Kidneys
- The Blood Supply to the Kidneys
- The Nephron
- 18-3 Different portions of the nephron form urine by filtration, reabsorption, and secretion
- Nephron Processes
- Filtration at the Glomerulus
- Reabsorption and Secretion along the Renal Tubule
- Normal Urine
- 18-4 Normal kidney function depends on a stable GFR
- The Local Regulation of Kidney Function
- The Hormonal Control of Kidney Function
- 18-5 Urine is transported by the ureters, stored in the bladder, and eliminated through the urethra,
- The Ureters
- The Urinary Bladder
- The Urethra
- The Control of Urination
- 18-6 Fluid balance, electrolyte balance, and acid-base balance are interrelated and essential to hom
- The ECF and the ICF
- 18-7 Blood pressure and osmosis are involved in maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance
- Fluid Balance
- Electrolyte Balance
- 18-8 In acid-base balance, regulation of hydrogen ions in body fluids involves buffer systems and co
- Acids in the Body
- Buffers and Buffer Systems
- Maintaining Acid-Base Balance
- Acid-Base Disorders
- 18-9 Age-related changes affect kidney function and the control of urination
- 18-10 The urinary system is one of several body systems involved in waste excretion
- SPOTLIGHT
- A Summary of Kidney Function
- CLINICAL NOTES
- Kidney Failure
- Urinary Tract Infections
- Incontinence
- Disturbances of Acid-Base Balance
- Chapter Review
- 19 The Reproductive System
- An Introduction to the Reproductive System
- 19-1 Basic reproductive system structures are gonads, ducts, accessory glands and organs, and extern
- 19-2 Sperm formation (spermatogenesis) occurs in the testes, and hormones from the hypothalamus, pit
- The Testes
- Spermatogenesis
- The Male Reproductive Tract
- The Accessory Glands
- The External Genitalia
- Hormones and Male Reproductive Function
- 19-3 Ovum production (oogenesis) occurs in the ovaries, and hormones from the pituitary gland and ov
- The Ovaries
- The Uterine Tubes
- The Uterus
- The Vagina
- The External Genitalia
- The Mammary Glands
- Hormones and the Female Reproductive Cycle
- 19-4 The autonomic nervous system influences male and female sexual function
- Male Sexual Function
- Female Sexual Function
- 19-5 With age, decreasing levels of reproductive hormones cause functional changes
- Menopause
- The Male Climacteric
- 19-6 The reproductive system secretes hormones affecting growth and metabolism of all body systems
- SPOTLIGHTS
- Regulation of Male Reproduction
- Regulation of Female Reproduction
- CLINICAL NOTES
- Cryptorchidism
- Prostatitis
- Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)
- Amenorrhea
- Breast Cancer
- Infertility
- Sexually Transmitted Diseases
- Birth Control Strategies
- Chapter Review
- 20 Development and Inheritance
- An Introduction to Development and Inheritance
- 20-1 Development is a continuous process that occurs from fertilization to maturity
- 20-2 Fertilization—the fusion of a secondary oocyte and a sperm—forms a zygote
- An Overview of Fertilization
- Ovulation and Oocyte Activation
- 20-3 Gestation consists of three stages of prenatal development: the first, second, and third trimes
- 20-4 Critical events of the first trimester are cleavage, implantation, placentation, and embryogene
- Cleavage and Blastocyst Formation
- Implantation
- Placentation
- Embryogenesis
- 20-5 During the second and third trimesters, maternal organ systems support the developing fetus, an
- The Effects of Pregnancy on Maternal Systems
- Structural and Functional Changes in the Uterus
- 20-6 Labor consists of the dilation, expulsion, and placental stages
- The Stages of Labor
- Premature Labor
- Multiple Births
- 20-7 Postnatal stages are the neonatal period, infancy, childhood, adolescence, and maturity, follow
- The Neonatal Period, Infancy, and Childhood
- Adolescence and Maturity
- 20-8 Genes and chromosomes determine patterns of inheritance
- Patterns of Inheritance
- The Human Genome
- SPOTLIGHT
- Extra-Embryonic Membranes and Placenta Formation
- CLINICAL NOTES
- Abortion
- Chromosomal Abnormalities and Genetic Analysis
- Chapter Review
- Answers Answers to Checkpoints and Review Questions
- Appendix Normal Physiological Values
- Glossary/Index
- A
- B
- C
- D
- E
- F
- G
- H
- I
- J
- K
- L
- M
- N
- O
- P
- Q
- R
- S
- T
- U
- V
- W
- X
- Y
- Z
- Credits
UM RAFBÆKUR Á HEIMKAUP.IS
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