Efnisyfirlit

• Cover image
• Title Page
• Table of Contents
• Notes to Instructors
• Copyright
• In Memoriam
• Preface
• Acknowledgments
• Section I The Epidemiologic Approach to Disease and Intervention
  • Introduction
  • Chapter 1 Introduction
    • What Is Epidemiology?
    • Objectives of Epidemiology
    • Epidemiology and Prevention
    • Epidemiology and Clinical Practice
    • Epidemiologic Approach
    • From Observations to Preventive Actions
    • When the Frequency of a Disease Declines, Who Deserves the Credit?
    • Integrating Prevention and Treatment
    • Conclusion
    • References
  • Chapter 2 The Dynamics of Disease Transmission
    • Modes of Transmission
    • Clinical and Subclinical Disease
    • Carrier Status
    • Endemic, Epidemic, and Pandemic
    • Disease Outbreaks
    • Immunity and Susceptibility
    • Herd Immunity
    • Incubation Period
    • Attack Rate
    • Exploring Occurrence of Disease
    • Outbreak Investigation
    • Conclusion
    • References
    • Review Questions for Chapter 2
  • Chapter 3 The Occurrence of Disease
    • Surveillance
    • Stages of Disease in an Individual and in a Population
    • Measures of Morbidity
    • Conclusion
    • References
    • Review Questions for Chapter 3
  • Chapter 4 The Occurrence of Disease
    • Measures of Mortality
    • Comparing Mortality in Different Populations
    • Other Measures of the Impact of Disease
    • Conclusion
    • References
    • Review Questions for Chapter 4
  • Chapter 5 Assessing the Validity and Reliability of Diagnostic and Screening Tests
    • Biologic Variation of Human Populations
    • Validity of Screening Tests
    • Use of Multiple Tests
    • Predictive Value of a Test
    • Reliability (Repeatability) of Tests
    • Relationship Between Validity and Reliability
    • Conclusion
    • References
    • Appendices to Chapter 5
    • Review Questions for Chapter 5
  • Chapter 6 The Natural History of Disease
    • Case-Fatality
    • Person-Years
    • Five-Year Survival
    • Observed Survival
    • The Kaplan-Meier Method
    • Assumptions Made in Using Life Tables and Kaplan-Meier Method
    • Apparent Effects on Prognosis of Improvements in Diagnosis
    • Median Survival Time
    • Relative Survival
    • Generalizability of Survival Data
    • Conclusion
    • References
    • Review Questions for Chapter 6
• Section II Using Epidemiology to Identify the Cause of Disease
  • Introduction
  • Chapter 7 Observational Studies
    • Case Reports and Case Series
    • Ecologic Studies
    • Cross-Sectional Studies
    • Case-Control Studies
    • Conclusion
    • References
    • Review Questions for Chapter 7
  • Chapter 8 Cohort Studies
    • Design of a Cohort Study
    • Selection of Study Populations
    • Types of Cohort Studies
    • Examples of Cohort Studies
    • Cohort Studies for Investigating Childhood Health and Disease
    • Potential Biases in Cohort Studies
    • When Is a Cohort Study Warranted?
    • Case-Control Studies Based Within a Defined Cohort
    • Conclusion
    • References
    • Review Questions for Chapter 8
  • Chapter 9 Comparing Cohort and Case-Control Studies
  • Chapter 10 Assessing Preventive and Therapeutic Measures
    • Selection of Subjects
    • Allocating Subjects to Treatment Groups Without Randomization
    • Allocating Subjects Using Randomization
    • Data Collection on Subjects
    • Crossover
    • Factorial Design
    • Noncompliance
    • Conclusion
    • References
  • Chapter 11 Randomized Trials
    • Sample Size
    • Recruitment and Retention of Study Participants
    • Ways of Expressing the Results of Randomized Trials
    • Interpreting the Results of Randomized Trials
    • Four Phases in Testing New Drugs in the United States
    • Five Major Randomized Trials in the United States
    • Randomized Trials for Evaluating Widely Accepted Interventions
    • Registration of Clinical Trials
    • Ethical Considerations
    • Conclusion
    • Epilogue
    • References
    • Review Questions for Chapters 10 and 11
  • Chapter 12 Estimating Risk
    • Absolute Risk
    • How Do We Determine Whether a Certain Disease Is Associated With a Certain Exposure?
    • Relative Risk
    • Odds Ratio (Relative Odds)
    • Conclusion
    • References
    • Review Questions for Chapter 12
    • Appendix to Chapter 12
  • Chapter 13 More on Risk
    • Attributable Risk
    • Comparison of Relative Risk and Attributable Risk
    • Conclusion
    • References
    • Review Questions for Chapter 13
    • Appendix to Chapter 13: Levin's Formula for the Attributable Risk for the Total Population
  • Chapter 14 From Association to Causation
    • Approaches for Studying Disease Etiology
    • Types of Associations
    • Types of Causal Relationships
    • Evidence for a Causal Relationship
    • Guidelines for Judging Whether an Observed Association Is Causal
    • Deriving Causal Inferences: Two Examples
    • Modifications of the Guidelines for Causal Inferences
    • Conclusion
    • References
    • Review Questions for Chapter 14
  • Chapter 15 More on Causal Inference
    • Bias
    • Confounding
    • Interaction
    • Conclusion
    • References
    • Review Questions for Chapter 15
  • Chapter 16 Identifying the Roles of Genetic and Environmental Factors in Disease Causation
    • Traditional Genetics
    • Complex Diseases
    • Time Trends in Disease Incidence
    • Linkage Analysis in Family Studies
    • Interaction Between Genetic and Environmental Risk Factors
    • Precision Medicine
    • Prospects for the Future
    • Conclusion
    • References
    • Review Questions for Chapter 16
    • Glossary of Genetic Terms for Chapter 16
• Section III Applying Epidemiology to Evaluation and Policy
  • Introduction
  • Chapter 17 Using Epidemiology to Evaluate Health Services
    • Studies of Process and Outcome
    • Efficacy, Effectiveness, and Efficiency
    • Measures of Outcome
    • Comparing Epidemiologic Studies of Disease Etiology and Epidemiologic Research Evaluating Effectiveness of Health Services
    • Evaluation Using Group Data
    • Evaluation Using Individual Data
    • Conclusion
    • References
    • Review Questions for Chapter 17
  • Chapter 18 Epidemiologic Approach to Evaluating Screening Programs
    • Natural History of Disease
    • Pattern of Disease Progression
    • Methodologic Issues
    • Study Designs for Evaluating Screening: Nonrandomized and Randomized Studies
    • Problems in Assessing the Sensitivity and Specificity of Screening Tests
    • Interpreting Study Results That Show No Benefit of Screening
    • Cost-Benefit Analysis of Screening
    • Conclusion
    • References
    • Review Questions for Chapter 18
  • Chapter 19 Epidemiology and Public Policy
    • Epidemiology and Prevention
    • Population Approaches Versus High-Risk Approaches to Prevention
    • Epidemiology and Clinical Medicine: Hormone Replacement Therapy in Postmenopausal Women
    • Risk Assessment
    • Meta-Analysis
    • Publication Bias
    • Epidemiology in the Courts
    • Sources and Impact of Uncertainty
    • Policy Issues Regarding Risk: What Should the Objectives Be?
    • Conclusion
    • References
  • Chapter 20 Ethical and Professional Issues in Epidemiology
    • Ethical Issues in Epidemiology
    • Investigators’ Obligations to Study Subjects
    • Protecting Privacy and Confidentiality
    • Access to Data
    • Race and Ethnicity in Epidemiologic Studies
    • Conflict of Interest
    • Interpreting Findings
    • Conclusion
    • References
• Answers to Review Questions
• Index

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