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For Surveying courses offered in Civil Engineering departments This highly readable, best-selling text presents basic concepts and practical material in each of the areas fundamental to modern surveying (geomatics) practice. Its depth and breadth are ideal for self-study. Elementary Surveying, 14th Edition, is updated throughout to reflect the latest advances and technology. Teaching and Learning Experience This program will provide a better teaching and learning experience—for you and your students.
It will help: Emphasise the Theory of Errors in Surveying Work: Common errors and mistakes are listed to remind students to exercise caution in their work. Use Strong Pedagogy Tools to Teach: Numerous worked example problems, figures, illustrations, and end-of-chapter problems help students apply concepts. Reflect the Latest Advances in Technology: To keep your course current and relevant, this edition covers the latest advancements in surveying technology.
The full text downloaded to your computer With eBooks you can: search for key concepts, words and phrases make highlights and notes as you study share your notes with friends eBooks are downloaded to your computer and accessible either offline through the Bookshelf (available as a free download), available online and also via the iPad and Android apps. Upon purchase, you'll gain instant access to this eBook.
Annað
- Höfundar: Charles D. Ghilani, Paul Wolf
- Útgáfa:14
- Útgáfudagur: 2016-02-26
- Blaðsíður: 976
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- Format:Page Fidelity
- ISBN 13: 9781292060675
- Print ISBN: 9781292060491
- ISBN 10: 1292060670
Efnisyfirlit
- Table of Contents
- Preface
- What's New
- Acknowledgments
- Chapter 1: Introduction
- 1.1 Definition of Surveying
- 1.2 Geomatics
- 1.3 History of Surveying
- 1.4 Geodetic and Plane Surveys
- 1.5 Importance of Surveying
- 1.6 Specialized Types of Surveys
- 1.7 Surveying Safety
- 1.8 Land and Geographic Information Systems
- 1.9 Federal Surveying and Mapping Agencies
- 1.10 The Surveying Profession
- 1.11 Professional Surveying Organizations
- 1.12 Surveying on the Internet
- 1.13 Future Challenges in Surveying
- Problems
- Bibliography
- Chapter 2: Units, Significant Figures, and Field Notes
- Part I: Units and Significant Figures
- 2.1 Introduction
- 2.2 Units of Measurement
- 2.3 International System of Units (SI)
- 2.4 Significant Figures
- 2.5 Rounding Off Numbers
- Part II: Field Notes
- 2.6 Field Notes
- 2.7 General Requirements of Handwritten Field Notes
- 2.8 Types of Field Books
- 2.9 Kinds of Notes
- 2.10 Arrangements of Notes
- 2.11 Suggestions for Recording Notes
- 2.12 Introduction to Survey Controllers
- 2.13 Transfer of Files from Survey Controllers
- 2.14 Digital Data File Management
- 2.15 Advantages and Disadvantages of Survey Controllers
- Problems
- Bibliography
- Part I: Units and Significant Figures
- Chapter 3: Theory of Errors in Observations
- 3.1 Introduction
- 3.2 Direct and Indirect Observations
- 3.3 Errors in Measurements
- 3.4 Mistakes
- 3.5 Sources of Errors in Making Observations
- 3.6 Types of Errors
- 3.7 Precision and Accuracy
- 3.8 Eliminating Mistakes and Systematic Errors
- 3.9 Probability
- 3.10 Most Probable Value
- 3.11 Residuals
- 3.12 Occurrence of Random Errors
- 3.13 General Laws of Probability
- 3.14 Measures of Precision
- 3.15 Interpretation of Standard Deviation
- 3.16 The 50, 90, and 95 Percent Errors
- 3.17 Error Propagation
- 3.17.1 Error of a Sum
- 3.17.2 Error of a Series
- 3.17.3 Error of a Products
- 3.17.4 Error of the Mean
- 3.18 Applications
- 3.19 Conditional Adjustment of Observations
- 3.20 Weights of Observations
- 3.21 Least-Squares Adjustment
- Problems
- Bibliography
- Chapter 4: Leveling—Theory, Methods, and Equipment
- Part I: Leveling—Theory and Methods
- 4.1 Introduction
- 4.2 Definitions
- 4.3 North American Vertical Datum
- 4.4 Curvature and Refraction
- 4.5 Methods for Determining Differences in Elevation
- 4.5.1 Measuring Vertical Distances by Taping or Electronic Methods
- 4.5.2 Differential Leveling
- 4.5.3 Barometric Leveling
- 4.5.4 Trigonometric Leveling
- Part I: Leveling—Theory and Methods
- Part II: Equipment for Differential Leveling
- 4.6 Categories of Levels
- 4.7 Telescopes
- 4.8 Level Vials
- 4.9 Tilting Levels
- 4.10 Automatic Levels
- 4.11 Digital Levels
- 4.12 Tripods
- 4.13 Hand Level
- 4.14 Level Rods
- 4.15 Testing and Adjusting Levels
- 4.15.1 Requirements for Testing and Adjusting Instruments
- 4.15.2 Adjusting for Parallax
- 4.15.3 Testing and Adjusting Level Vials
- 4.15.4 Preliminary Adjustment of the Horizontal Cross Hair
- 4.15.5 Testing and Adjusting the Line of Sight
- 5.1 Introduction
- 5.2 Carrying and Setting Up a Level
- 5.3 Duties of a Rodperson
- 5.4 Differential Leveling
- 5.5 Precision
- 5.6 Adjustments of Simple Level Circuits
- 5.7 Reciprocal Leveling
- 5.8 Three-Wire Leveling
- 5.9 Profile Leveling
- 5.9.1 Staking and Stationing the Reference Line
- 5.9.2 Field Procedures for Profile Leveling
- 5.9.3 Drawing and Using the Profile
- 5.10 Grid, Cross-Section, or Borrow-Pit Leveling
- 5.11 Use of the Hand Level
- 5.12 Sources of Error in Leveling
- 5.12.1 Instrumental Errors
- 5.12.2 Natural Errors
- 5.12.3 Personal Errors
- 5.13 Mistakes
- 5.14 Reducing Errors and Eliminating Mistakes
- 5.15 Using Software
- Problems
- Bibliography
- Part I: Methods for Measuring Distances
- 6.1 Introduction
- 6.2 Summary of Methods for Making Linear Measurements
- 6.3 Pacing
- 6.4 Odometer Readings
- 6.5 Optical Rangefinders
- 6.6 Tacheometry
- 6.7 Subtense Bar
- Part II: Distance Measurements by Taping
- 6.8 Introduction to Taping
- 6.9 Taping Equipment and Accessories
- 6.10 Care of Taping Equipment
- 6.11 Taping on Level Ground
- 6.11.1 Lining In
- 6.11.2 Applying Tension
- 6.11.3 Plumbing
- 6.11.4 Marking Tape Lengths
- 6.11.5 Reading the Tape
- 6.11.6 Recording the Distance
- 6.12 Horizontal Measurements on Sloping Ground
- 6.13 Slope Measurements
- 6.14 Sources of Error in Taping
- 6.14.1 Incorrect Length of Tape
- 6.14.2 Temperature Other Than Standard
- 6.14.3 Inconsistent Pull
- 6.14.4 Sag
- 6.14.5 Tape Not Horizontal and Tape Off-Line
- 6.14.6 Improper Plumbing
- 6.14.7 Faulty Marking
- 6.14.8 Incorrect Reading or Interpolation
- 6.14.9 Summary of Effects of Taping Errors
- 6.15 Introduction
- 6.16 Propagation of Electromagnetic Energy
- 6.17 Principles of Electronic Distance Measurement
- 6.18 Electro-Optical Instruments
- 6.19 Total Station Instruments
- 6.20 EDM Instruments Without Reflectors
- 6.21 Computing Horizontal Lengths from Slope Distances
- 6.21.1 Reduction of Short Lines by Elevation Differences
- 6.21.2 Reduction of Short Lines by Vertical Angles
- 6.22 Errors in Electronic Distance Measurement
- 6.22.1 Personal Errors
- 6.22.2 Instrumental Errors
- 6.22.3 Natural Errors
- 6.23 Using Software
- 7.1 Introduction
- 7.2 Units of Angle Measurement
- 7.3 Kinds of Horizontal Angles
- 7.4 Direction of a Line
- 7.5 Azimuths
- 7.6 Bearings
- 7.7 Comparison of Azimuths and Bearings
- 7.8 Computing Azimuths
- 7.9 Computing Bearings
- 7.10 The Compass and the Earth's Magnetic Field
- 7.11 Magnetic Declination
- 7.12 Variations in Magnetic Declination
- 7.13 Software for Determining Magnetic Declination
- 7.14 Local Attraction
- 7.15 Typical Magnetic Declination Problems
- 7.16 Mistakes
- Problems
- Bibliography
- Part I: Total Station Instruments
- 8.1 Introduction
- 8.2 Characteristics of Total Station Instruments
- 8.3 Functions Performed by Total Station Instruments
- 8.4 Parts of a Total Station Instrument
- 8.5 Handling and Setting up a Total Station Instrument
- 8.6 Servo-Driven and Remotely Operated Total Station Instruments
- Part II: Angle Observations
- 8.7 Relationship of Angles and Distances
- 8.8 Observing Horizontal Angles with Total Station Instruments
- 8.9 Observing Multiple Horizontal Angles by the Direction Method
- 8.10 Closing the Horizon
- 8.11 Observing Deflection Angles
- 8.12 Observing Azimuths
- 8.13 Observing Vertical Angles
- 8.14 Sights and Marks
- 8.15 Prolonging a Straight Line
- 8.16 Balancing-In
- 8.17 Random Traverse
- 8.18 Total Stations for Determining Elevation Differences
- 8.19 Adjustment of Total Station Instruments and Their Accessories
- 8.19.1 Adjustment of Plate-Level Vials
- 8.19.2 Adjustment of Tripods
- 8.19.3 Adjustment of Tribrachs
- 8.19.4 Adjustment of Plummets
- 8.19.5 Adjustment of Circular Level Bubbles
- 8.20 Sources of Error in Total Station Work
- 8.20.1 Instrumental Errors
- 8.20.2 Natural Errors
- 8.20.3 Personal Errors
- 8.21 Propagation of Random Errors in Angle Observations
- 8.22 Mistakes
- Problems
- Bibliography
- 9.1 Introduction
- 9.2 Observation of Traverse Angles or Directions
- 9.2.1 Traversing by Interior Angles
- 9.2.2 Traversing by Angles to the Right
- 9.2.3 Traversing by Deflection Angles
- 9.2.4 Traversing by Azimuths
- 9.3 Observation of Traverse Lengths
- 9.4 Selection of Traverse Stations
- 9.5 Referencing Traverse Stations
- 9.6 Traverse Field Notes
- 9.7 Angle Misclosure
- 9.8 Traversing with Total Station Instruments
- 9.9 Radial Traversing
- 9.10 Sources of Error in Traversing
- 9.11 Mistakes in Traversing
- Problems
- 10.1 Introduction
- 10.2 Balancing Angles
- 10.3 Computation of Preliminary Azimuths or Bearings
- 10.4 Departures and Latitudes
- 10.5 Departure and Latitude Closure Conditions
- 10.6 Traverse Linear Misclosure and Relative Precision
- 10.7 Traverse Adjustment
- 10.7.1 Compass (Bowditch) Rule
- 10.7.2 Least-Squares Method
- 10.8 Rectangular Coordinates
- 10.9 Alternative Methods for Making Traverse Computations
- 10.9.1 Balancing Angles by Adjusting Azimuths or Bearings
- 10.9.2 Balancing Departures and Latitudes by Adjusting Coordinates
- 10.10 Inversing
- 10.11 Computing Final Adjusted Traverse Lengths and Directions
- 10.12 Coordinate Computations in Boundary Surveys
- 10.13 Use of Open Traverses
- 10.14 State Plane Coordinate Systems
- 10.15 Traverse Computations Using Computers
- 10.16 Locating Blunders in Traverse Observations
- 10.17 Mistakes in Traverse Computations
- Problems
- Bibliography
- 11.1 Introduction
- 11.2 Coordinate Forms of Equations for Lines and Circles
- 11.3 Perpendicular Distance from a Point to a Line
- 11.4 Intersection of Two Lines, Both Having Known Directions
- 11.5 Intersection of a Line with a Circle
- 11.6 Intersection of Two Circles
- 11.7 Three-Point Resection
- 11.8 Two-Dimensional Conformal Coordinate Transformation
- 11.9 Inaccessible Point Problem
- 11.10 Three-Dimensional Two-Point Resection
- 11.11 Software
- Problems
- Bibliography
- 12.1 Introduction
- 12.2 Methods of Measuring Area
- 12.3 Area by Division into Simple Figures
- 12.4 Area by Offsets from Straight Lines
- 12.4.1 Regularly Spaced Offsets
- 12.4.2 Irregularly Spaced Offsets
- 12.5 Area by Coordinates
- 12.6 Area by Double-Meridian Distance Method
- 12.7 Area of Parcels with Circular Boundaries
- 12.8 Partitioning of Lands
- 12.8.1 Trial and Error Method
- 12.8.2 Use of Simple Geometric Figures
- 12.8.3 Coordinate Method
- 12.9 Area by Measurements from Maps
- 12.9.1 Area by Counting Coordinate Squares
- 12.9.2 Area by Scaled Lengths
- 12.9.3 Area by Digitizing Coordinates
- 12.9.4 Area by Planimeter
- 12.10 Software
- 12.11 Sources of Error in Determining Areas
- 12.12 Mistakes in Determining Areas
- Problems
- Bibliography
- 13.1 Introduction
- 13.2 Overview of GPS
- 13.3 The GPS Signal
- 13.4 Reference Coordinate Systems
- 13.4.1 The Satellite Reference Coordinate System
- 13.4.2 The Geocentric Coordinate System
- 13.4.3 The Geodetic Coordinate System
- 13.4.4 Evolution of WGS84 Reference Frame
- 13.5 Fundamentals of Satellite Positioning
- 13.5.1 Code Ranging
- 13.5.2 Carrier Phase-Shift Measurements
- 13.6 Errors in Observations
- 13.6.1 Clock Bias
- 13.6.2 Refraction
- 13.6.3 Other Error Sources
- 13.6.4 Geometry of Observed Satellites
- 13.7 Differential Positioning
- 13.8 Kinematic Methods
- 13.9 Relative Positioning
- 13.9.1 Single Differencing
- 13.9.2 Double Differencing
- 13.9.3 Triple Differencing
- 13.10 Other Satellite Navigation Systems
- 13.10.1 The GLONASS Constellation
- 13.10.2 The Galileo System
- 13.10.3 The BeiDou System
- 13.10.4 Summary
- 13.11 The Future
- Problems
- Bibliography
- 14.1 Introduction
- 14.2 Field Procedures in Static GNSS Surveys
- 14.2.1 Static Relative Positioning
- 14.2.2 Rapid Static Relative Positioning
- 14.2.3 Pseudokinematic Surveys
- 14.3 Planning Satellite Surveys
- 14.3.1 Preliminary Considerations
- 14.3.2 Selecting the Appropriate Survey Method
- 14.3.3 Field Reconnaissance
- 14.3.4 Developing an Observation Scheme
- 14.3.5 Availability of Reference Stations
- 14.4 Performing Static Surveys
- 14.5 Data Processing and Analysis
- 14.5.1 Specifications for Static Surveys
- 14.5.2 Analysis of Fixed Baseline Measurements
- 14.5.3 Analysis of Repeat Baseline Measurements
- 14.5.4 Analysis of Loop Closures
- 14.5.5 Baseline Network Adjustment
- 14.5.6 The Survey Report
- 14.6 Things to Consider
- 14.7 Sources of Errors in Satellite Surveys
- 14.7.1 Instrumental Errors
- 14.7.2 Natural Errors
- 14.7.3 Personal Errors
- 14.8 Mistakes in Satellite Surveys
- Problems
- Bibliography
- 15.1 Introduction
- 15.2 Planning of Kinematic Surveys
- 15.3 Initialization
- 15.4 Equipment Used in Kinematic Surveys
- 15.5 Methods Used in Kinematic Surveys
- 15.6 Performing Post-Processed Kinematic Surveys
- 15.7 Communication in Real-Time Kinematic Surveys
- 15.8 Real-Time Networks
- 15.9 Performing Real-Time Kinematic Surveys
- 15.10 Machine Guidance and Control
- 15.11 Errors in Kinematic Surveys
- 15.12 Mistakes in Kinematic Surveys
- Problems
- Bibliography
- 16.1 Introduction
- 16.2 Fundamental Condition of Least Squares
- 16.3 Least-Squares Adjustment by the Observation Equation Method
- 16.4 Matrix Methods in Least-Squares Adjustment
- 16.5 Matrix Equations for Precisions of Adjusted Quantities
- 16.6 Least-Squares Adjustment of Leveling Circuits
- 16.7 Propagation of Errors
- 16.8 Least-Squares Adjustment of GNSS Baseline Vectors
- 16.9 Least-Squares Adjustment of Conventional Horizontal Plane Surveys
- 16.9.1 Linearizing Nonlinear Equations
- 16.9.2 The Distance Observation Equation
- 16.9.3 The Azimuth Observation Equation
- 16.9.4 The Angle Observation Equation
- 16.9.5 A Traverse Example Using WOLFPACK
- 16.10 The Error Ellipse
- 16.11 Adjustment Procedures
- 16.12 Other Measures of Precision for Horizontal Stations
- 16.13 Software
- 16.14 Conclusions
- Problems
- Bibliography
- 17.1 Introduction
- 17.2 Basic Methods for Performing Mapping Surveys
- 17.3 Map Scale
- 17.4 Control for Mapping Surveys
- 17.5 Contours
- 17.6 Characteristics of Contours
- 17.7 Method of Locating Contours
- 17.8 Digital Elevation Models and Automated Contouring Systems
- 17.9 Basic Field Methods for Locating Topographic Details
- 17.9.1 Radiation by Total Station
- 17.9.2 Coordinate Squares or "Grid" Method
- 17.9.3 Offsets from a Reference Line
- 17.9.4 Topographic Detailing with GNSS
- 17.9.5 Laser Scanning
- 17.10 Planning a Laser-Scanning Survey
- 17.11 Three-Dimensional Conformal Coordinate Transformation
- 17.12 Selection of Field Method
- 17.13 Working with Survey Controllers and Field-to-Finish Software
- 17.14 Hydrographic Surveys
- 17.14.1 Equipment for Making Soundings
- 17.14.2 Locating Soundings
- 17.14.3 Hydrographic Mapping
- 17.15 Sources of Error in Mapping Surveys
- 17.16 Mistakes in Mapping Surveys
- Problems
- Bibliography
- 18.1 Introduction
- 18.2 Availability of Maps and Related Information
- 18.3 National Mapping Program
- 18.4 Accuracy Standards for Mapping
- 18.5 Manual and Computer-Aided Drafting Procedures
- 18.6 Map Design
- 18.7 Map Layout
- 18.8 Basic Map Plotting Procedures
- 18.8.1 Plotting Manually by Coordinates
- 18.8.2 Plotting Using CADD
- 18.9 Contour Interval
- 18.10 Plotting Contours
- 18.11 Lettering
- 18.12 Cartographic Map Elements
- 18.13 Drafting Materials
- 18.14 Automated Mapping and Computer-Aided Drafting Systems
- 18.15 Migrating Maps between Software Packages
- 18.16 Impacts of Modern Land and Geographic Information Systems on Mapping
- 18.17 Sources of Error in Mapping
- 18.18 Mistakes in Mapping
- Problems
- Bibliography
- 19.1 Introduction
- 19.2 The Ellipsoid and Geoid
- 19.3 The Conventional Terrestrial Pole
- 19.4 Geodetic Position and Ellipsoidal Radii of Curvature
- 19.5 Geoid Undulation and Deflection of the Vertical
- 19.6 U.S. Reference Frames
- 19.6.1 North American Horizontal Datum of 1927 (NAD27)
- 19.6.2 North American Horizontal Datum of 1983 (NAD83)
- 19.6.3 Later Versions of NAD83
- 19.6.4 National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 (NGVD29)
- 19.6.5 North American Vertical Datum of 1988 (NAVD88)
- 19.6.6 Future Reference Frames in the United States
- 19.7 Transforming Coordinates Between Reference Frames
- 19.7.1 Helmert Transformation and Its Variant
- 19.7.2 The Two plus One Approach
- 19.8 Accuracy Standards and Specifications for Control Surveys
- 19.9 The National Spatial Reference System
- 19.10 Hierarchy of the National Horizontal-Control Network
- 19.11 Hierarchy of the National Vertical-Control Network
- 19.12 Control Point Descriptions
- 19.13 Field Procedures for Conventional Horizontal-Control Surveys
- 19.13.1 Triangulation
- 19.13.2 Precise Traverse
- 19.13.3 Trilateration
- 19.13.4 Combined Networks
- 19.14 Field Procedures for Vertical-Control Surveys
- 19.15 Reduction of Field Observations to Their Geodetic Values
- 19.15.1 Reduction of Distance Observations Using Elevations
- 19.15.2 Reduction of Distance Observations Using Vertical Angles
- 19.15.3 Reduction of Directions and Angles
- 19.15.4 Leveling and Orthometric Heights
- 19.16 Geodetic Position Computations
- 19.16.1 Direct Geodetic Problem
- 19.16.2 Inverse Geodetic Problem
- 19.17 The Local Geodetic Coordinate System
- 19.18 Three-Dimensional Coordinate Computations
- 19.19 Software
- Problems
- Bibliography
- 20.1 Introduction
- 20.2 Projections Used In State Plane Coordinate Systems
- 20.3 Lambert Conformal Conic Projection
- 20.4 Transverse Mercator Projection
- 20.5 State Plane Coordinates in NAD27 and NAD83
- 20.6 Computing SPCS83 Coordinates in the Lambert Conformal Conic System
- 20.6.1 Zone Constants
- 20.6.2 The Direct Problem
- 20.6.3 The Inverse Problem
- 20.7 Computing SPCS83 Coordinates in the Transverse Mercator System
- 20.7.1 Zone Constants
- 20.7.2 The Direct Problem
- 20.7.3 The Inverse Problem
- 20.8 Reduction of Distances and Angles to State Plane Coordinate Grids
- 20.8.1 Grid Reduction of Distances
- 20.8.2 Grid Reduction of Azimuths and Angles
- 20.9 Computing State Plane Coordinates of Traverse Stations
- 20.10 Surveys Extending from One Zone to Another
- 20.11 The Universal Transverse Mercator Projection
- 20.12 Other Map Projections
- 20.12.1 Oblique Stereographic Map Projection
- 20.12.2 Oblique Mercator Map Projection
- 20.13 Map Projection Software
- Problems
- Bibliography
- 21.1 Introduction
- 21.2 Categories of Land Surveys
- 21.3 Historical Perspectives
- 21.4 Property Description by Metes and Bounds
- 21.5 Property Description by Block-and-Lot System
- 21.6 Property Description by Coordinates
- 21.7 Retracement Surveys
- 21.8 Subdivision Surveys
- 21.9 Partitioning Land
- 21.10 Registration of Title
- 21.11 Adverse Possession and Easements
- 21.12 Condominium Surveys
- 21.13 Geographic and Land Information Systems
- 21.14 Sources of Error in Boundary Surveys
- 21.15 Mistakes
- Problems
- Bibliography
- 22.1 Introduction
- 22.2 Instructions for Surveys of the Public Lands
- 22.3 Initial Point
- 22.4 Principal Meridian
- 22.5 Baseline
- 22.6 Standard Parallels (Correction Lines)
- 22.7 Guide Meridians
- 22.8 Township Exteriors, Meridional (Range) Lines, and Latitudinal (Township) Lines
- 22.9 Designation of Townships
- 22.10 Subdivision of a Quadrangle into Townships
- 22.11 Subdivision of a Township into Sections
- 22.12 Subdivision of Sections
- 22.13 Fractional Sections
- 22.14 Notes
- 22.15 Outline of Subdivision Steps
- 22.16 Marking Corners
- 22.17 Witness Corners
- 22.18 Meander Corners
- 22.19 Lost and Obliterated Corners
- 22.20 Accuracy of Public Lands Surveys
- 22.21 Descriptions by Township, Section, and Smaller Subdivision
- 22.22 BLM Land Information System
- 22.23 Sources of Error
- 22.24 Mistakes
- Problems
- Bibliography
- 23.1 Introduction
- 23.2 Specialized Equipment for Construction Surveys
- 23.2.1 Visible Laser-Beam Instruments
- 23.2.2 Reflectorless EDMs
- 23.2.3 Laser Scanners
- 23.3 Horizontal and Vertical Control
- 23.4 Staking out a Pipeline
- 23.5 Staking Pipeline Grades
- 23.6 Staking out a Building
- 23.7 Staking out Highways
- 23.8 Other Construction Surveys
- 23.9 Construction Surveys Using Total Station Instruments
- 23.10 Construction Surveys Using GNSS Equipment
- 23.11 Machine Guidance and Control
- 23.12 As-Built Surveys with Laser Scanning
- 23.13 Sources of Error in Construction Surveys
- 23.14 Mistakes
- Problems
- Bibliography
- 24.1 Introduction
- 24.2 Degree of Circular Curve
- 24.3 Definitions and Derivation of Circular Curve Formulas
- 24.4 Circular Curve Stationing
- 24.5 General Procedure of Circular Curve Layout by Deflection Angles
- 24.6 Computing Deflection Angles and Chords
- 24.7 Notes for Circular Curve Layout by Deflection Angles and Incremental Chords
- 24.8 Detailed Procedures for Circular Curve Layout by Deflection Angles and Incremental Chords
- 24.9 Setups on Curve
- 24.10 Metric Circular Curves by Deflection Angles and Incremental Chords
- 24.11 Circular Curve Layout by Deflection Angles and Total Chords
- 24.12 Computation of Coordinates on a Circular Curve
- 24.13 Circular Curve Layout by Coordinates
- 24.14 Curve Stakeout Using GNSS Receivers and Robotic Total Stations
- 24.15 Circular Curve Layout by Offsets
- 24.16 Special Circular Curve Problems
- 24.16.1 Passing a Circular Curve Through a Fixed Point
- 24.16.2 Intersection of a Circular Curve and a Straight Line
- 24.16.3 Intersection of Two Circular Curves
- 24.17 Compound and Reverse Curves
- 24.18 Sight Distance on Horizontal Curves
- 24.19 Spirals
- 24.19.1 Spiral Geometry
- 24.19.2 Spiral Calculation and Layout
- 24.20 Computation of "As-Built" Circular Alignments
- 24.21 Sources of Error in Laying out Circular Curves
- 24.22 Mistakes
- Problems
- Bibliography
- 25.1 Introduction
- 25.2 General Equation of a Vertical Parabolic Curve
- 25.3 Equation of an Equal Tangent Vertical Parabolic Curve
- 25.4 High or Low Point on a Vertical Curve
- 25.5 Vertical Curve Computations Using the Tangent-Offset Equation
- 25.5.1 Example Computations Using the English System of Units
- 25.5.2 Example Computations Using the Metric System
- 25.6 Equal Tangent Property of a Parabola
- 25.7 Curve Computations by Proportion
- 25.8 Staking a Vertical Parabolic Curve
- 25.9 Machine Control in Grading Operations
- 25.10 Computations for an Unequal Tangent Vertical Curve
- 25.11 Designing a Curve to Pass Through a Fixed Point
- 25.12 Sight Distance
- 25.13 Sources of Error in Laying out Vertical Curves
- 25.14 Mistakes
- Problems
- Bibliography
- 26.1 Introduction
- 26.2 Methods of Volume Measurement
- 26.3 The Cross-Section Method
- 26.4 Types of Cross-Sections
- 26.5 Average-End-Area Formula
- 26.6 Determining End Areas
- 26.6.1 Calculating End Areas with Simple Figures
- 26.6.2 Calculating End Areas with Coordinates
- 26.7 Computing Slope Intercepts
- 26.8 Prismoidal Formula
- 26.9 Volume Computations
- 26.10 Unit-Area, or Borrow-Pit, Method
- 26.11 Contour-Area Method
- 26.12 Measuring Volumes of Water Discharge
- 26.13 Software
- 26.14 Sources of Error in Determining Volumes
- 26.15 Mistakes
- Problems
- Bibliography
- 27.1 Introduction
- 27.2 Uses of Photogrammetry
- 27.3 Aerial Cameras
- 27.4 Types of Aerial Photographs
- 27.5 Vertical Aerial Photographs
- 27.6 Scale of a Vertical Photograph
- 27.7 Ground Coordinates from a Single Vertical Photograph
- 27.8 Relief Displacement on a Vertical Photograph
- 27.9 Flying Height of a Vertical Photograph
- 27.10 Stereoscopic Parallax
- 27.11 Stereoscopic Viewing
- 27.12 Stereoscopic Measurement of Parallax
- 27.13 Analytical Photogrammetry
- 27.14 Stereoscopic Plotting Instruments
- 27.14.1 Basic Concepts in Stereoplotters
- 27.14.2 Analytical Stereoplotters
- 27.14.3 Softcopy Stereoplotters
- 27.15 Orthophotos
- 27.16 Ground Control for Photogrammetry
- 27.17 Flight Planning
- 27.18 Airborne Laser-Mapping Systems
- 27.19 Remote Sensing
- 27.20 Software
- 27.21 Sources of Error in Photogrammetry
- 27.22 Mistakes
- Problems
- Bibliography
- 28.1 Introduction
- 28.2 Land Information Systems
- 28.3 GIS Data Sources and Classifications
- 28.4 Spatial Data
- 28.4.1 Simple Spatial Objects
- 28.4.2 Vector and Raster Formats
- 28.4.3 Topology
- 28.5 Nonspatial Data
- 28.6 Data Format Conversions
- 28.6.1 Vector-to-Raster Conversion
- 28.6.2 Raster-to-Vector Conversion
- 28.7 Creating GIS Databases
- 28.7.1 Generating Digital Data from Field Surveys
- 28.7.2 Digitizing from Aerial Photos with Stereoplotters
- 28.7.3 Digitizing Existing Graphic Materials
- 28.7.4 Keyboard Entry
- 28.7.5 Existing Digital Data Sets
- 28.7.6 Scanning
- 28.8 Metadata
- 28.9 GIS Analytical Functions
- 28.9.1 Proximity Analysis
- 28.9.2 Boundary Operations
- 28.9.3 Spatial Joins
- 28.9.4 Logical Operations
- 28.9.5 Other GIS Functions
- 28.10 GIS Applications
- 28.11 Data Sources
- Problems
- Bibliography
- A.1 Correcting Systematic Errors in Taping
- C.1 Introduction
- C.2 Overview of Usual Procedures for Astronomical Azimuth Determination
- C.3 Ephemerides
- C.4 Definitions
- C.5 Time
- C.6 Timing Observations
- C.7 Computations for Azimuth from Polaris Observations by the Hour Angle Method
- C.8 Azimuth from Solar Observations
- C.9 Importance of Precise Leveling
- D.1 Introduction
- D.2 Using the Files
- D.3 Worksheets as an Aid in Learning
- E.1 Introduction
- E.2 Definition of a Matrix
- E.3 The Dimensions of a Marix
- E.4 The Transpose of a Matrix
- E.5 Matrix Addition
- E.6 Matrix Multiplication
- E.7 Matrix Inverse
- F.1 Introduction
- F.2 Defining Parameters for States Using the Lambert Conformal Conic Map Projection
- F.3 Defining Parameters for States Using the Transverse Mercator Map Projection
UM RAFBÆKUR Á HEIMKAUP.IS
Bókahillan þín er þitt svæði og þar eru bækurnar þínar geymdar. Þú kemst í bókahilluna þína hvar og hvenær sem er í tölvu eða snjalltæki. Einfalt og þægilegt!Rafbók til eignar
Rafbók til eignar þarf að hlaða niður á þau tæki sem þú vilt nota innan eins árs frá því bókin er keypt.
Þú kemst í bækurnar hvar sem er
Þú getur nálgast allar raf(skóla)bækurnar þínar á einu augabragði, hvar og hvenær sem er í bókahillunni þinni. Engin taska, enginn kyndill og ekkert vesen (hvað þá yfirvigt).
Auðvelt að fletta og leita
Þú getur flakkað milli síðna og kafla eins og þér hentar best og farið beint í ákveðna kafla úr efnisyfirlitinu. Í leitinni finnur þú orð, kafla eða síður í einum smelli.
Glósur og yfirstrikanir
Þú getur auðkennt textabrot með mismunandi litum og skrifað glósur að vild í rafbókina. Þú getur jafnvel séð glósur og yfirstrikanir hjá bekkjarsystkinum og kennara ef þeir leyfa það. Allt á einum stað.
Hvað viltu sjá? / Þú ræður hvernig síðan lítur út
Þú lagar síðuna að þínum þörfum. Stækkaðu eða minnkaðu myndir og texta með multi-level zoom til að sjá síðuna eins og þér hentar best í þínu námi.
Fleiri góðir kostir
- Þú getur prentað síður úr bókinni (innan þeirra marka sem útgefandinn setur)
- Möguleiki á tengingu við annað stafrænt og gagnvirkt efni, svo sem myndbönd eða spurningar úr efninu
- Auðvelt að afrita og líma efni/texta fyrir t.d. heimaverkefni eða ritgerðir
- Styður tækni sem hjálpar nemendum með sjón- eða heyrnarskerðingu
- Gerð : 208
- Höfundur : 9733
- Útgáfuár : 2016
- Leyfi : 380