Lýsing:
Electronics plays a central role in our everyday lives. It is at the heart of almost all of today’s essential technology, from mobile phones to computers and from cars to power stations. As such, all engineers, scientists and technologists need to have a fundamental understanding of this exciting subject, and for many this will just be the beginning. Now in its sixth edition, Electronics: A Systems Approach provides an outstanding introduction to this fast-moving and important field.
Comprehensively revised and updated to cover the latest developments in the world of electronics, the text continues to use Neil Storey’s established and well-respected systems approach. It introduces the basic concepts first before progressing to a more advanced analysis, enabling you to contextualise what a system is designed to achieve before tackling the intricacies of designing or analysing its various components with confidence.
Annað
- Höfundur: Neil Storey
- Útgáfa:6
- Útgáfudagur: 2017-05-04
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- Format:ePub
- ISBN 13: 9781292133416
- Print ISBN: 9781292114064
- ISBN 10: 1292133414
Efnisyfirlit
- Electronics A Systems Approach
- Electronics A Systems Approach
- Brief Contents
- Contents
- Preface
- New in this edition
- Video Tutorials
- Who should read this text
- Assumed knowledge
- Companion website
- To the instructor
- Trademarks
- Picture Credits
- Part 1 Electrical Circuits and Components
- Chapter 1 Basic Electrical Circuits and Components
- Objectives
- 1.1 Introduction
- 1.2 Système International units
- 1.3 Common prefixes
- 1.4 Electrical circuits
- 1.4.1 Electric charge
- 1.4.2 Electric current
- 1.4.3 Current flow in a circuit
- 1.4.4 Electromotive force and potential difference
- 1.4.5 Voltage reference points
- 1.4.6 Representing voltages in circuit diagrams
- 1.4.7 Representing currents in circuit diagrams
- 1.5 Direct current and alternating current
- 1.6 Resistors, capacitors and inductors
- 1.6.1 Resistors
- 1.6.2 Capacitors
- 1.6.3 Inductors
- 1.7 Ohm’s law
- 1.8 Kirchhoff’s laws
- 1.8.1 Current law
- 1.8.2 Voltage law
- 1.9 Power dissipation in resistors
- 1.10 Resistors in series
- 1.11 Resistors in parallel
- 1.12 Resistive potential dividers
- 1.13 Sinusoidal quantities
- 1.14 Circuit symbols
- Further study
- Key points
- Exercises
- Chapter 2 Measurement of Voltages and Currents
- Objectives
- 2.1 Introduction
- 2.2 Sine waves
- 2.2.1 Instantaneous value
- 2.2.2 Angular frequency
- 2.2.3 Equation of a sine wave
- 2.2.4 Phase angles
- 2.2.5 Phase differences
- 2.2.6 Average value of a sine wave
- 2.2.7 The r.m.s. value of a sine wave
- 2.2.8 Form factor and peak factor
- 2.3 Square waves
- 2.3.1 Period, frequency and magnitude
- 2.3.2 Phase angle
- 2.3.3 Average and r.m.s. values
- 2.3.4 Form factor and peak factor
- 2.4 Measuring voltages and currents
- 2.4.1 Measuring voltage in a circuit
- 2.4.2 Measuring current in a circuit
- 2.4.3 Loading effects
- 2.5 Analogue ammeters and voltmeters
- 2.5.1 Measuring direct currents
- 2.5.2 Measuring direct voltages
- 2.5.3 Measuring alternating quantities
- 2.5.4 Analogue multimeters
- 2.6 Digital multimeters
- 2.7 Oscilloscopes
- 2.7.1 Analogue oscilloscopes
- 2.7.2 Digital oscilloscopes
- 2.7.3 Making measurements with an oscilloscope
- Further study
- Key points
- Exercises
- Chapter 3 Resistance and DC Circuits
- Objectives
- 3.1 Introduction
- 3.2 Current and charge
- 3.3 Voltage sources
- 3.4 Current sources
- 3.5 Resistance and Ohm’s law
- 3.6 Resistors in series and parallel
- 3.6.1 Notation
- 3.7 Kirchhoff’s laws
- 3.7.1 Kirchhoff’s current law
- 3.7.2 Kirchhoff’s voltage law
- 3.8 Thévenin’s theorem and Norton’s theorem
- Method 1
- Method 2
- 3.9 Superposition
- 3.10 Nodal analysis
- 3.11 Mesh analysis
- 3.12 Solving simultaneous circuit equations
- 3.13 Choice of techniques
- Further study
- Key points
- Exercises
- Chapter 4 Capacitance and Electric Fields
- Objectives
- 4.1 Introduction
- 4.2 Capacitors and capacitance
- 4.3 Capacitors and alternating voltages and currents
- 4.4 The effect of a capacitor’s dimensions on its capacitance
- 4.5 Electric field strength and electric flux density
- 4.6 Capacitors in series and in parallel
- 4.6.1 Capacitors in parallel
- 4.6.2 Capacitors in series
- 4.7 Relationship between voltage and current in a capacitor
- 4.8 Sinusoidal voltages and currents
- 4.9 Energy stored in a charged capacitor
- 4.10 Circuit symbols
- Further study
- Key points
- Exercises
- Chapter 5 Inductance and Magnetic Fields
- Objectives
- 5.1 Introduction
- 5.2 Electromagnetism
- 5.3 Reluctance
- 5.4 Inductance
- 5.5 Self-inductance
- 5.5.1 Notation
- 5.6 Inductors
- 5.6.1 Calculating the inductance of a coil
- 5.6.2 Equivalent circuit of an inductor
- 5.6.3 Stray inductance
- 5.7 Inductors in series and in parallel
- 5.8 Relationship between voltage and current in an inductor
- 5.9 Sinusoidal voltages and currents
- 5.10 Energy storage in an inductor
- 5.11 Mutual inductance
- 5.12 Transformers
- 5.13 Circuit symbols
- 5.14 The use of inductance in sensors
- 5.14.1 Inductive proximity sensors
- 5.14.2 Linear variable differential transformers (LVDTs)
- Further study
- Key points
- Exercises
- Chapter 6 Alternating Voltages and Currents
- Objectives
- 6.1 Introduction
- 6.2 Relationship between voltage and current
- 6.2.1 Resistors
- 6.2.2 Inductors
- 6.2.3 Capacitors
- 6.3 Reactance of inductors and capacitors
- 6.3.1 Resistance
- 6.3.2 Inductance
- 6.3.3 Capacitance
- 6.4 Phasor diagrams
- 6.4.1 Phasor analysis of an RL circuit
- 6.4.2 Phasor analysis of an RC circuit
- 6.4.3 Phasor analysis of RLC circuits
- 6.4.4 Phasor analysis of parallel circuits
- 6.5 Impedance
- 6.6 Complex notation
- 6.6.1 Series combinations
- 6.6.2 Parallel combinations
- 6.6.3 Expressing complex quantities
- 6.6.4 Using complex impedance
- Further study
- Key points
- Exercises
- Chapter 7 Power in AC Circuits
- Objectives
- 7.1 Introduction
- 7.2 Power dissipation in resistive components
- 7.3 Power in capacitors
- 7.4 Power in inductors
- 7.5 Power in circuits with resistance and reactance
- 7.6 Active and reactive power
- 7.7 Power factor correction
- 7.8 Three-phase systems
- 7.9 Power measurement
- Further study
- Key points
- Exercises
- Chapter 8 Frequency Characteristics of AC Circuits
- Objectives
- 8.1 Introduction
- 8.2 Two-port networks
- 8.3 The decibel (dB)
- 8.4 Frequency response
- 8.5 A high-pass RC network
- 8.5.1 When f ≫ fc
- 8.5.2 When f = fc
- 8.5.3 When f ≪ fc
- 8.5.4 Frequency response of the high-pass RC network
- 8.6 A low-pass RC network
- 8.6.1 When f ≪ fc
- 8.6.2 When f = fc
- 8.6.3 When f ≫ fc
- 8.6.4 Frequency response of the low-pass RC network
- 8.7 A low-pass RL network
- 8.8 A high-pass RL network
- 8.9 A comparison of RC and RL networks
- 8.10 Bode diagrams
- 8.11 Combining the effects of several stages
- 8.12 RLC circuits and resonance
- 8.12.1 Series RLC circuit
- 8.12.2 Parallel RLC circuit
- 8.13 Filters
- 8.13.1 RC and RL filters
- 8.13.2 RLC filters
- 8.13.3 Active filters
- 8.14 Stray capacitance and inductance
- Further study
- Key points
- Exercises
- Chapter 9 Transient Behaviour
- Objectives
- 9.1 Introduction
- 9.2 Charging of capacitors and energising of inductors
- 9.2.1 Capacitor charging
- 9.2.2 Inductor energising
- 9.3 Discharging of capacitors and de-energising of inductors
- 9.3.1 Capacitor discharging
- 9.3.2 Inductor de-energising
- 9.4 Generalised response of first-order systems
- 9.4.1 Initial and final value theorems
- 9.4.2 The nature of exponential curves
- 9.4.3 Response of first-order systems to pulse and square waveforms
- 9.5 Second-order systems
- 9.6 Higher-order systems
- Further study
- Key points
- Exercises
- Chapter 10 Electric Motors and Generators
- Objectives
- 10.1 Introduction
- 10.2 A simple AC generator
- 10.2.1 Slip rings
- 10.3 A simple DC generator
- 10.4 DC generators or dynamos
- 10.4.1 Field coil excitation
- 10.4.2 DC generator characteristics
- 10.5 AC generators or alternators
- 10.6 DC motors
- 10.6.1 Shunt-wound DC motor
- 10.7 AC motors
- 10.7.1 Synchronous motor
- 10.7.2 Induction motors
- 10.8 Universal motors
- 10.9 Stepper motors
- 10.10 Electrical machines – a summary
- Further study
- Key points
- Exercises
- Chapter 1 Basic Electrical Circuits and Components
- Chapter 11 Electronic Systems
- Objectives
- 11.1 Introduction
- 11.2 A systems approach to engineering
- 11.3 Systems
- 11.4 System inputs and outputs
- 11.5 Physical quantities and electrical signals
- 11.5.1 Physical quantities
- 11.5.2 Electrical signals
- 11.6 System block diagrams
- Further study
- Key points
- Exercises
- Chapter 12 Sensors
- Objectives
- 12.1 Introduction
- 12.2 Describing sensor performance
- 12.2.1 Range
- 12.2.2 Resolution or discrimination
- 12.2.3 Error
- 12.2.4 Accuracy, inaccuracy and uncertainty
- 12.2.5 Precision
- 12.2.6 Linearity
- 12.2.7 Sensitivity
- 12.3 Temperature sensors
- 12.3.1 Resistive thermometers
- 12.3.2 Thermistors
- 12.3.3 pn junctions
- 12.4 Light sensors
- 12.4.1 Photovoltaic
- 12.4.2 Photoconductive
- 12.4.3 Fibre-optic communication sensors
- 12.4.4 Image sensors
- 12.5 Force sensors
- 12.5.1 Strain gauge
- 12.5.2 Piezoelectric
- 12.6 Displacement sensors
- 12.6.1 Potentiometers
- 12.6.2 Inductive sensors
- 12.6.3 Switches
- 12.6.4 Opto-switches
- 12.6.5 Absolute position encoders
- 12.6.6 Incremental position encoders
- 12.6.7 Optical gratings
- 12.6.8 Other counting techniques
- 12.6.9 Rangefinders
- 12.7 Motion sensors
- 12.8 Sound sensors
- 12.8.1 Carbon microphones
- 12.8.2 Capacitive microphones
- 12.8.3 Moving-coil microphones
- 12.8.4 Piezoelectric microphones
- 12.9 Sensor interfacing
- 12.9.1 Resistive devices
- 12.9.2 Switches
- 12.9.3 Capacitive and inductive devices
- 12.9.4 Integration of sensors and signal processing
- 12.10 Sensors – a summary
- Further study
- Key points
- Exercises
- Chapter 13 Actuators
- Objectives
- 13.1 Introduction
- 13.2 Heat actuators
- 13.3 Light actuators
- 13.3.1 Light-emitting diodes
- 13.3.2 Liquid crystal displays
- 13.3.3 Fibre-optic communication
- 13.4 Force, displacement and motion actuators
- 13.4.1 Solenoids
- 13.4.2 Meters
- 13.4.3 Motors
- 13.5 Sound actuators
- 13.5.1 Speakers
- 13.5.2 Ultrasonic transducers
- 13.6 Actuator interfacing
- 13.6.1 Resistive devices
- 13.6.2 Capacitive and inductive devices
- 13.7 Actuators – a summary
- Further study
- Key points
- Exercises
- Chapter 14 Amplification
- Objectives
- 14.1 Introduction
- 14.2 Electronic amplifiers
- 14.3 Sources and loads
- 14.3.1 Modelling the input of an amplifier
- 14.3.2 Modelling the output of an amplifier
- 14.3.3 Modelling the gain of an amplifier
- 14.4 Equivalent circuit of an amplifier
- 14.5 Output power
- 14.6 Power gain
- 14.7 Frequency response and bandwidth
- 14.8 Differential amplifiers
- 14.9 Simple amplifiers
- Further study
- Key points
- Exercises
- Chapter 15 Control and Feedback
- Objectives
- 15.1 Introduction
- 15.2 Open-loop and closed-loop systems
- 15.3 Automatic control systems
- 15.4 Feedback systems
- 15.4.1 If AB is negative
- 15.4.2 If AB is positive
- 15.4.3 Notation
- 15.5 Negative feedback
- 15.6 The effects of negative feedback
- 15.6.1 Gain
- 15.6.2 Frequency response
- 15.6.3 Input and output resistance
- 15.6.4 Distortion
- 15.6.5 Noise
- 15.6.6 Stability
- 15.7 Negative feedback – a summary
- Further study
- Key points
- Exercises
- Chapter 16 Operational Amplifiers
- Objectives
- 16.1 Introduction
- 16.2 An ideal operational amplifier
- 16.3 Some basic operational amplifier circuits
- 16.3.1 A non-inverting amplifier
- 16.3.2 An inverting amplifier
- 16.4 Some other useful circuits
- 16.4.1 A unity gain buffer amplifier
- 16.4.2 A current-to-voltage converter
- 16.4.3 A differential amplifier (subtractor)
- 16.4.4 An inverting summing amplifier (adder)
- 16.4.5 An integrator
- 16.4.6 A differentiator
- 16.4.7 Active filters
- 16.4.8 Further circuits
- 16.5 Real operational amplifiers
- 16.5.1 Voltage gain
- 16.5.2 Input resistance
- 16.5.3 Output resistance
- 16.5.4 Output voltage range
- 16.5.5 Supply voltage range
- 16.5.6 Common-mode rejection ratio
- 16.5.7 Input currents
- 16.5.8 Input offset voltage
- 16.5.9 Frequency response
- 16.5.10 Slew rate
- 16.5.11 Noise
- 16.6 Selecting component values for op-amp circuits
- 16.7 The effects of feedback on op-amp circuits
- 16.7.1 Gain
- 16.7.2 Frequency response
- 16.7.3 Input and output resistance
- 16.7.4 Stability
- Further study
- Key points
- Exercises
- Chapter 17 Semiconductors and Diodes
- Objectives
- 17.1 Introduction
- 17.2 Electrical properties of solids
- 17.2.1 Conductors
- 17.2.2 Insulators
- 17.2.3 Semiconductors
- 17.3 Semiconductors
- 17.3.1 Pure semiconductors
- 17.3.2 Doping
- 17.4 pn junctions
- 17.4.1 Forward bias
- 17.4.2 Reverse bias
- 17.4.3 Forward and reverse currents
- 17.5 Diodes
- 17.6 Semiconductor diodes
- 17.6.1 Diode characteristics
- 17.6.2 Diode equivalent circuits
- 17.6.3 Diode circuit analysis
- Load lines
- Analysis using simplified equivalent circuits
- 17.6.4 Effects of temperature
- 17.6.5 Reverse breakdown
- 17.7 Special-purpose diodes
- 17.7.1 Zener diodes
- 17.7.2 Schottky diodes
- 17.7.3 Tunnel diodes
- 17.7.4 Varactor diodes
- 17.8 Diode circuits
- 17.8.1 A half-wave rectifier
- 17.8.2 A full-wave rectifier
- 17.8.3 A voltage doubler
- 17.8.4 A signal rectifier
- 17.8.5 Signal clamping
- 17.8.6 Catch diodes
- Further study
- Key points
- Exercises
- Chapter 18 Field-effect Transistors
- Objectives
- 18.1 Introduction
- 18.2 An overview of field-effect transistors
- 18.2.1 Notation
- 18.3 Insulated-gate field-effect transistors
- 18.3.1 MOSFET operation
- 18.3.2 Forms of MOSFET
- 18.4 Junction-gate field-effect transistors
- 18.5 FET characteristics
- 18.5.1 Input characteristics
- 18.5.2 Output characteristics
- MOSFET output characteristics
- JFET output characteristics
- 18.5.3 Transfer characteristic
- MOSFET transfer characteristics
- JFET transfer characteristics
- 18.5.4 FET operating ranges
- 18.5.5 Equivalent circuit of an FET
- 18.5.6 FETs at high frequencies
- 18.6 FET amplifiers
- 18.6.1 Equivalent circuit of an FET amplifier
- 18.6.2 Small-signal voltage gain
- 18.6.3 Biasing considerations
- Use of a load line
- 18.6.4 Choice of operating point
- 18.6.5 Device variability
- 18.6.6 A negative feedback amplifier
- 18.6.7 Using a decoupling capacitor
- Choosing the decoupling capacitor
- 18.6.8 Source followers
- Source follower output resistance
- 18.6.9 Differential amplifiers
- Common-mode rejection ratio of the long-tailed pair amplifier
- 18.7 Other FET applications
- 18.7.1 An FET as a constant current source
- 18.7.2 An FET as a voltage-controlled resistance
- 18.7.3 An FET as an analogue switch
- 18.7.4 An FET as a logical switch
- 18.7.5 CMOS circuits
- 18.8 FET circuit examples
- 18.8.1 FET input buffer for an operational amplifier
- 18.8.2 An integrator with reset
- 18.8.3 Sample and hold gate
- Further study
- Key points
- Exercises
- Objectives
- 19.1 Introduction
- 19.2 An overview of bipolar transistors
- 19.2.1 Construction
- 19.2.2 Notation
- 19.3 Bipolar transistor operation
- 19.4 A simple amplifier
- 19.5 Bipolar transistor characteristics
- 19.5.1 Transistor configurations
- 19.5.2 Input characteristics
- 19.5.3 Output characteristics
- 19.5.4 Transfer characteristics
- 19.5.5 Equivalent circuits for a bipolar transistor
- The hybrid-parameter model
- The hybrid-π model
- 19.5.6 Bipolar transistors at high frequencies
- 19.5.7 Leakage currents
- 19.5.8 Temperature effects
- 19.6 Bipolar amplifier circuits
- 19.6.1 DC analysis of a simple amplifier
- 19.6.2 Small-signal analysis of a simple amplifier
- Voltage gain
- Input resistance
- Output resistance
- The effect of a load resistor
- 19.6.3 Large-signal considerations
- 19.6.4 Choice of operating point
- 19.6.5 Device variability
- 19.6.6 The use of feedback
- An amplifier using negative feedback
- DC analysis of a negative feedback amplifier
- Quiescent base voltage
- Quiescent emitter voltage
- Quiescent emitter current
- Quiescent collector current
- Quiescent collector (output) voltage
- AC analysis of a series feedback amplifier
- Small-signal voltage gain
- Small-signal voltage gain
- Small-signal input resistance
- Small-signal output resistance
- The effects of a load resistor
- The effects of coupling capacitors
- Design of an amplifier to meet a given specification
- Quiescent output voltage and collector current
- Small-signal voltage gain
- Base-bias resistors
- Input resistance and the choice of C
- 19.6.7 Use of a decoupling capacitor
- Small-signal voltage gain
- Small-signal input resistance
- Small-signal output resistance
- The coupling capacitor C
- The decoupling capacitor CE
- Split emitter resistors
- Decoupled and non-decoupled amplifiers
- 19.6.8 Amplifier configurations
- Common-collector amplifiers
- Quiescent output voltage
- Small-signal voltage gain
- Input resistance
- Output resistance
- Common-base amplifiers
- Amplifier configurations – a summary
- Common-collector amplifiers
- 19.6.9 Cascaded amplifiers
- Quiescent output voltage
- Voltage gain
- 19.6.10 Darlington transistors
- 19.7.1 A bipolar transistor as a constant current source
- 19.7.2 A bipolar transistor as a current mirror
- 19.7.3 Bipolar transistors as differential amplifiers
- 19.8.1 A phase splitter
- 19.8.2 A bipolar transistor as a voltage regulator
- 19.8.3 A bipolar transistor as a switch
- Objectives
- 20.1 Introduction
- 20.2 Bipolar transistor power amplifiers
- 20.2.1 Current sources and current sinks
- 20.2.2 Push–pull amplifiers
- Distortion in push–pull amplifiers
- 20.2.3 Amplifier efficiency
- 20.3 Classes of amplifier
- 20.3.1 Class A
- 20.3.2 Class B
- 20.3.3 Class AB
- 20.3.4 Class C
- 20.3.5 Class D
- 20.3.6 Amplifier classes – a summary
- 20.4 Power amplifiers
- 20.4.1 Class A
- 20.4.2 Class B
- 20.4.3 Class AB
- 20.4.4 Output stage techniques
- 20.4.5 Design for integration
- Active loads
- 20.5.1 The thyristor
- Thyristor operation
- The thyristor in AC power control
- 20.5.2 The triac
- 20.6.1 Unregulated DC power supplies
- 20.6.2 Regulated DC power supplies
- Power dissipation
- 20.6.3 Switch-mode power supplies
- Objectives
- 21.1 Introduction
- 21.2 Bipolar operational amplifiers
- 21.2.1 A simple differential amplifier
- 21.2.2 An improved amplifier
- 21.2.3 Real bipolar operational amplifiers
- 21.3 CMOS operational amplifiers
- 21.3.1 A simple differential amplifer
- 21.3.2 Real CMOS operational amplifiers
- 21.4 BiFET operational amplifiers
- 21.5 BiMOS operational amplifiers
- Further study
- Key points
- Exercises
- Objectives
- 22.1 Introduction
- 22.2 Noise sources
- 22.2.1 Thermal noise
- 22.2.2 Shot noise
- 22.2.3 1/f noise
- 22.2.4 Interference
- 22.3 Representing noise sources within equivalent circuits
- 22.4 Noise in bipolar transistors
- 22.5 Noise in FETs
- 22.6 Signal-to-noise ratio
- 22.7 Noise figure
- 22.8 Designing for low-noise applications
- 22.8.1 Source resistance
- 22.8.2 Bipolar transistor amplifiers
- 22.8.3 FET amplifiers
- 22.8.4 A comparison of bipolar and FET amplifiers
- 22.8.5 Interference in low-noise applications
- 22.9 Electromagnetic compatibility
- 22.9.1 Sources of electromagnetic interference
- Natural sources of interference
- Human-made sources of interference
- 22.9.2 Electromagnetic susceptibility
- 22.9.3 Electromagnetic emission
- 22.9.4 Electromagnetic coupling between stages
- 22.9.1 Sources of electromagnetic interference
- 22.10 Designing for EMC
- 22.10.1 Analogue vs digital systems
- 22.10.2 Circuit design
- 22.10.3 Circuit layout
- 22.10.4 Multi-layer PCBs
- 22.10.5 Device packaging
- 22.10.6 Circuit partitioning and grounding
- 22.10.7 Enclosures and cable shielding
- 22.10.8 Supply line filtering and decoupling
- 22.10.9 Isolation
- 22.10.10 Achieving good EMC performance
- 22.10.11 EMC and the law
- Further study
- Key points
- Exercises
- Objectives
- 23.1 Introduction
- 23.2 Oscillators
- 23.2.1 The RC or phase-shift oscillator
- 23.2.2 Wien-bridge oscillator
- 23.2.3 Amplitude stabilisation
- 23.2.4 Digital oscillators
- 23.2.5 Crystal oscillators
- 23.3 Stability
- 23.3.1 Gain and phase margins
- 23.3.2 Nyquist diagrams
- 23.3.3 Unintentional feedback
- Further study
- Key points
- Exercises
- Objectives
- 24.1 Introduction
- 24.2 Binary quantities and variables
- 24.3 Logic gates
- 24.3.1 Elementary logic gates
- The AND gate
- The OR gate
- The NOT gate
- 24.3.2 Compound gates
- The NAND gate
- The NOR gate
- The Exclusive OR gate
- The Exclusive NOR gate
- 24.3.3 Using logic gates
- 24.3.1 Elementary logic gates
- 24.4 Boolean algebra
- 24.4.1 Boolean constants
- 24.4.2 Boolean variables
- 24.4.3 Boolean functions
- 24.4.4 Boolean theorems
- 24.5 Combinational logic
- 24.5.1 Implementing a logic function from a Boolean expression
- 24.5.2 Generating a Boolean expression from a logic diagram
- 24.5.3 Implementing a logic function from a description in words
- 24.5.4 Implementing a logic function from a truth table
- 24.6 Boolean algebraic manipulation
- 24.7 Algebraic simplification
- 24.8 Karnaugh maps
- 24.8.1 Don’t care conditions
- 24.9 Automated methods of minimisation
- 24.10 Propagation delay and hazards
- 24.11 Number systems and binary arithmetic
- 24.11.1 Number systems
- The decimal number system
- The binary number system
- Other number systems
- 24.11.2 Number conversion
- Conversion from binary to decimal
- Conversion from decimal to binary
- Conversion from hexadecimal to decimal
- Conversion from decimal to hexadecimal
- Conversions between other bases
- 24.11.3 Binary arithmetic
- Binary addition
- The half adder
- Adding multiple-digit numbers
- The full adder
- Binary subtraction
- Binary multiplication and division
- 24.11.1 Number systems
- 24.12.1 Binary code
- 24.12.2 Binary-coded decimal (BCD) code
- 24.12.3 Gray code
- 24.12.4 ASCII code
- 24.12.5 Error detection and correction techniques
- Parity checking
- Checksum
- Error-detecting and correcting codes
- Objectives
- 25.1 Introduction
- 25.2 Bistables
- 25.2.1 The S–R latch
- 25.2.2 The gated S–R latch
- 25.2.3 The D latch
- 25.2.4 Edge-triggered devices and the D flip-flop
- 25.2.5 J–K flip-flop
- 25.2.6 Asynchronous inputs
- 25.2.7 Propagation delay and races
- 25.2.8 Pulse-triggered bistables or master/slave flip-flops
- 25.3 Monostables or one-shots
- 25.4 Astables
- 25.5 Timers
- 25.6 Memory registers
- 25.7 Shift registers
- 25.8 Counters
- 25.8.1 Ripple counters
- 25.8.2 Modulo-N counters
- 25.8.3 Down counters
- 25.8.4 Up/down counters
- 25.8.5 Propagation delay in ripple counters
- 25.8.6 Synchronous counters
- 25.8.7 Integrated circuit counters
- 25.9 Design of sequential logic circuits
- 25.9.1 Synchronous sequential systems
- System states
- State transition diagram
- State transition table
- State reduction
- State assignment
- Excitation table
- Circuit design
- Unused states
- 25.9.2 Asynchronous sequential systems
- 25.9.1 Synchronous sequential systems
- Further study
- Key points
- Exercises
- Objectives
- 26.1 Introduction
- 26.2 Gate characteristics
- 26.2.1 The inverter
- 26.2.2 Logic levels
- 26.2.3 Noise immunity
- 26.2.4 Transistors as switches
- The FET as a logical switch
- The bipolar transistor as a logical switch
- 26.2.5 Timing considerations
- Propagation delay time
- Set-up time
- Hold time
- 26.2.6 Fan-out
- 26.3 Logic families
- 26.3.1 Resistor–transistor logic (RTL)
- 26.3.2 Diode logic
- 26.3.3 Diode–transistor logic (DTL)
- 26.3.4 Transistor–transistor logic (TTL)
- 26.3.5 Emitter-coupled logic (ECL)
- 26.3.6 Metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) logic
- 26.3.7 Complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) logic
- 26.3.8 Bipolar CMOS (BiCMOS) logic
- 26.3.9 Other logic families
- 26.3.10 Logic families – a summary
- 26.4 TTL
- 26.4.1 Standard TTL
- Transfer characteristic
- Logic levels and noise immunity
- Input and output currents and fan-out
- Switching characteristics
- 26.4.2 Open-collector devices
- Wired-AND operation
- High-voltage outputs
- 26.4.3 Three-state devices
- 26.4.4 TTL inputs
- 26.4.5 Other TTL families
- Low-power TTL (74L)
- High-speed TTL (74H)
- Schottky TTL (74S)
- Advanced Schottky TTL (74AS)
- Low-power Schottky TTL (74LS)
- Advanced low-power Schottky TTL (74ALS)
- FAST TTL (74F)
- The 74 series CMOS families
- 26.4.6 TTL families – a summary
- 26.4.1 Standard TTL
- 26.5 CMOS
- 26.5.1 CMOS characteristics
- Power supply voltages
- Logic levels and noise immunity
- Power dissipation
- Propagation delay
- 26.5.2 CMOS inputs
- Unused inputs
- 26.5.3 CMOS outputs
- 26.5.4 CMOS families
- Standard CMOS (4000B)
- Standard CMOS with TTL pin-out (74C)
- High-speed CMOS (74HC)
- High-speed CMOS, TTL-compatible inputs (74HCT)
- Advanced CMOS (74AC)
- Advanced CMOS, TTL-compatible inputs (74ACT)
- Low-voltage CMOS (74LV)
- Advanced, low-voltage CMOS (74ALVC)
- BiCMOS (74BCT)
- Low-voltage BiCMOS (74LVT)
- 26.5.5 CMOS families – a summary
- 26.5.6 Implementing complex gates in CMOS
- A two-input NAND gate
- A two-input NOR gate
- Implementing more complex gates
- Transmission gates
- 26.5.1 CMOS characteristics
- 26.6.1 Driving CMOS from TTL
- 26.6.2 Driving TTL from CMOS
- 26.6.3 Interfacing CMOS logic with different supply voltages
- 26.8.1 Digital noise sources
- Electronic noise
- Interference
- Internal noise
- Power supply noise
- CMOS switching transients
- 26.8.2 The effects of noise in digital systems
- Noise-induced errors
- Maximum ratings
- 26.8.3 Designing digital systems for EMC
- Enclosures and cable shielding
- Opto-isolation
- Diode clamps
- Decoupling capacitors and earthing
- Power supply isolation
- Schmitt trigger inputs
- Removal of noise by filtering
- Objectives
- 27.1 Introduction
- 27.1.1 The evolution of integrated circuit complexity
- 27.2 Array logic
- 27.2.1 Programmable logic array (PLA)
- 27.2.2 Programmable array logic (PAL)
- 27.2.3 GALs and EPLDs
- 27.2.4 Programmable electrically erasable logic (PEEL)
- 27.2.5 Programmable read-only memory (PROM)
- 27.2.6 Complex programmable logic device (CPLD)
- 27.2.7 Field programmable gate array (FPGA)
- 27.2.8 Programming tools for array logic
- 27.2.9 Custom and semi-custom ICs
- 27.2.10 Choosing between the various forms of implementation
- 27.3 Microprocessors
- 27.3.1 Microcomputer systems
- Wordlength
- Communication within the microcomputer
- Registers
- Processor architectures
- 27.3.2 Data and program storage
- Numeric data
- Negative number representation
- Floating point numbers
- Text
- Program storage
- Reduced instruction set computers (RISC)
- 27.3.3 The processor
- Accumulators
- Index registers
- Program counter
- Instruction register
- Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU)
- Processor status register (flags register)
- Instruction decoding and control unit
- Address and data bus buffers
- Stack pointer
- 27.3.4 Communication with external components
- Bus multiplexing
- 27.3.5 Memory
- Memory capacity
- Memory structure
- 27.3.6 Memory types
- RAM
- ROM
- Memory device standards
- 27.3.7 Microcomputer programming
- Machine code
- Assembly code
- High-level languages
- Choice of programming technique
- 27.3.8 Input/output
- Input/output organisation
- Memory-mapped input/output
- Input/output using a separate address space
- Input/output registers
- Serial input/output
- Asynchronous serial communications
- Synchronous serial communications
- Signalling rate
- Simplex and duplex communications
- Serial I/O devices
- Serial communications standards
- Program-controlled input/output
- Interrupts
- Vectors
- Interrupts and the stack
- DMA
- Computer input/output – a summary
- Input/output organisation
- 27.3.9 Single-chip microcomputers
- PIC microcontrollers
- 27.3.1 Microcomputer systems
- 27.6.1 Arduino
- 27.6.2 Raspberry Pi
- Objectives
- 28.1 Introduction
- 28.2 Sampling
- 28.3 Signal reconstruction
- 28.4 Data converters
- 28.4.1 Digital-to-analogue converters (DACs)
- Binary-weighted resistor method
- R–2R resistor chain method
- DAC settling times
- 28.4.2 Analogue-to-digital converters (ADCs)
- Counter or servo
- Successive approximation
- Dual slope
- Parallel or flash
- 28.4.1 Digital-to-analogue converters (DACs)
- 28.6.1 Single-chip data-acquisition systems
- Objectives
- 29.1 Introduction
- 29.2 The communications channel
- 29.2.1 Radio wave propagation
- 29.2.2 The radio frequency spectrum
- 29.2.3 Channel characteristics
- 29.3 Modulation
- 29.3.1 Why do we need modulation?
- 29.3.2 Basic forms of modulation
- 29.3.3 Analogue modulation
- Amplitude modulation
- Frequency modulation
- 29.3.4 Digital modulation
- Amplitude-shift keying (ASK)
- Frequency-shift keying (FSK)
- Phase-shift keying (PSK)
- 29.3.5 Pulse modulation
- Pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM)
- Pulse-width modulation (PWM)
- Pulse-position modulation (PPM)
- Pulse-code modulation (PCM)
- Objectives
- 30.1 Introduction
- 30.2 Design methodology
- 30.3 Choice of technology
- 30.3.1 Device technologies
- Bipolar vs FET in analogue systems
- Bipolar vs FET (MOS) in digital systems
- 30.3.1 Device technologies
- 30.4.1 Schematic capture
- 30.4.2 Circuit simulation
- 30.4.3 PCB layout
- 30.4.4 PLD design and programming packages
- 30.4.5 VLSI layout
- 30.4.6 Design verification
- 30.4.7 System specification and description
- Real, imaginary and complex numbers
- Graphical representation of complex numbers
- The complex conjugate
- Complex arithmetic
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