Critical Thinking
5.290 kr.
Námskeið
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RÝN0176120 Gagnrýnin hugsun
Annað
- Höfundar: Brooke Noel Moore, Richard Parker
- Útgáfa:13
- Útgáfudagur: 2020-02-25
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- Format:ePub
- ISBN 13: 9781260579789
- Print ISBN: 9781260570694
- ISBN 10: 1260579786
Efnisyfirlit
- Cover
- Title
- Copyright
- Brief Contents
- Contents
- Connect
- Critical Thinking . . . Skills for the course. Skills for life
- Preface
- Changes to the 13th Edition
- Acknowledgments
- About the Authors
- Dedication
- This is not entirely a work of nonfiction
- Chapter 1 Driving Blindfolded
- Beliefs and Claims
- Objective Claims and Subjective Judgments
- Fact and Opinion
- Relativism
- Moral Subjectivism
- Issues
- Arguments
- Cognitive Biases
- Truth and Knowledge
- What Critical Thinking Can and Can’t Do
- A Word About the Exercises
- Recap
- Additional Exercises
- Answers and Tips
- Beliefs and Claims
- Chapter 2 Two Kinds of Reasoning
- Arguments: General Features
- Conclusions Used as Premises
- Unstated Premises and Conclusions
- Two Kinds of Arguments
- Deductive Arguments
- Inductive Arguments
- Beyond a Reasonable Doubt
- Two Kinds of Deductive Arguments
- Four Kinds of Inductive Arguments
- Telling the Difference Between Deductive and Inductive Arguments
- Deduction, Induction, and Unstated Premises
- Balance of Considerations
- Not Premises, Conclusions, or Arguments
- Selfies (and Other Pictures)
- If . . . Then . . . Sentences
- Lists of Facts
- “A because B”
- Ethos, Pathos, and Logos
- Techniques for Understanding Arguments
- Clarifying an Argument’s Structure
- Distinguishing Arguments from Window Dressing
- Evaluating Arguments
- Recap
- Additional Exercises
- Answers and Tips
- Arguments: General Features
- Chapter 3 Clear Thinking, Critical Thinking, and Clear Writing
- Vagueness
- Ambiguity
- Semantic Ambiguity
- Grouping Ambiguity
- Syntactic Ambiguity
- Generality
- Defining Terms
- Purposes of Definitions
- Kinds of Definitions
- Tips on Definitions
- Writing Argumentative Essays
- Good Writing Practices
- Essay Types to Avoid
- Persuasive Writing
- Writing in a Diverse Society
- Recap
- Additional Exercises
- Answers and Tips
- Chapter 4 Credibility
- The Believability of Claims
- Does the Claim Conflict with Personal Observation?
- Does the Claim Conflict with Our Background Information?
- Might the Claim Reinforce Our Biases?
- The Credibility of Sources
- Interested Parties
- Physical and Other Characteristics
- Expertise
- The News
- Mainstream News Media
- Advertising
- Three Kinds of Ads
- Recap
- Additional Exercises
- Answers and Tips
- The Believability of Claims
- Chapter 5 Rhetoric, the Art of Persuasion
- Rhetorical Force
- Rhetorical Devices I
- Euphemisms and Dysphemisms
- Weaselers
- Downplayers
- Rhetorical Devices II
- Stereotypes
- Innuendo
- Loaded Questions
- Rhetorical Devices III
- Ridicule/Sarcasm
- Hyperbole
- Rhetorical Devices IV
- Rhetorical Definitions and Rhetorical Explanations
- Rhetorical Analogies and Misleading Comparisons
- Proof Surrogates and Repetition
- Proof Surrogates
- Repetition
- Persuasion Through Visual Imagery
- The Extreme Rhetoric of Demagoguery
- Recap
- Additional Exercises
- Answers and Tips
- Chapter 6 Relevance (Red Herring) Fallacies
- Argumentum Ad Hominem
- Poisoning the Well
- Guilt by Association
- Genetic Fallacy
- Straw Man
- False Dilemma (Ignoring Other Alternatives)
- The Perfectionist Fallacy
- The Line-Drawing Fallacy
- Misplacing the Burden of Proof
- Begging the Question (Assuming What You Are Trying to Prove)
- Appeal to Emotion
- Argument from Outrage
- Scare Tactics
- Appeal to Pity
- Other Appeals to Emotion
- Irrelevant Conclusion
- Recap
- Exercises
- Answers and Tips
- Argumentum Ad Hominem
- Chapter 7 Induction Fallacies
- Generalizations
- Generalizing from Too Few Cases (Hasty Generalization)
- Generalizing from Exceptional Cases
- Accident
- Weak Analogy
- Mistaken Appeal to Authority
- Mistaken Appeal to Popularity (Mistaken Appeal to Common Belief)
- Mistaken Appeal to Common Practice
- Bandwagon Fallacy
- Fallacies Related to Cause and Effect
- Post Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc
- Cum Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc
- Slippery Slope
- Untestable Explanation
- Line-Drawing Again
- Recap
- Exercises
- Answers and Tips
- Generalizations
- Chapter 8 Formal Fallacies and Fallacies of Language
- Three Formal Fallacies: Affirming the Consequent, Denying the Antecedent, and Undistributed Middle
- Affirming the Consequent
- Denying the Antecedent
- The Undistributed Middle
- The Fallacies of Equivocation and Amphiboly
- The Fallacies of Composition and Division
- Confusing Explanations with Excuses
- Confusing Contraries and Contradictories
- Consistency and Inconsistency
- Miscalculating Probabilities
- Incorrectly Combining the Probability of Independent Events
- Gambler’s Fallacy
- Overlooking Prior Probabilities
- Faulty Inductive Conversion
- Recap
- Additional Exercises
- Answers and Tips
- Three Formal Fallacies: Affirming the Consequent, Denying the Antecedent, and Undistributed Middle
- Chapter 9 Deductive Arguments I: Categorical Logic
- Categorical Claims
- Venn Diagrams
- Translation into Standard Form (Introduction)
- Translating Claims in Which the Word “Only” or the Phrase “The Only” Occurs
- Translating Claims About Times and Places
- Translating Claims About Specific Individuals
- Translating Claims that Use Mass Nouns
- The Square of Opposition
- Existential Assumption and the Square of Opposition
- Inferences Across the Square
- Three Categorical Relations
- Conversion
- Obversion
- Contraposition
- Categorical Syllogisms
- The Venn Diagram Method of Testing for Validity
- Existential Assumption in Categorical Syllogisms
- Categorical Syllogisms with Unstated Premises
- Real-Life Syllogisms
- The Rules Method of Testing for Validity
- Recap
- Additional Exercises
- Answers and Tips
- Categorical Claims
- Chapter 10 Deductive Arguments II: Truth-Functional Logic
- Truth Tables and Logical Symbols
- Claim Variables
- Truth Tables
- Symbolizing Compound Claims
- “If” and “Only If”
- Necessary and Sufficient Conditions
- “Unless”
- “Either . . . Or”
- Truth-Functional Argument Patterns (Brief Version)
- Three Common Valid Argument Patterns
- Three Mistakes: Invalid Argument Forms
- Truth-Functional Arguments (Full Version)
- The Truth-Table Method
- The Short Truth-Table Method
- Deductions
- Group I Rules: Elementary Valid Argument Patterns
- Group II Rules: Truth-Functional Equivalences
- Conditional Proof
- Recap
- Additional Exercises
- Answers and Tips
- Truth Tables and Logical Symbols
- Chapter 11 Inductive Reasoning
- Argument from Analogy
- Evaluation of Arguments from Analogy
- Three Arguments from Analogy
- Other Uses of Analogy
- Generalizing from a Sample
- Evaluation of Arguments That Generalize from a Sample
- Three Arguments That Generalize from a Sample
- Scientific Generalizing from a Sample
- De-generalizing (Reverse Generalizing; the Statistical Syllogism)
- Causal Statements and Their Support
- Forming Causal Hypotheses
- Weighing Evidence
- Confirming Causal Hypotheses
- Inference to the Best Explanation
- Reasoning from Cause to Effect
- Calculating Statistical Probabilities
- Joint Occurrence of Independent Events
- Alternative Occurrences
- Expectation Value
- Calculating Conditional Probabilities
- Causation in the Law
- Recap
- Additional Exercises
- Answers and Tips
- Argument from Analogy
- Chapter 12 Moral, Legal, and Aesthetic Reasoning
- Value Judgments
- Moral Versus Nonmoral
- Two Principles of Moral Reasoning
- Moral Principles
- Deriving Specific Moral Value Judgments
- Major Perspectives in Moral Reasoning
- Consequentialism
- Duty Theory/Deontologism
- Moral Relativism
- Religious Relativism
- Religious Absolutism
- Virtue Ethics
- Moral Deliberation
- Legal Reasoning
- Justifying Laws: Four Perspectives
- Aesthetic Reasoning
- Eight Aesthetic Principles
- Using Aesthetic Principles to Judge Aesthetic Value
- Evaluating Aesthetic Criticism: Relevance and Truth
- Why Reason Aesthetically?
- Recap
- Additional Exercises
- Answers and Tips
- Value Judgments
- Appendix: Selected Exercises from Previous Editions
- Glossary
- Index
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- Gerð : 208
- Höfundur : 15115
- Útgáfuár : 2020
- Leyfi : 380