Construction Contracting: A Practical Guide to Company Management
Lýsing:
Construction Contracting remains a bestseller in the construction industry nearly fifty years after its first publication. A cornerstone of the construction professional's library, this text presents the hard-to-find information essential to successfully managing a construction business, and applies to building, heavy civil, high-tech, and industrial construction endeavors alike. It also features a wealth of coverage on such basics as business ownership and company organization, cost estimating, bidding procedures and strategies, project time and cost management, labor relations, and project safety.
This Eighth Edition is the first revision in nine years, and reflects the huge changes in construction professional practice that has occured. This includes consideration of new delivery methods, new technology, and current thinking in project time and cost management. Construction Contracting, Eighth Edition is a complete working resource for the construction professional in the field or office and an indispensable preparatory tool for students.
Annað
- Höfundur: Richard H. Clough, Glenn A. Sears, S. Keoki Sears, Robert O. Segner, Jerald L. Rounds
- Útgáfa:8
- Útgáfudagur: 2015-03-04
- Hægt að prenta út 2 bls.
- Hægt að afrita 10 bls.
- Format:Page Fidelity
- ISBN 13: 9781119019978
- Print ISBN: 9781118693216
- ISBN 10: 1119019974
Efnisyfirlit
- Title Page
- Copyright
- Contents
- Chapter 1 The Construction Industry
- 1.1 Introduction
- 1.2 The Construction Project
- 1.3 Economic Importance
- 1.4 The People involved on a Construction Project
- 1.4.1 Owner
- 1.4.2 The Architect-Engineer
- 1.4.3 Engineering Consultants
- 1.4.4 Other Consultants
- 1.4.5 Construction Manager
- 1.4.6 The Prime Contractor
- 1.4.7 The Subcontractor
- 1.4.8 The Sub-subcontractor
- 1.4.9 Vendors
- 1.5 Construction Categories
- 1.5.1 Residential Construction
- 1.5.2 Commercial Construction
- 1.5.3 Heavy/Civil/Highway Construction
- 1.5.4 Industrial Construction
- 1.6 Project Financing
- 1.6.1 By Owner
- 1.6.2 By Builder-Vendor
- 1.6.3 By Developer
- 1.7 The Contract System
- 1.8 Project Delivery Methods
- 1.8.1 Construction Services Only
- 1.8.2 Design-Bid-Build
- 1.8.3 The Team Approach
- 1.8.4 Design-Build
- 1.8.5 Design-Manage
- 1.8.6 Preengineered Buildings
- 1.8.7 Fast-Track
- 1.8.8 General Conditions Construction
- 1.8.9 Value Engineering
- 1.9 Types of Construction Contracts
- 1.9.1 Single-Contract System
- 1.9.2 Separate-Contracts System
- 1.10 Forms of Construction Contract Award
- 1.10.1 Competitive Bid Contracting
- 1.10.2 Competitive Negotiation
- 1.10.3 Negotiated Contracting
- 1.11 Forms of Negotiated Contracts
- 1.11.1 Lump-Sum
- 1.11.2 Unit Price
- 1.11.3 Cost-Plus or Cost-Reimbursable
- 1.12 Basic Elements of Agreement in the Various Types of Cost-Plus Contracts
- 1.12.1 Cost Plus a Fixed Fee
- 1.12.2 Cost Plus a Percentage of CostThe owner will reimburse the contractor’s costs
- 1.12.3 Cost Plus a Fixed Fee or Percentage of Cost, with a Guaranteed Maximum
- 1.12.4 Cost Plus a Fixed Fee or Percentage of Cost, with a Guaranteed Maximum and a Savings or Incen
- 1.13 Competitive Sealed Proposals
- 1.14 Other Forms of Contracts
- 1.14.1 Time and Materials Contracts
- 1.14.2 Job Order Contracting
- 1.14.3 Construction by Force Account
- 1.15 Small and Disadvantaged Business Enterprises
- 1.16 Seasonality in Construction
- 1.17 Licensing
- 1.18 License Bonds
- 1.19 Building Codes
- 1.20 Contractor Organizations
- 1.21 Management Practices in Construction
- 1.22 Business Failures in Construction
- 1.23 Summary and Conclusions
- Chapter 1 Review Questions
- Chapter 2 Business Ownership
- 2.1 Introduction
- 2.2 Alternative Forms
- 2.3 Construction Contracting Firms
- 2.4 The Individual Proprietorship
- 2.5 The General Partnership
- 2.6 Establishing a Partnership
- 2.7 Liability of a General Partner
- 2.8 Dissolution of a Partnership
- 2.9 Subpartnership
- 2.10 The Limited Partnership
- 2.11 The Corporation
- 2.12 The Foreign Corporation
- 2.13 Stockholders
- 2.14 Corporate Directors and Officers
- 2.15 The S Corporation
- 2.16 Employee Stock Ownership Plan (ESOP)
- 2.17 Limited Liability Company (LLC)
- 2.18 The Joint Venture
- 2.19 Summary and Conclusions
- Chapter 2 Review Questions
- Chapter 3 Company Organization
- 3.1 Introduction
- 3.2 Organization Basics
- 3.3 General Considerations
- 3.4 Principles of Organization
- 3.4.1 List of Duties
- 3.4.2 Division of Duties
- 3.4.3 Organizational Structure and Organization Chart
- 3.4.4 Staffing
- 3.4.5 Communications
- 3.4.6 The Manual of Policies and Procedures
- 3.4.7 The Employee Handbook
- 3.4.8 Plan Implementation and Adjustment
- 3.5 Responsibility, Authority, and Delegation
- 3.6 Making the Organization Work
- 3.6.1 Decision Making
- 3.6.2 Personnel Development
- 3.6.3 Training of Replacements
- 3.6.4 Motivation
- 3.7 Summary and Conclusions
- Chapter 3 Review Questions
- Chapter 4 Project Design and Contract and Bid Documents for a Project
- 4.1 Introduction
- 4.2 The Architect-Engineer
- 4.2.1 Owner-Client
- 4.2.2 In-House Capability
- 4.2.3 Design-Build
- 4.2.4 Construction Management
- 4.2.5 Design-Manage
- 4.3 Designers’ Professional Associations
- 4.4 Selection of the Architect-Engineer
- 4.5 Services Provided by the Architect-Engineer
- 4.6 Fee for Design Services
- 4.7 Responsibility to the Owner
- 4.8 Liability to Third Persons
- 4.9 Statutes of Limitations
- 4.10 Contractor Input Into Design
- 4.11 Project Description—Communicating the Design
- 4.12 Announcing the Project to Contractors
- 4.12.1 Advertisement for Bids
- 4.12.2 Invitation to Bid
- 4.13 Project Manual
- 4.14 BID Documents
- 4.15 Instructions to Bidders
- 4.16 Contract Documents
- 4.16.1 Conditions of the Contract
- 4.16.2 Drawings
- 4.16.3 Specifications
- 4.16.4 Addenda
- 4.16.5 Alternates
- 4.16.6 Contractor-Designated Alternates
- 4.16.7 Agreement
- 4.16.8 Modifications to the Contract
- 4.17 Summary and Conclusions
- Chapter 4 Review Questions
- Chapter 5 Cost Estimating and Bidding
- 5.1 Introduction
- 5.2 General
- 5.3 Types of Estimates
- 5.3 Types of Estimates
- 5.3.1 Approximate Estimates
- 5.3.2 Detailed Estim
- 5.3.3 Lump-Sum Estimates
- 5.3.4 Unit-Price Estimates
- 5.4 Preliminary Considerations Prior to Commencing the Estimate
- 5.4.1 Reporting Services
- 5.4.2 Availability of Drawings and Specifications
- 5.5 Set-Asides
- 5.6 Qualification
- 5.7 The Decision to BID
- 5.8 The Bidding Period
- 5.9 Prebid Meetings
- 5.10 Work to be Self-Performed Andwork to be Subcontracted
- 5.11 Site Visit
- 5.12 Project Time Schedule
- 5.13 Preparing the Estimate
- 5.13.1 Estimating Materials Costs
- 5.14 Estimating Labor Cost
- 5.14.1 Direct Labor
- 5.14.2 Indirect Labor
- 5.14.3 Other Considerations in Estimating Labor
- 5.15 Estimating Equipment Cost
- 5.15.1 Equipment Expense
- 5.15.2 Ownership and Operating Costs
- 5.15.3 Equipment Production Rates
- 5.16 Indirect Costs
- 5.16.1 Project Overhead
- 5.16.2 General Overhead
- 5.17 Subcontractor Proposals
- 5.17.1 Additional Considerations Regarding Subcontractor Proposals
- 5.17.2 Assigned Subcontracts
- 5.18 Markup
- 5.19 The Lump-Sum Recap Sheet
- 5.20 The Unit-Price Recap Sheet
- 5.21 Bid Changes
- 5.22 Finalizing the Estimate
- 5.23 The Proposal
- 5.24 Bidding Procedures
- 5.25 Submission of Proposals
- 5.26 Responsive BID and Technicalities
- 5.27 BID Spread
- 5.28 Out of the Money
- 5.29 The Acceptance Period
- 5.30 Rejection of Proposals
- 5.31 Withdrawal of BID by Prime Contractor
- 5.32 Withdrawal of BID by Subcontractor
- 5.33 List of Subcontractors
- 5.34 Contingencies Allowances and Subcontract Allowances
- 5.35 Disclaimers and Waivers
- 5.36 BID Ethics
- 5.37 BID Depositories
- 5.38 BID Rigging
- 5.39 Unbalanced Bids
- 5.40 Complimentary Bids
- 5.41 State Preference Statutes
- 5.42 Scheduling BID Dates
- 5.43 Scope Bidding
- 5.44 Range Estimating
- 5.45 Introducing Probabilistic Determinations Into the Estimate
- 5.46 Computer-Based Estimating
- 5.47 Summary and Conclusions
- Chapter 5 Review Questions
- Chapter 6 Construction Contract Provisions
- 6.1 Introduction—Construction Contracts
- 6.2 Contract Clauses
- 6.3 Rights and Responsibilities of the Owner
- 6.4 Duties and Authorities of the Architect-Engineer
- 6.5 Indemnification
- 6.6 Rights and Responsibilities of the Contractor
- 6.7 Subcontracts
- 6.8 Subcontract Provisions
- 6.9 Contract Time
- 6.10 Liquidated Damages
- 6.11 Extensions of Time
- 6.12 Acceleration
- 6.13 Differing Site Conditions
- 6.14 Owner-Caused Delay
- 6.15 The Agreement
- 6.16 Letter of Intent
- 6.17 The Notice to Proceed
- 6.18 Acceptance and Final Payment
- 6.19 Termination of the Contract
- 6.20 The Warranty Period
- 6.21 Summary and Conclusions
- Chapter 6 Review Questions
- Chapter 7 Contract Surety Bonds
- 7.1 Introduction
- 7.2 Basic Elements of Understanding
- 7.3 Forms of Contract Bonds
- 7.4 BID Bonds
- 7.5 Performance Bonds
- 7.6 Payment Bonds
- 7.7 Statutory and Common-Law Bonds
- 7.8 The Miller Act
- 7.9 Claims for Payment
- 7.10 Contract Changes
- 7.11 Bond Premiums
- 7.12 The Surety
- 7.13 Indemnity of Surety
- 7.14 Investigation by Surety
- 7.15 Rationale for Requiring Construction Bonds
- 7.16 Bonding Capacity of Contractors
- 7.17 The Surety Agent
- 7.18 Default by the Contractor
- 7.19 Contract Bonds and Type of Contract
- 7.20 Subcontract Bonds
- 7.21 Contract Bond Alternatives
- 7.22 Additional Surety Bonds
- 7.22.1 Maintenance Bonds
- 7.22.2 Fidelity Bond
- 7.22.3 Bonds to Release Retainage
- 7.22.4 Bonds to Discharge Liens or Claims
- 7.22.5 Bonds to Indemnify Owner Against Liens
- 7.22.6 Bonds to Protect Owners of Rented Equipment and Leased Property
- 7.22.7 Judicial or Court Bonds
- 7.22.8 License Bond
- 7.22.9 Termite Bond
- 7.22.10 Subdivision Bond
- 7.22.11 Self-Insurers’Workers’ Compensation Bond
- 7.22.12 UnionWage Bond
- 7.23 Summary and Conclusions
- Chapter 7 Review Questions
- Chapter 8 Construction Insurance
- 8.1 Introduction
- 8.2 Risk Management
- 8.3 Construction Risks
- 8.4 The Insurance Policy
- 8.5 Contract Requirements
- 8.6 Legal Requirements
- 8.7 Analysis of Insurable Risks
- 8.8 Construction Insurance Checklist
- 8.9 Project Property Insurance
- 8.10 Builder’s Risk Insurance
- 8.11 All-Risk Builder’s Risk Insurance
- 8.12 Named-Peril Builder’s Risk Insurance
- 8.13 Builder’s Risk Policy Premiums
- 8.14 Provision of Builder’s Risk Insurance by the Owner
- 8.15 Subrogation
- 8.16 Termination of Builder’s Risk Insurance
- 8.17 Contractor’s Equipment Floater Policy
- 8.18 Property Insurance
- 8.19 Crime Insurance
- 8.20 Liability Insurance
- 8.21 Commercial General Liability Insurance
- 8.22 Bodily Injury and Property Damage Liability Insurance
- 8.23 Contractor’s Protective Public and Property Damage Liability Insurance
- 8.24 Completed-Operations Liability Insurance
- 8.25 Contractual Liability Insurance
- 8.26 Third-Party Beneficiary Clauses
- 8.27 Personal Injury
- 8.28 Exclusions From Commercial General Liability Policy
- 8.29 Property Damage Liability Exclusions
- 8.30 Automobile Insurance
- 8.31 Professional Liability Insurance
- 8.32 Umbrella Excess Liability Insurance
- 8.33 Wrap-Up Insurance
- 8.34 Owner’s Liability Insurance
- 8.35 Subcontractors’ Insurance
- 8.36 Group Insurance Plans
- 8.37 Employee Benefit Insurance
- 8.38 Certificates of Insurance
- 8.39 The Principles of Workers’ Compensation
- 8.40 Workers’ Compensation Laws
- 8.41 Administration of Workers’ Compensation Laws
- 8.42 Workers’ Compensation Benefits
- 8.43 Additional Provisions Ofworkers’ Compensation Laws
- 8.44 Workers’ Compensation Insurance
- 8.45 Workers’ Compensation Insurance Rates
- 8.46 Workers’ Compensation Deductible Plan
- 8.47 Workers’ Compensation Self-Insurance
- 8.48 Employer’s Liability Insurance
- 8.49 Nonoccupational Disability Insurance
- 8.50 Unemployment Insurance
- 8.51 Insurance Claims
- 8.52 Social Security
- 8.53 Summary and Conclusions
- Chapter 8 Review Questions
- Chapter 9 Business Methods
- 9.1 Introduction
- 9.2 Financial Records
- 9.3 Accounting Methods
- 9.4 Accounting for Long-Term Contracts
- 9.5 Percentage-of-Completion Method
- 9.6 Percentage-of-Completion Capitalized Cost Method
- 9.7 Completed-Contract Method
- 9.8 Financial Statements
- 9.9 The Income Statement
- 9.10 The Balance Sheet
- 9.11 Financial Ratios
- 9.12 Significance of Ratios
- 9.13 Construction Equipment Acquisition
- 9.14 Equipment Management
- 9.15 Equipment Depreciation
- 9.16 Straight-Line Depreciation
- 9.17 Accelerated Depreciation
- 9.18 Modified Accelerated Cost Recovery System (Macrs)
- 9.19 Procurement
- 9.19.1 Purchasing
- 9.19.2 Expediting and Receiving
- 9.19.3 Inspection
- 9.19.4 Shipping
- 9.19.5 Subcontracts
- 9.20 Discounts by Vendors and Suppliers
- 9.21 Title of Purchases
- 9.21.1 Cash Sale
- 9.21.2 On-Approval Sale
- 9.21.3 Sale or Return
- 9.21.4 Delivery by Vendor
- 9.21.5 Shipment by Common Carrier
- 9.22 A Contractor’s Right to Check on Project Financing
- 9.23 Payment to the General Contractor
- 9.24 Payment Requests for Lump-Sum Contracts
- 9.26 Payment Requests for Cost-Plus Contracts
- 9.27 Final Payment
- 9.28 Payments to Subcontractors
- 9.29 Direct Payment
- 9.30 Backcharges
- 9.31 Payments to Material Suppliers
- 9.32 Cash Flow
- 9.33 Cash Forecasts
- 9.34 The Mechanic’s Lien
- 9.35 Release of Lien
- 9.36 Assignment of Contracts
- 9.37 Marketing
- 9.37.1 Web Site
- 9.37.2 Social Media Sites, Especially LinkedIn
- 9.37.3 Project Signs
- 9.37.4 Company Brochure
- 9.37.5 Advertising
- 9.37.6 Newsletters
- 9.37.7 Publicity
- 9.37.8 Public Involvement
- 9.37.9 Contractor and Architect-Engineer Professional Associations
- 9.38 Employee Motivation
- 9.39 Substance Abuse Programs
- 9.40 Job Site Crime
- 9.41 Employee Training Programs
- 9.42 Summary and Conclusions
- Chapter 9 Review Questions
- 10.1 Introduction
- 10.2 Project Organization
- 10.3 The Project Manager
- 10.4 The Project Superintendent
- 10.5 Field Engineer
- 10.6 Owner Project Representative
- 10.7 Job Site Computers
- 10.8 Aspects of Project Management
- 10.9 Field Productivity
- 10.10 Project Administration
- 10.11 Project Meetings
- 10.12 Schedule of Owner Payments
- 10.13 Shop Drawings
- 10.14 Approval of the Shop Drawings
- 10.15 Quality Control
- 10.16 Total Quality Management
- 10.17 Materials Management
- 10.18 Expediting
- 10.19 Deliveries
- 10.20 Receiving
- 10.21 Inspection of Materials
- 10.22 Subcontractor Scheduling
- 10.23 Record Drawings
- 10.24 Disbursement Controls
- 10.25 Job Records
- 10.26 The Daily job Log
- 10.27 Claims and Disputes
- 10.28 Claims in the Construction Industry
- 10.29 Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR)
- 10.30 National Construction Dispute Resolution Committee (NCDRC)
- 10.31 Arbitration
- 10.32 Arbitration Procedure
- 10.33 Mediation
- 10.34 Mini-Trials
- 10.35 Dispute Review Boards
- 10.36 Neutral Evaluation
- 10.37 Settlement Conferences
- 10.38 Partnering
- 10.39 Lean Construction
- 10.40 Summary and Conclusions
- Chapter 10 Review Questions
- 11.1 Introduction
- 11.2 The Critical Path Method
- 11.3 General Considerations
- 11.4 Project Planning
- 11.5 Precedence Notation
- 11.6 The Precedence Diagram
- 11.7 Example Problem 1
- 11.8 The Network Format
- 11.9 Project Scheduling
- 11.10 Activity Durations
- 11.11 Time Contingency
- 11.12 Example Problem 2
- 11.13 Network Computations
- 11.14 Early Activity Times
- 11.15 Project Duration
- 11.16 Late Activity Times
- 11.17 Total Float
- 11.18 The Critical Path
- 11.19 Free Float
- 11.20 Least-Cost Project Shortening
- 11.21 Time-Scaled Networks
- 11.22 Significance of Floats
- 11.23 The Early-Start Schedule
- 11.24 Bar Charts
- 11.25 Resource Scheduling
- 11.26 Progress Monitoring
- 11.27 Progress Analysis
- 11.28 Schedule Updating
- 11.29 Fast-Tracking
- 11.30 Computers and Time Management
- 11.31 Delay Claims
- 11.32 Summary and Conclusions
- Chapter 11 Review Questions
- 12.1 Introduction
- 12.2 Project Cost Control
- 12.3 Data for Estimating
- 12.4 Accounting Codes
- 12.5 Job Cost Accounts
- 12.6 Monthly Cost Reports
- 12.7 Project Overhead
- 12.8 Labor and Equipment Costs
- 12.9 Cost Accounting
- 12.10 Labor and Equipment Budget
- 12.11 Cost Accounting Reports
- 12.12 Labor Time Cards
- 12.13 Time Card Preparation
- 12.14 Measurement of Work Quantities
- 12.15 Forms of Labor Reports
- 12.16 Weekly Labor Cost Reports
- 12.17 Equipment Cost
- 12.18 Equipment Time Cards
- 12.19 Equipment Cost Reports
- 12.20 Other Equipment Charges to Projecst
- 12.21 Cost Information and Field Supervisors
- 12.22 Cost Control
- 12.23 Information for Estimating
- 12.24 Computer Application
- 12.25 Summary and Conclusions
- Chapter 12 Review Questions
- 13.1 Introduction
- 13.2 History of Law of Labor Relations
- 13.3 The Norris-Laguardia Act
- 13.4 The National Labor Relations Act
- 13.5 The Labor Management Relations Act
- 13.6 The Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure Act
- 13.7 Coverage of the National Labor Relations Act
- 13.8 The National Labor Relations Board
- 13.9 Representation Elections
- 13.10 Employer Unfair Labor Practices
- 13.11 Union Unfair Labor Practices
- 13.12 Charges of Unfair Labor Practices
- 13.13 Remedies
- 13.14 Union-Shop Agreements
- 13.15 Prehire Agreements
- 13.16 Union Hiring Halls
- 13.17 Secondary Boycotts
- 13.18 Common Situs Picketing
- 13.19 Subcontractor Agreements
- 13.20 Prefabrication Clauses
- 13.21 Jurisdictional Disputes
- 13.22 NLRB Jurisdictional Settlement
- 13.23 Voluntary Jurisdictional Settlement Plans
- 13.24 Payments to Employee Representatives
- 13.25 Political Contributions
- 13.26 The Civil Rights Act of 1964
- 13.27 Executive Order 11246
- 13.28 The Age Discrimination in Employment Act
- 13.29 The Davis-Bacon Act
- 13.30 Davis-Bacon Administration
- 13.31 The Copeland Act
- 13.32 The Fair Labor Standards Act
- 13.33 The Contract Work Hours and Safety Standards Act
- 13.34 The Hobbs Act
- 13.35 Immigration Reform and Control Act
- 13.36 The National Apprenticeship Act
- 13.37 The Drug-Free Workplace Act
- 13.38 Family and Medical Leave Act
- 13.39 Americans With Disabilities Act (ADA)
- 13.40 Erisa
- 13.41 Summary and Conclusions
- Chapter 13 Review Questions
- 14.1 The Construction Worker
- 14.2 Employment in the Construction Industry
- 14.3 Employee Benefits
- 14.4 The Union Contractor
- 14.5 The Role of the Unions
- 14.6 Union History
- 14.7 Construction Unions
- 14.8 The Local Union
- 14.9 Local Union Autonomy
- 14.10 Union Work Rules
- 14.11 The Business Agent
- 14.12 Collective Bargaining
- 14.13 Patterns of Bargaining
- 14.14 Withdrawal From Bargaining Unit
- 14.15 The Bargaining Process
- 14.16 Labor Agreements
- 14.17 Geographical Coverage of Agreements
- 14.18 Project Agreements
- 14.19 National Agreements
- 14.20 The Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service
- 14.21 Employer Lockouts
- 14.22 Wages and Hours
- 14.23 Administration of the Labor Contract
- 14.24 Damage Suits
- 14.25 Prejob Conferences
- 14.26 The Merit-Shop Contractor
- 14.27 Sources of Open-Shop Labor
- 14.28 Apprenticeship Programs
- 14.29 Nonapprenticeship Training Programs
- 14.30 Supervisory Training
- 14.31 Present Construction Industry Status
- 14.32 Dual-Shop Operation
- 14.33 Union Reaction to Open Shop
- 14.34 Summary and Conclusions
- Chapter 14 Review Questions
- 15.1 Introduction
- 15.2 The Cost of Construction Accidents
- 15.3 Safety Legislation
- 15.4 State Safety Codes
- 15.5 Federal Health and Safety Acts
- 15.6 The Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA)
- 15.7 Site Inspections by OSHA
- 15.8 Penalties Under OSHA
- 15.9 OSHA Hazard Communication Standard
- 15.10 Multiemployer Work Sites
- 15.11 Contract Safety Requirements
- 15.12 Work Injury and Illness Recording
- 15.13 Work Injury and Illness Rates
- 15.14 OSHA and Industry Trade Associations, Construction Companies, and Individual Workers are Makin
- 15.15 Economic Benefits of Safety
- 15.16 Safety Services of Contractor Associations
- 15.17 The Role of Management in Safety
- 15.18 The Company Safety Program
- 15.19 The Project Safety Plan
- 15.20 Owners’ Requirements Regarding Safety Policies and Plans
- 15.21 The Field Supervisor
- 15.22 Accident Records
- 15.23 Protection of the Public
- 15.24 The Cost of a Safety Program
- 15.25 Summary and Conclusions
- Chapter 15 Review Questions
UM RAFBÆKUR Á HEIMKAUP.IS
Bókahillan þín er þitt svæði og þar eru bækurnar þínar geymdar. Þú kemst í bókahilluna þína hvar og hvenær sem er í tölvu eða snjalltæki. Einfalt og þægilegt!Rafbók til eignar
Rafbók til eignar þarf að hlaða niður á þau tæki sem þú vilt nota innan eins árs frá því bókin er keypt.
Þú kemst í bækurnar hvar sem er
Þú getur nálgast allar raf(skóla)bækurnar þínar á einu augabragði, hvar og hvenær sem er í bókahillunni þinni. Engin taska, enginn kyndill og ekkert vesen (hvað þá yfirvigt).
Auðvelt að fletta og leita
Þú getur flakkað milli síðna og kafla eins og þér hentar best og farið beint í ákveðna kafla úr efnisyfirlitinu. Í leitinni finnur þú orð, kafla eða síður í einum smelli.
Glósur og yfirstrikanir
Þú getur auðkennt textabrot með mismunandi litum og skrifað glósur að vild í rafbókina. Þú getur jafnvel séð glósur og yfirstrikanir hjá bekkjarsystkinum og kennara ef þeir leyfa það. Allt á einum stað.
Hvað viltu sjá? / Þú ræður hvernig síðan lítur út
Þú lagar síðuna að þínum þörfum. Stækkaðu eða minnkaðu myndir og texta með multi-level zoom til að sjá síðuna eins og þér hentar best í þínu námi.
Fleiri góðir kostir
- Þú getur prentað síður úr bókinni (innan þeirra marka sem útgefandinn setur)
- Möguleiki á tengingu við annað stafrænt og gagnvirkt efni, svo sem myndbönd eða spurningar úr efninu
- Auðvelt að afrita og líma efni/texta fyrir t.d. heimaverkefni eða ritgerðir
- Styður tækni sem hjálpar nemendum með sjón- eða heyrnarskerðingu
- Gerð : 208
- Höfundur : 12322
- Útgáfuár : 2015
- Leyfi : 379