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• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• About the Authors
• Brief Contents
• Contents
• PART ONE GENES, CHROMOSOMES, AND HEREDITY
  • 1 Introduction to Genetics
    • 1.1 Genetics Has a Rich and Interesting History
      • 1600–1850: The Dawn of Modern Biology
      • Charles Darwin and Evolution
    • 1.2 Genetics Progressed from Mendel to DNA in Less Than a Century
      • Mendel’s Work on Transmission of Traits
      • The Chromosome Theory of Inheritance: Uniting Mendel and Meiosis
      • Genetic Variation
      • The Search for the Chemical Nature of Genes: DNA or Protein?
    • 1.3 Discovery of the Double Helix Launched the Era of Molecular Genetics
      • The Structure of DNA and RNA
      • Gene Expression: From DNA to Phenotype
      • Proteins and Biological Function
      • Linking Genotype to Phenotype: Sickle‐Cell Anemia
    • 1.4 Development of Recombinant DNA Technology Began the Era of DNA Cloning
    • 1.5 The Impact of Biotechnology Is Continually Expanding
      • Plants, Animals, and the Food Supply
      • Biotechnology in Genetics and Medicine
    • 1.6 Genomics, Proteomics, and Bioinformatics Are New and Expanding Fields
      • Modern Approaches to Understanding Gene Function
    • 1.7 Genetic Studies Rely on the Use of Model Organisms
      • The Modern Set of Genetic Model Organisms
      • Model Organisms and Human Diseases
    • 1.8 We Live in the Age of Genetics
      • The Nobel Prize and Genetics
      • Genetics, Ethics, and Society
    • Summary Points
    • Problems and Discussion Questions
  • 2 Mitosis and Meiosis
    • 2.1 Cell Structure Is Closely Tied to Genetic Function
    • 2.2 Chromosomes Exist in Homologous Pairs in Diploid Organisms
    • 2.3 Mitosis Partitions Chromosomes into Dividing Cells
      • Interphase and the Cell Cycle
      • Prophase
      • Prometaphase and Metaphase
      • Anaphase
      • Telophase
      • Cell‐Cycle Regulation and Checkpoints
    • 2.4 Meiosis Creates Haploid Gametes and Spores and Enhances Genetic Variation in Species
      • Meiosis: Prophase I
      • Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase I
      • The Second Meiotic Division
    • 2.5 The Development of Gametes Varies in Spermatogenesis Compared to Oogenesis
    • 2.6 Meiosis Is Critical to Sexual Reproduction in All Diploid Organisms
    • 2.7 Electron Microscopy Has Revealed the Physical Structure of Mitotic and Meiotic Chromosomes
    • EXPLORING GENOMICS PubMed: Exploring and Retrieving Biomedical Literature
    • CASE STUDY Timing is everything
    • Summary Points
    • Insights and Solutions
    • Problems and Discussion Questions
    • Extra‐Spicy Problems
  • 3 Mendelian Genetics
    • 3.1 Mendel Used a Model Experimental Approach to Study Patterns of Inheritance
    • 3.2 The Monohybrid Cross Reveals How One Trait Is Transmitted from Generation to Generation
      • Mendel’s First Three Postulates
      • Modern Genetic Terminology
      • Punnett Squares
      • The Testcross: One Character
    • 3.3 Mendel’s Dihybrid Cross Generated a Unique Ratio
      • Mendel’s Fourth Postulate: Independent Assortment
      • The Testcross: Two Characters
    • MODERN APPROACHES TO UNDERSTANDING GENE FUNCTION Identifying Mendel’s Gene for Regulating White Fl
    • 3.4 The Trihybrid Cross Demonstrates That Mendel’s Principles Apply to Inheritance of Multiple Tra
      • The Forked‐Line Method, or Branch Diagram
    • 3.5 Mendel’s Work Was Rediscovered in the Early Twentieth Century
      • Unit Factors, Genes, and Homologous Chromosomes
    • Evolving Concept of the Gene
    • 3.6 Independent Assortment Leads to Extensive Genetic Variation
    • 3.7 Laws of Probability Help to Explain Genetic Events
    • 3.8 Chi‐Square Analysis Evaluates the Influence of Chance on Genetic Data
      • Chi‐Square Calculations and the Null Hypothesis
      • Interpreting Probability Values
    • 3.9 Pedigrees Reveal Patterns of Inheritance of Human Traits
      • Pedigree Conventions
      • Pedigree Analysis
    • 3.10 Mutant Phenotypes Have Been Examined at the Molecular Level
      • How Mendel’s Peas Become Wrinkled: A Molecular Explanation
      • Tay—Sachs Disease: The Molecular Basis of a Recessive Disorder in Humans
    • EXPLORING GENOMICS Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man
    • CASE STUDY To test or not to test
    • Summary Points
    • Insights and Solutions
    • Problems and Discussion Questions
    • Extra‐Spicy Problems
  • 4 Extensions of Mendelian Genetics
    • 4.1 Alleles Alter Phenotypes in Different Ways
    • 4.2 Geneticists Use a Variety of Symbols for Alleles
    • 4.3 Neither Allele Is Dominant in Incomplete, or Partial, Dominance
    • 4.4 In Codominance, the Influence of Both Alleles in a Heterozygote Is Clearly Evident
    • 4.5 Multiple Alleles of a Gene May Exist in a Population
      • The ABO Blood Groups
      • The A and B Antigens
      • The Bombay Phenotype
      • The white Locus in Drosophila
    • 4.6 Lethal Alleles Represent Essential Genes
      • The Molecular Basis of Dominance, Recessiveness, and Lethality: The agouti Gene
    • 4.7 Combinations of Two Gene Pairs with Two Modes of Inheritance Modify the 9:3:3:1 Ratio
    • Evolving Concept of the Gene
    • 4.8 Phenotypes Are Often Affected by More Than One Gene
      • Epistasis
      • Novel Phenotypes
      • Other Modified Dihybrid Ratios
    • 4.9 Complementation Analysis Can Determine if Two Mutations Causing a Similar Phenotype Are Alleles
    • 4.10 Expression of a Single Gene May Have Multiple Effects
    • 4.11 X‐Linkage Describes Genes on the X Chromosome
      • X‐Linkage in Drosophila
      • X‐Linkage in Humans
    • 4.12 In Sex‐Limited and Sex‐Influenced Inheritance, an Individual’s Sex Influences the Phenoty
    • 4.13 Genetic Background and the Environment May Alter Phenotypic Expression
      • Penetrance and Expressivity
      • Genetic Background: Position Effects
      • Temperature Effects—An Introduction to Conditional Mutations
      • Nutritional Effects
      • Onset of Genetic Expression
      • Genetic Anticipation
    • GENETICS, ETHICS, AND SOCIETY Nature versus Nurture: Is the Debate Over?
    • CASE STUDY Should the child be deaf?
    • Summary Points
    • Insights and Solutions
    • Problems and Discussion Questions
    • Extra‐Spicy Problems
  • 5 Sex Determination and Sex Chromosomes
    • 5.1 X and Y Chromosomes Were First Linked to Sex Determination Early in the Twentieth Century
    • 5.2 The Y Chromosome Determines Maleness in Humans
      • Klinefelter and Turner Syndromes
      • 47,XXX Syndrome
      • 47,XYY Condition
      • Sexual Differentiation in Humans
      • The Y Chromosome and Male Development
    • 5.3 The Ratio of Males to Females in Humans Is Not 1.0
    • 5.4 Dosage Compensation Prevents Excessive Expression of X‐Linked Genes in Humans and Other Mammal
      • Barr Bodies
      • The Lyon Hypothesis
      • The Mechanism of Inactivation
    • 5.5 The Ratio of X Chromosomes to Sets of Autosomes Can Determine Sex
      • D. melanogaster
      • Caenorhabditis elegans
    • MODERN APPROACHES TO UNDERSTANDING GENE FUNCTION Drosophila Sxl Gene Induces Female Development
    • 5.6 Temperature Variation Controls Sex Determination in Many Reptiles
    • GENETICS, ETHICS, AND SOCIETY A Question of Gender: Sex Selection in Humans
    • CASE STUDY IS it a boy or a girl?
    • Summary Points
    • Insights and Solutions
    • Problems and Discussion Questions
    • Extra‐Spicy Problems
  • 6 Chromosomal Mutations: Variation in Number and Arrangement
    • 6.1 Variation in Chromosome Number: Terminology and Origin
    • 6.2 Monosomy and Trisomy Result in a Variety of Phenotypic Effects
      • Monosomy
      • Trisomy
      • Down Syndrome: Trisomy 21
      • The Down Syndrome Critical Region (DSCR)
    • MODERN APPROACHES TO UNDERSTANDING GENE FUNCTION Mouse Models of Down Syndrome
      • The Origin of the Extra Chromosome 21 in Down Syndrome
      • Human Aneuploidy
    • 6.3 Polyploidy, in Which More Than Two Haploid Sets of Chromosomes Are Present, Is Prevalent in Plan
      • Autopolyploidy
      • Allopolyploidy
      • Endopolyploidy
    • 6.4 Variation Occurs in the Composition and Arrangement of Chromosomes
    • 6.5 A Deletion Is a Missing Region of a Chromosome
      • Cri du Chat Syndrome in Humans
    • 6.6 A Duplication Is a Repeated Segment of a Chromosome
      • Gene Redundancy and Amplification—Ribosomal RNA Genes
      • The Bar Mutation in Drosophila
      • The Role of Gene Duplication in Evolution
      • Duplications at the Molecular Level: Copy Number Variations (CNVs)
    • 6.7 Inversions Rearrange the Linear Gene Sequence
      • Consequences of Inversions during Gamete Formation
      • Evolutionary Advantages of Inversions
    • 6.8 Translocations Alter the Location of Chromosomal Segments in the Genome
      • Translocations in Humans: Familial Down Syndrome
    • 6.9 Fragile Sites in Human Chromosomes Are Susceptible to Breakage
      • Fragile‐X Syndrome
      • The Link between Fragile Sites and Cancer
    • GENETICS, ETHICS, AND SOCIETY Down Syndrome and Prenatal Testing—The New Eugenics?
    • CASE STUDY Fish tales
    • Summary Points
    • Insights and Solutions
    • Problems and Discussion Questions
    • Extra‐Spicy Problems
  • 7 Chromosome Mapping in Eukaryotes
    • 7.1 Genes Linked on the Same Chromosome Segregate Together
      • The Linkage Ratio
    • 7.2 Crossing Over Serves as the Basis for Determining the Distance between Genes in Chromosome Mappi
      • Morgan and Crossing Over
      • Sturtevant and Mapping
      • Single Crossovers
    • 7.3 Determining the Gene Sequence during Mapping Requires the Analysis of Multiple Crossovers
      • Multiple Exchanges
      • Three‐Point Mapping in Drosophila
      • Determining the Gene Sequence
      • An Autosomal Mapping Problem in Maize
    • 7.4 As the Distance between Two Genes Increases, Mapping Estimates Become More Inaccurate
      • Interference and the Coefficient of Coincidence
    • 7.5 Drosophila Genes Have Been Extensively Mapped
    • Evolving Concept of the Gene
    • 7.6 Lod Score Analysis and Somatic Cell Hybridization Were Historically Important in Creating Human
    • 7.7 Chromosome Mapping Is Currently Performed Using DNA Markers and Annotated Computer Databases
    • 7.8 Crossing Over Involves a Physical Exchange between Chromatids
    • 7.9 Exchanges Also Occur between Sister Chromatids during Mitosis
    • EXPLORING GENOMICS Human Chromosome Maps on the Internet
    • CASE STUDY Links to autism
    • Summary Points
    • Insights and Solutions
    • Problems and Discussion Questions
    • Extra‐Spicy Problems
  • 8 Genetic Analysis and Mapping in Bacteria and Bacteriophages
    • 8.1 Bacteria Mutate Spontaneously and Grow at an Exponential Rate
    • 8.2 Genetic Recombination Occurs in Bacteria
      • Conjugation in Bacteria: The Discovery of F+ and F– Strains
      • Hfr Bacteria and Chromosome Mapping
      • Recombination in F+ × F– Matings: A Reexamination
      • The F State and Merozygotes
    • 8.3 The F Factor Is an Example of a Plasmid
    • 8.4 Transformation Is a Second Process Leading to Genetic Recombination in Bacteria
      • The Transformation Process
      • Transformation and Linked Genes
    • 8.5 Bacteriophages Are Bacterial Viruses
      • Phage T4: Structure and Life Cycle
      • The Plaque Assay
      • Lysogeny
    • 8.6 Transduction Is Virus‐Mediated Bacterial DNA Transfer
      • The Lederberg–Zinder Experiment
      • Transduction and Mapping
    • 8.7 Bacteriophages Undergo Intergenic Recombination
      • Bacteriophage Mutations
      • Mapping in Bacteriophages
    • 8.8 Intragenic Recombination Occurs in Phage T4
      • The rII Locus of Phage T4
      • Complementation by rII Mutations
      • Recombinational Analysis
      • Deletion Testing of the rII Locus
      • The rII Gene Map
    • Evolving Concept of the Gene
    • GENETICS, ETHICS, AND SOCIETY Multidrug‐Resistant Bacteria: Fighting with Phage
    • CASE STUDY To treat or not to treat
    • Summary Points
    • Insights and Solutions
    • Problems and Discussion Questions
    • Extra‐Spicy Problems
  • 9 Extranuclear Inheritance
    • 9.1 Organelle Heredity Involves DNA in ‐Chloroplasts and Mitochondria
      • Chloroplasts: Variegation in Four O’Clock Plants
      • Chloroplast Mutations in Chlamydomonas
      • Mitochondrial Mutations: Early Studies in Neurospora and Yeast
    • 9.2 Knowledge of Mitochondrial and Chloroplast DNA Helps Explain Organelle Heredity
      • Organelle DNA and the Endosymbiotic Theory
      • Molecular Organization and Gene Products of ‐Chloroplast DNA
      • Molecular Organization and Gene Products of ‐Mitochondrial DNA
    • 9.3 Mutations in Mitochondrial DNA Cause Human Disorders
      • Mitochondria, Human Health, and Aging
      • Future Prevention of the Transmission of mtDNA‐Based Disorders
    • 9.4 In Maternal Effect, the Maternal Genotype Has a Strong Influence during Early Development
      • Lymnaea Coiling
      • Embryonic Development in Drosophila
    • GENETICS, ETHICS, AND SOCIETY Mitochondrial Replacement and Three‐Parent Babies
    • CASE STUDY Is it all in the genes?
    • Summary Points
    • Insights and Solutions
    • Problems and Discussion Questions
    • Extra‐Spicy Problems
• PART TWO DNA: STRUCTURE, REPLICATION, AND ORGANIZATION
  • 10 DNA Structure and Analysis
    • 10.1 The Genetic Material Must Exhibit Four Characteristics
    • 10.2 Until 1944, Observations Favored Protein as the Genetic Material
    • 10.3 Evidence Favoring DNA as the Genetic Material Was First Obtained during the Study of Bacteria a
      • Transformation: Early Studies
      • Transformation: The Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty Experiment
      • The Hershey–Chase Experiment
      • Transfection Experiments
    • 10.4 Indirect and Direct Evidence Supports the Concept That DNA Is the Genetic Material in Eukaryote
      • Indirect Evidence: Distribution of DNA
      • Indirect Evidence: Mutagenesis
      • Direct Evidence: Recombinant DNA Studies
    • 10.5 RNA Serves as the Genetic Material in Some Viruses
    • 10.6 Knowledge of Nucleic Acid Chemistry Is Essential to the Understanding of DNA Structure
      • Nucleotides: Building Blocks of Nucleic Acids
      • Nucleoside Diphosphates and Triphosphates
      • Polynucleotides
    • 10.7 The Structure of DNA Holds the Key to Understanding Its Function
      • Base‐Composition Studies
      • X‐Ray Diffraction Analysis
      • The Watson–Crick Model
    • Evolving Concept of the Gene
    • 10.8 Alternative Forms of DNA Exist
    • 10.9 The Structure of RNA Is Chemically Similar to DNA, but Single Stranded
    • 10.10 Many Analytical Techniques Have Been Useful during the Investigation of DNA and RNA
      • Electrophoresis
    • EXPLORING GENOMICS Introduction to Bioinformatics: BLAST
    • CASE STUDY Credit where credit is due
    • Summary Points
    • Insights and Solutions
    • Problems and Discussion Questions
    • Extra‐Spicy Problems
  • 11 DNA Replication and Recombination
    • 11.1 DNA Is Reproduced by Semiconservative Replication
      • The Meselson–Stahl Experiment
      • Semiconservative Replication in Eukaryotes
      • Origins, Forks, and Units of Replication
    • 11.2 DNA Synthesis in Bacteria Involves Five ‐Polymerases, as Well as Other Enzymes
      • DNA Polymerase I
      • DNA Polymerase II, III, IV, and V
      • The DNA Pol III Holoenzyme
    • 11.3 Many Complex Issues Must Be Resolved during DNA Replication
      • Unwinding the DNA Helix
      • Initiation of DNA Synthesis Using an RNA Primer
      • Continuous and Discontinuous DNA Synthesis
      • Concurrent Synthesis Occurs on the Leading and Lagging Strands
      • Proofreading and Error Correction Occurs during DNA Replication
    • 11.4 A Coherent Model Summarizes DNA Replication
    • 11.5 Replication Is Controlled by a Variety of Genes
    • MODERN APPROACHES TO UNDERSTANDING GENE FUNCTION Lethal Knockouts
    • 11.6 Eukaryotic DNA Replication Is Similar to Replication in Bacteria, but Is More Complex
      • Initiation at Multiple Replication Origins
      • Multiple Eukaryotic DNA Polymerases
      • Replication through Chromatin
    • 11.7 Telomeres Solve Stability and Replication Problems at Eukaryotic Chromosome Ends
      • Telomere Structure and Chromosome Stability
      • Telomeres and Chromosome End Replication
      • Telomeres in Disease, Aging, and Cancer
    • 11.8 Recombination Is Essential for Genetic Exchange and DNA Repair
      • Models of Homologous Recombination
    • GENETICS, ETHICS, AND SOCIETY Telomeres: The Key to a Long Life?
    • CASE STUDY At loose ends
    • Summary Points
    • Insights and Solutions
    • Problems and Discussion Questions
    • Extra‐Spicy Problems
  • 12 DNA Organization in Chromosomes
    • 12.1 Viral and Bacterial Chromosomes are Relatively Simple DNA Molecules
    • 12.2 Supercoiling Facilitates Compaction of the DNA of Viral and Bacterial Chromosomes
    • 12.3 Specialized Chromosomes Reveal Variations in the Organization of DNA
      • Polytene Chromosomes
      • Lampbrush Chromosomes
    • 12.4 DNA Is Organized into Chromatin in Eukaryotes
      • Chromatin Structure and Nucleosomes
      • Chromatin Remodeling
      • Heterochromatin
    • 12.5 Chromosome Banding Differentiates Regions along the Mitotic Chromosome
    • 12.6 Eukaryotic Genomes Demonstrate Complex Sequence Organization Characterized by Repetitive DNA
      • Satellite DNA
      • Centromeric DNA Sequences
      • Middle Repetitive Sequences: VNTRs and STRs
      • Repetitive Transposed Sequences: SINEs and LINEs
      • Middle Repetitive Multiple‐Copy Genes
    • 12.7 The Vast Majority of a Eukaryotic Genome Does Not Encode Functional Genes
    • EXPLORING GENOMICS Database of Genomic Variants: Structural Variations in the Human Genome
    • CASE STUDY Helping or hurting?
    • Summary Points
    • Insights and Solutions
    • Problems and Discussion Questions
    • Extra‐Spicy Problems
• PART THREE GENE EXPRESSION AND ITS REGULATION
  • 13 The Genetic Code and Transcription
    • 13.1 The Genetic Code Uses Ribonucleotide Bases as “Letters”
    • 13.2 Early Studies Established the Basic Operational Patterns of the Code
      • The Triplet Nature of the Code
    • 13.3 Studies by Nirenberg, Matthaei, and Others Led to Deciphering of the Code
      • Synthesizing Polypeptides in a Cell‐Free System
      • Homopolymer Codes
      • The Use of Mixed Heteropolymers
      • The Triplet Binding Assay
      • Repeating Copolymers
    • 13.4 The Coding Dictionary Reveals Several Interesting Patterns among the 64 Codons
      • Degeneracy and the Wobble Hypothesis
      • The Ordered Nature of the Code
      • Punctuating the Code: Initiation and Termination Codons
    • 13.5 The Genetic Code Has Been Confirmed in Studies of Phage MS2
    • 13.6 The Genetic Code Is Nearly Universal
    • 13.7 Different Initiation Points Create Overlapping Genes
    • 13.8 Transcription Synthesizes RNA on a DNA Template
    • 13.9 RNA Polymerase Directs RNA Synthesis
      • Promoters, Template Binding, and the Subunit
      • Initiation, Elongation, and Termination of RNA Synthesis in Bacteria
    • 13.10 Transcription in Eukaryotes Differs from Bacterial Transcription in Several Ways
      • Initiation of Transcription in Eukaryotes
      • Recent Discoveries Concerning Eukaryotic RNA Polymerase Function
      • Processing Eukaryotic RNA: Caps and Tails
    • 13.11 The Coding Regions of Eukaryotic Genes Are Interrupted by Intervening Sequences Called Introns
      • Why Do Introns Exist?
      • Splicing Mechanisms: Self‐Splicing RNAs
      • Splicing Mechanisms: The Spliceosome
    • Evolving Concept of the Gene
    • 13.12 RNA Editing May Modify the Final Transcript
    • 13.13 Transcription Has Been Visualized by Electron Microscopy
    • CASE STUDY Treatment dilemmas
    • Summary Points
    • GENETICS, ETHICS, AND SOCIETY Treating Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy with Exon‐Skipping Drugs
    • Insights and Solutions
    • Problems and Discussion Questions
    • Extra‐Spicy Problems
  • 14 Translation and Proteins
    • 14.1 Translation of mRNA Depends on Ribosomes and Transfer RNAs
      • Ribosomal Structure
      • tRNA Structure
      • Charging tRNA
    • 14.2 Translation of mRNA Can Be Divided into Three Steps
      • Initiation
      • Elongation
      • Termination
      • Polyribosomes
    • 14.3 High‐Resolution Studies Have Revealed Many Details about the Functional Bacterial Ribosome
    • 14.4 Translation Is More Complex in Eukaryotes
    • 14.5 The Initial Insight That Proteins Are Important in Heredity Was Provided by the Study of Inborn
      • Phenylketonuria
    • 14.6 Studies of Neurospora Led to the One‐Gene:One‐Enzyme Hypothesis
      • Analysis of Neurospora Mutants by Beadle and Tatum
      • Genes and Enzymes: Analysis of Biochemical Pathways
    • 14.7 Studies of Human Hemoglobin Established That One Gene Encodes One Polypeptide
      • Sickle‐Cell Anemia
    • Evolving Concept of the Gene
    • 14.8 Variation in Protein Structure Provides the Basis of Biological Diversity
    • 14.9 Posttranslational Modification Alters the Final Protein Product
      • Protein Folding and Misfolding
    • 14.10 Proteins Perform Many Diverse Roles
    • 14.11 Proteins Often Include More Than One ‐Functional Domain
      • Exon Shuffling
    • Exploring Genomics Translation Tools and Swiss‐Prot for Studying ‐Protein Sequences
    • CASE STUDY Crippled ribosomes
    • Summary Points
    • Insights and Solutions
    • Problems and Discussion Questions
    • Extra‐Spicy Problems
  • 15 Gene Mutation, DNA Repair, and Transposition
    • 15.1 Gene Mutations Are Classified in Various Ways
      • Classification Based on Type of Molecular Change
      • Classification Based on Effect on Function
      • Classification Based on Location of Mutation
    • 15.2 Mutations Occur Spontaneously and Randomly
      • Spontaneous and Induced Mutations
      • Spontaneous Germ‐Line Mutation Rates in Humans
      • Spontaneous Somatic Mutation Rates in Humans
      • The Fluctuation Test: Are Mutations Random or Adaptive?
    • 15.3 Spontaneous Mutations Arise from ‐Replication Errors and Base Modifications
      • DNA Replication Errors and Slippage
      • Tautomeric Shifts
      • Depurination and Deamination
      • Oxidative Damage
      • Transposable Elements
    • 15.4 Induced Mutations Arise from DNA Damage Caused by Chemicals and Radiation
      • Base Analogs
      • Alkylating, Intercalating, and Adduct‐Forming Agents
      • Ultraviolet Light
      • Ionizing Radiation
    • 15.5 Single‐Gene Mutations Cause a Wide Range of Human Diseases
      • Single‐Gene Mutations and β‐Thalassemia
      • Mutations Caused by Expandable DNA Repeats
    • 15.6 Organisms Use DNA Repair Systems to Counteract Mutations
      • Proofreading and Mismatch Repair
      • Postreplication Repair and the SOS Repair System
      • Photoreactivation Repair: Reversal of UV Damage
      • Base and Nucleotide Excision Repair
      • Nucleotide Excision Repair and Xeroderma ‐Pigmentosum in Humans
      • Double‐Strand Break Repair in Eukaryotes
    • 15.7 The Ames Test Is Used to Assess the Mutagenicity of Compounds
    • 15.8 Transposable Elements Move within the Genome and May Create Mutations
      • DNA Transposons
      • DNA Transposons—the Ac–Ds System in Maize
      • Retrotransposons
      • Retrotransposons—the Copia –White‐Apricot ‐System in Drosophila
      • Transposable Elements in Humans
      • Transposable Elements, Mutations, and Evolution
    • MODERN APPROACHES TO UNDERSTANDING GENE FUNCTION Transposon‐Mediated Mutations Reveal Genes Involv
    • EXPLORING GENOMICS Sequence Alignment to Identify a Mutation
    • CASE STUDY An Unexpected Diagnosis
    • Summary Points
    • Insights and Solutions
    • Problems and Discussion Questions
    • Extra‐Spicy Problems
  • 16 Regulation of Gene Expression in Bacteria
    • 16.1 Bacteria Regulate Gene Expression in Response to Environmental Conditions
    • 16.2 Lactose Metabolism in E. coli Is Regulated by an Inducible System
      • Structural Genes
      • The Discovery of Regulatory Mutations
      • The Operon Model: Negative Control
      • Genetic Proof of the Operon Model
      • Isolation of the Repressor
    • 16.3 The Catabolite‐Activating Protein (CAP) Exerts Positive Control over the lac Operon
    • 16.4 Crystal Structure Analysis of Repressor ‐Complexes Has Confirmed the Operon Model
    • 16.5 The Tryptophan (trp) Operon in E. coli Is a Repressible Gene System
      • Evidence for the trp Operon
    • Evolving Concept of the Gene
    • 16.6 RNA Plays Diverse Roles in Regulating Gene Expression in Bacteria
      • Attenuation
      • Riboswitches
      • Small Noncoding RNAs Play Regulatory Roles in Bacteria
    • CASE STUDY MRSA in the National Football League (NFL)
    • Summary Points
    • GENETICS, ETHICS, AND SOCIETY Quorum Sensing: Social Networking and Gene Regulation in Bacteria
    • Insights and Solutions
    • Problems and Discussion Questions
    • Extra‐Spicy Problems
  • 17 Transcriptional Regulation in Eukaryotes
    • 17.1 Organization of the Eukaryotic Cell Facilitates Gene Regulation at Several Levels
    • 17.2 Eukaryotic Gene Expression Is Influenced by Chromatin Modifications
      • Chromosome Territories and Transcription Factories
      • Open and Closed Chromatin
      • Histone Modifications and Chromatin Remodeling
      • DNA Methylation
    • 17.3 Eukaryotic Transcription Initiation Requires Specific Cis‐Acting Sites
      • Promoters and Promoter Elements
      • Enhancers, Insulators, and Silencers
    • 17.4 Eukaryotic Transcription Initiation Is Regulated by Transcription Factors That Bind to Cis‐Ac
      • The Human Metallothionein 2A Gene: Multiple Cis‐Acting Elements and Transcription Factors
      • Functional Domains of Eukaryotic Transcription Factors
    • 17.5 Activators and Repressors Interact with General Transcription Factors and Affect Chromatin Stru
      • Formation of the RNA Polymerase II Transcription Initiation Complex
      • Mechanisms of Transcription Activation and Repression
    • 17.6 Gene Regulation in a Model Organism: Transcription of the GAL Genes of Yeast
    • 17.7 ENCODE Data Are Transforming Our Concepts of Eukaryotic Gene Regulation
      • Enhancer and Promoter Elements
      • Transcripts and Noncoding RNA
      • Many Disease‐Associated Genome Variations Affect Regulatory Regions
    • Evolving Concept of a Gene
    • Exploring Genomics Tissue‐Specific Gene Expression
    • CASE STUDY Risk assessment
    • Summary Points
    • Insights and Solutions
    • Problems and Discussion Questions
    • Extra‐Spicy Problems
  • 18 Posttranscriptional Regulation in Eukaryotes
    • 18.1 Regulation of Alternative Splicing Determines Which RNA Spliceforms of a Gene Are Translated
      • Types of Alternative Splicing
      • Alternative Splicing and the Proteome
      • Regulation of Alternative Splicing
      • Sex Determination in Drosophila: A Model for Regulation of Alternative Splicing
      • Alternative Splicing and Human Diseases
    • 18.2 Gene Expression Is Regulated by mRNA Stability and Degradation
      • Mechanisms of mRNA Decay
      • Regulation of mRNA Stability and Degradation
      • mRNA Surveillance and Nonsense‐Mediated Decay
    • 18.3 Noncoding RNAs Play Diverse Roles in ‐Posttranscriptional Regulation
      • The Discovery of RNA Interference and microRNAs
      • Mechanisms of RNA Interference
      • RNA Interference in Research, Biotechnology, and Medicine
      • Long Noncoding RNAs and Posttranscriptional Regulation
      • Circular RNAs
    • MODERN APPROACHES TO UNDERSTANDING GENE FUNCTION MicroRNAs Regulate Ovulation in Female Mice
    • 18.4 mRNA Localization and Translation Initiation Are Highly Regulated
      • Cytoplasmic Polyadenylation
      • mRNA Localization and Localized Translational Control
    • 18.5 Posttranslational Modifications Regulate ‐Protein Activity
      • Regulation of Proteins by Phosphorylation
      • Ubiquitin‐Mediated Protein Degradation
    • GENETICS, ETHICS, AND SOCIETY Is DNA Enough?
    • CASE STUDY A mysterious muscular dystrophy
    • Summary Points
    • Insights and Solutions
    • Problems and Discussion Questions
    • Extra‐Spicy Problems
  • 19 Epigenetic Regulation of Gene Expression
    • 19.1 Molecular Alterations to the Genome Create an Epigenome
      • DNA Methylation and the Methylome
      • Histone Modification and Chromatin Remodeling
      • Short and Long Noncoding RNAs
    • 19.2 Epigenetics and Monoallelic Gene Expression
      • Parent‐of‐Origin Monoallelic Expression: Imprinting
      • Random Monoallelic Expression: Inactivation of the X Chromosome
      • Random Monoallelic Expression of Autosomal Genes
      • Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART) and Imprinting Defects
    • 19.3 Epigenetics and Cancer
      • DNA Methylation and Cancer
      • Chromatin Remodeling and Histone Modification in Cancer
      • Epigenetic Cancer Therapy
    • 19.4 Epigenetic Traits Are Heritable
      • Environmental Induction of Epigenetic Change
      • Stress‐Induced Behavior Is Heritable
    • 19.5 Epigenome Projects and Databases
    • CASE STUDY Food for Thought
    • Summary Points
    • EXPLORING GENOMICS The International Human Epigenome Consortium (IHEC)
    • Insights and Solutions
    • Problems and Discussion Questions
    • Extra‐Spicy Problems
• PART FOUR GENETIC TECHNOLOGY AND GENOMICS
  • 20 Recombinant DNA Technology
    • 20.1 Recombinant DNA Technology Began with Two Key Tools: Restriction Enzymes and ‐Cloning Vectors
      • Restriction Enzymes Cut DNA at Specific ‐Recognition Sequences
      • DNA Vectors Accept and Replicate DNA Molecules to Be Cloned
      • Bacterial Plasmid Vectors
      • Other Types of Cloning Vectors
      • Host Cells for Cloning Vectors
    • 20.2 DNA Libraries Are Collections of Cloned Sequences
      • Genomic Libraries
      • Complementary DNA (cDNA) Libraries
      • Specific Genes Can Be Recovered from a Library by Screening
    • 20.3 The Polymerase Chain Reaction Is a Powerful Technique for Copying DNA
      • PCR Limitations
      • PCR Applications
    • 20.4 Molecular Techniques for Analyzing DNA and RNA
      • Restriction Mapping
      • Nucleic Acid Blotting
      • In Situ Hybridization
    • 20.5 DNA Sequencing Is the Ultimate Way to Characterize DNA at the Molecular Level
      • Sequencing Technologies Have Progressed Rapidly
      • Next‐Generation Sequencing Technology
      • Third‐Generation Sequencing Technology
      • DNA Sequencing and Genomics
    • 20.6 Creating Knockout and Transgenic Organisms for Studying Gene Function
      • Gene Targeting and Knockout Animal Models
      • Making a Transgenic Animal: The Basics
      • Gene Editing with CRISPR‐Cas
    • EXPLORING GENOMICS Manipulating Recombinant DNA: Restriction ‐Mapping and Designing PCR Primers
    • CASE STUDY Ethical issues and genetic technology
    • Summary Points
    • Insights and Solutions
    • Problems and Discussion Questions
    • Extra‐Spicy Problems
  • 21 Genomic Analysis
    • 21.1 Genomic Analysis Before Modern Sequencing Methods Involved Classical Genetics Approaches and Cl
    • 21.2 Whole‐Genome Sequencing Is Widely Used for Sequencing and Assembling Entire Genomes
      • High‐Throughput Sequencing and Its Impact on Genomics
      • The Clone‐by‐Clone Approach
      • Draft Sequences and Reference Genomes
    • 21.3 DNA Sequence Analysis Relies on Bioinformatics Applications and Genome Databases
      • Annotation to Identify Gene Sequences
      • Hallmark Characteristics of a Gene Sequence Can Be Recognized during Annotation
    • 21.4 Functional Genomics Establishes Gene Function and Identifies Regulatory Elements in a Genome
      • Predicting Gene and Protein Functions by Sequence Analysis
      • Predicting Function from Structural Analysis of Protein Domains and Motifs
      • Investigators Are Using Genomics Techniques Such as Chromatin Immunoprecipitation to Investigate Asp
    • 21.5 The Human Genome Project Revealed Many Important Aspects of Genome Organization in Humans
      • Origins of the Project
      • Major Features of the Human Genome
      • Individual Variations in the Human Genome
      • Accessing the Human Genome Project on the Internet
    • 21.6 The “Omics” Revolution Has Created a New Era of Biological Research
      • After the HGP, What’s Next?
      • Personal Genome Projects
      • Somatic Genome Mosaicism and the Emerging Pangenome
      • Whole‐Exome Sequencing
      • Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE) Project
      • Nutrigenomics Considers Genetics and Diet
      • No Genome Left Behind and the Genome 10K Plan
      • Stone‐Age Genomics
    • 21.7 Comparative Genomics Analyzes and Compares Genomes from Different Organisms
      • Bacterial and Eukaryotic Genomes Display Common Structural and Functional Features and Important Dif
      • Comparative Genomics Provides Novel Information about the Genomes of Model Organisms and the Human G
      • The Sea Urchin Genome
      • The Dog Genome
      • The Chimpanzee Genome
      • The Rhesus Monkey Genome
      • The Neanderthal Genome and Modern Humans
    • 21.8 Metagenomics Applies Genomics Techniques to Environmental Samples
      • The Human Microbiome Project
    • 21.9 Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Profiles of Expressed Genes in Cells and Tissues
      • DNA Microarray Analysis
      • RNA Sequencing Technology Allows for In Situ Analysis of Gene Expression
    • 21.10 Proteomics Identifies and Analyzes the Protein Composition of Cells
      • Reconciling the Number of Genes and the Number of Proteins Expressed by a Cell or Tissue
      • Mass Spectrometry for Protein Identification
    • EXPLORING GENOMICS Contigs, Shotgun Sequencing, and Comparative Genomics
    • CASE STUDY Your microbiome may be a risk factor for disease
    • Summary Points
    • Insights and Solutions
    • Problems and Discussion Questions
    • Extra‐Spicy Problems
  • 22 Applications of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology
    • 22.1 Genetically Engineered Organisms Synthesize a Variety of Valuable Biopharmaceutical Products
      • Recombinant Protein Production in Bacteria
      • Transgenic Animal Hosts and Biopharmaceutical Products
      • Recombinant DNA Approaches for Vaccine Production
      • Vaccine Proteins Can Be Produced by Plants
      • DNA‐Based Vaccines
    • 22.2 Genetic Engineering of Plants Has Revolutionized Agriculture
    • 22.3 Genetically Modified Animals Serve Important Roles in Biotechnology
      • Examples of Transgenic Animals
    • 22.4 Genetic Testing, Including Genomic Analysis, Is Transforming Medical Diagnosis
      • Genetic Testing for Prognostic or Diagnostic Purposes
      • Prenatal Genetic Testing
      • Genetic Testing Using Allele‐Specific Oligonucleotides
      • Genetic Testing Using Microarrays
      • Applications of Gene‐Expression Microarrays and Next–Generation Sequencing for Pathogen Identifi
      • Screening the Genome for Genes or Mutations You Want
    • 22.5 Genetic Analysis of Individual Genomes
    • 22.6 Genetic Analysis from Single Cells
    • 22.7 Genome‐Wide Association Studies Identify Genome Variations That Contribute to Disease
    • 22.8 Synthetic Genomes and the Emergence of Synthetic Biology
      • The Minimal Genome: How Many Essential Genes Are Required by a Living Cell?
      • Design and Transplantation of a Synthetic Genome Defines the Minimal Bacterial Genome
      • The Essential Genes of Human Cells and the Quest to Create a Synthetic Human Genome
      • Synthetic Biology for Bioengineering Applications
    • 22.9 Genetic Engineering, Genomics, and Biotechnology Raise Ethical, Social, and Legal Questions
      • Genetic Testing and Ethical Dilemmas
      • Direct‐to‐Consumer Genetic Testing and Regulating the Genetic Test Providers
      • DNA and Gene Patents
      • Whole‐Genome Sequence Analysis Presents Many Questions of Ethics
    • Privacy and Anonymity in the Era of Genomic Big Data
      • GENETICS, ETHICS, AND SOCIETY Privacy and Anonymity in the Era of Genomic Big Data
      • Preconception Testing, Destiny Predictions, and Baby‐Predicting Patents
      • Patents and Synthetic Biology
    • CASE STUDY “Driving” to Extinction
    • Summary Points
    • Insights and Solutions
    • Problems and Discussion Questions
    • Extra‐Spicy Problems
• PART FIVE GENETIC ANALYSIS OF ORGANISMS AND POPULATIONS
  • 23 Developmental Genetics
    • 23.1 Differentiated States Develop from Coordinated Programs of Gene Expression
      • Genetic and Epigenetic Regulation of Development
    • 23.2 Evolutionary Conservation of Developmental Mechanisms Can Be Studied Using Model Organisms
      • Analysis of Developmental Mechanisms
    • 23.3 Genetic Analysis of Embryonic Development in Drosophila Reveals How the Body Axis of Animals Is
      • Overview of Drosophila Development
      • Genetic Analysis of Embryogenesis
    • 23.4 Segment Formation and Body Plans in Drosophila and Mammals
      • Gap Genes
      • Pair‐Rule Genes
      • Segment Polarity Genes
      • Segmentation Genes in Mice and Humans
    • 23.5 Homeotic Selector Genes Specify Body Parts of the Adult
      • Hox Genes in Drosophila
      • Hox Genes and Human Genetic Disorders
    • 23.6 Plants Have Evolved Developmental Regulatory Systems That Parallel Those of Animals
      • Homeotic Genes in Arabidopsis
      • Divergence in Homeotic Genes
    • 23.7 C. elegans Serves as a Model for Cell–Cell Interactions in Development
      • Signaling Pathways in Development
      • The Notch Signaling Pathway
      • Overview of C. elegans Development
      • Genetic Analysis of Vulva Formation
    • MODERN APPROACHES TO UNDERSTANDING GENE FUNCTION Downregulating a Single Gene Reveals Secrets to Hea
    • 23.8 Binary Switch Genes and Regulatory Networks Program Genomic Expression
      • The Control of Eye Formation
    • GENETICS, ETHICS, AND SOCIETY Stem Cell Wars
    • CASE STUDY One foot or another
    • Summary Points
    • Insights and Solutions
    • Problems and Discussion Questions
    • Extra‐Spicy Problems
  • 24 Cancer Genetics
    • 24.1 Cancer Is a Genetic Disease at the Level of Somatic Cells
      • What Is Cancer?
      • The Clonal Origin of Cancer Cells
      • Driver Mutations and Passenger Mutations
      • The Cancer Stem Cell Hypothesis
      • Cancer as a Multistep Process, Requiring Multiple Mutations and Clonal Expansions
    • 24.2 Cancer Cells Contain Genetic Defects Affecting Genomic Stability, DNA Repair, and Chromatin Mod
      • Genomic Instability and Defective DNA Repair
      • Chromatin Modifications and Cancer Epigenetics
    • 24.3 Cancer Cells Contain Genetic Defects Affecting Cell‐Cycle Regulation
      • The Cell Cycle and Signal Transduction
      • Cell‐Cycle Control and Checkpoints
      • Control of Apoptosis
      • Cancer Therapies and Cancer Cell Biology
    • 24.4 Proto‐oncogenes and Tumor‐Suppressor Genes Are Altered in Cancer Cells
      • The ras Proto‐oncogenes
      • The TP53 Tumor‐Suppressor Gene
    • 24.5 Cancer Cells Metastasize and Invade Other Tissues
    • 24.6 Predisposition to Some Cancers Can Be Inherited
    • 24.7 Viruses Contribute to Cancer in Both Humans and Animals
    • 24.8 Environmental Agents Contribute to Human Cancers
      • Natural Environmental Agents
      • Human‐Made Chemicals and Pollutants
      • Tobacco Smoke and Cancer
    • CASE STUDY Cancer‐killing bacteria
    • Summary Points
    • Exploring Genomics The Cancer Genome Anatomy Project (CGAP)
    • Insights and Solutions
    • Problems and Discussion Questions
    • Extra‐Spicy Problems
  • 25 Quantitative Genetics and Multifactorial Traits
    • 25.1 Not All Polygenic Traits Show Continuous Variation
    • 25.2 Quantitative Traits Can Be Explained in ‐Mendelian Terms
      • The Multiple‐Gene Hypothesis for Quantitative Inheritance
      • Additive Alleles: The Basis of Continuous Variation
      • Calculating the Number of Polygenes
    • 25.3 The Study of Polygenic Traits Relies on Statistical Analysis
      • The Mean
      • Variance
      • Standard Deviation
      • Standard Error of the Mean
      • Covariance and Correlation Coefficient
      • Analysis of a Quantitative Character
    • 25.4 Heritability Values Estimate the Genetic Contribution to Phenotypic Variability
      • Broad‐Sense Heritability
      • Narrow‐Sense Heritability
      • Artificial Selection
      • Limitations of Heritability Studies
    • 25.5 Twin Studies Allow an Estimation of Heritability in Humans
      • Large‐Scale Analysis of Twin Studies
      • Twin Studies Have Several Limitations
    • 25.6 Quantitative Trait Loci Are Useful in Studying Multifactorial Phenotypes
      • Expression QTLs Regulate Gene Expression
      • Expression QTLs and Genetic Disorders
    • GENETICS, ETHICS, AND SOCIETY Rice, Genes, and the Second Green Revolution
    • CASE STUDY A Chance Discovery
    • Summary Points
    • Insights and Solutions
    • Problems and Discussion Questions
    • Extra‐Spicy Problems
  • 26 Population and Evolutionary Genetics
    • 26.1 Genetic Variation Is Present in Most Populations and Species
      • Detecting Genetic Variation
      • Recombinant DNA Technology and Genetic Variation
      • Genetic Variation in Genomes
      • Explaining the High Level of Genetic Variation in Populations
    • 26.2 The Hardy–Weinberg Law Describes Allele Frequencies and Genotype Frequencies in Population Ge
      • Calculating Genotype Frequencies
      • Calculating Allele Frequencies
      • The Hardy–Weinberg Law and Its Assumptions
    • 26.3 The Hardy–Weinberg Law Can Be Applied to Human Populations
      • Testing for Hardy–Weinberg Equilibrium in a Population
      • Calculating Frequencies for Multiple Alleles in Populations
      • Calculating Allele Frequencies for X‐linked Traits
      • Calculating Heterozygote Frequency
    • 26.4 Natural Selection Is a Major Force Driving Allele Frequency Change
      • Detecting Natural Selection in Populations
      • Fitness and Selection
      • There Are Several Types of Selection
    • 26.5 Mutation Creates New Alleles in a Gene Pool
    • 26.6 Migration and Gene Flow Can Alter Allele Frequencies
    • 26.7 Genetic Drift Causes Random Changes in Allele Frequency in Small Populations
      • Founder Effects in Human Populations
    • 26.8 Nonrandom Mating Changes Genotype Frequency but Not Allele Frequency
      • Inbreeding
    • 26.9 Speciation Can Occur through Reproductive Isolation
      • Changes Leading to Speciation
      • The Rate of Macroevolution and Speciation
    • 26.10 Phylogeny Can Be Used to Analyze Evolutionary History
      • Constructing Phylogenetic Trees from DNA Sequences
      • Reconstructing Vertebrate Evolution by Phylogenetic Analysis
      • Molecular Clocks Measure the Rate of Evolutionary Change
      • The Complex Origins of the Human Genome
    • GENETICS ,ETHICS, AND SOCIETY Tracking Our Genetic Footprints out of Africa
    • CASE STUDY A Tale of Two Olivias
    • Summary Points
    • Insights and Solutions
    • Problems and Discussion Questions
    • Extra‐Spicy Problems
• Special Topics In Modern Genetics 1
  • CRISPR‐Cas and Genome Editing
    • CRISPR‐Cas Is an Adaptive Immune System in Prokaryotes
      • Discovery of CRISPR
      • The CRISPR‐Cas Mechanism for RNA‐Guided Destruction of Invading DNA
      • Type II CRISPR‐Cas Systems
    • CRISPR‐Cas has been Adapted as a Powerful Tool for Genome Editing
      • CRISPR‐Cas9 In Vitro
      • CRISPR‐Cas9 Genome Editing of Mammalian Cells
      • CRISPR‐Cas Infidelity
    • CRISPR‐Cas Technology Has Diverse Applications
      • CRISPR‐Cas as a Tool for Basic Genetic Research
      • Box 1 The CRISPR‐Cas9 Patent Battle
      • CRISPR‐Cas in Biotechnology
      • Clinical Use of CRISPR‐Cas to Treat or Cure Disease
      • Box 2 Ethical Concerns of Human Genome Editing
• Special Topics In Modern Genetics 2
  • DNA Forensics
    • DNA Profiling Methods
      • VNTR‐Based DNA Fingerprinting
      • Box 1 The Pitchfork Case: The First Criminal Conviction Using DNA Profiling
      • Autosomal STR DNA Profiling
      • Y‐Chromosome STR Profiling
      • Mitochondrial DNA Profiling
      • Single‐Nucleotide Polymorphism Profiling
      • DNA Phenotyping
      • Box 2 Putting a Face to DNA: The Bouzigard Case
    • Interpreting DNA Profiles
      • The Uniqueness of DNA Profiles
      • DNA Profile Databases
    • Technical and Ethical Issues Surrounding DNA Profiling
      • Box 3 The Kennedy Brewer Case: Two Bite‐Mark Errors and One Hit
      • Box 4 A Case of Transference: The Lukis Anderson Story
• Special Topics In Modern Genetics 3
  • Genomics and Precision Medicine
    • Pharmacogenomics
      • Optimizing Drug Responses
      • Developing Targeted Drugs
      • Box 1 Preemptive Pharmacogenomic Screening: The PGEN4Kids Program
    • Precision Oncology
      • Targeted Cancer Immunotherapies
      • Box 2 Precision Cancer Diagnostics and Treatments: The Lukas Wartman Story
      • Box 3 Cell Types in the Innate and Adaptive Immune Systems
      • Box 4 Steps in Cytotoxic T‐cell Recognition, Activation, and Destruction of Cancer Cells
    • Precision Medicine and Disease Diagnostics
    • Technical, Social, and Ethical Challenges
      • Box 5 Beyond Genomics: Personal Omics Profiling
• Special Topics In Modern Genetics 4
  • Genetically Modified Foods
    • What Are GM Foods?
      • Herbicide‐Resistant GM Crops
      • Box 1 The Tale of GM Salmon—Downstream Effects?
      • Insect‐Resistant GM Crops
      • GM Crops for Direct Consumption
    • Methods Used to Create GM Plants
      • Selectable Markers
      • Roundup‐Ready® Soybeans
      • Golden Rice 2
      • Gene Editing and GM Foods
    • GM Foods Controversies
      • Box 2 The New CRISPR Mushroom
      • Health and Safety
      • Environmental Effects
    • The Future of GM Foods
• Special Topics In Modern Genetics 5
  • Gene Therapy
    • What Genetic Conditions Are Candidates for Treatment by Gene Therapy?
    • How Are Therapeutic Genes Delivered?
      • Viral Vectors for Gene Therapy
      • Box 1 ClinicalTrials.gov
      • Nonviral Delivery Methods
      • Stem Cells for Delivering Therapeutic Genes
    • The First Successful Gene Therapy Trial
    • Gene Therapy Setbacks
      • Problems with Gene Therapy Vectors
    • Recent Successful Trials by Conventional Gene Therapy Approaches
      • Treating Retinal Blindness
      • Successful Treatment of Hemophilia B
      • HIV as a Vector Shows Promise in Recent Trials
      • Box 2 Glybera: The First Commercial Gene Therapy to be Approved in the West Lasted Only 5 Years
      • Gene Editing Approaches to Gene Therapy
      • DNA‐Editing Nucleases
      • CRISPR‐Cas Method Revolutionizes Gene Editing Applications and Renews Optimism in Gene Therapy
      • RNA‐Based Therapeutics
    • Future Challenges and Ethical Issues
      • Ethical Concerns Surrounding Gene Therapy
      • Box 3 Gene Doping for Athletic Performance?
• Special Topics In Modern Genetics 6
  • Advances in Neurogenetics: The Study of Huntington Disease
    • Box 1 George Huntington and His Namesake Disease
    • The Search for the Huntington Gene
      • Finding Linkage between Huntington Disease and an RFLP Marker
      • Box 2 Nancy Wexler and the Venezuelan Pedigree
      • Assigning the HD Gene to Chromosome 4
      • The Identification and Cloning of the Huntington Gene
      • Box 3 Genetic Testing for Huntington Disease
    • The HTT Gene and Its Protein Product
    • Molecular and Cellular Alterations in Huntington Disease
      • Transcriptional Disruption
      • Impaired Protein Folding and Degradation
      • Synaptic Dysfunction
      • Impaired Mitochondrial Function
    • Transgenic Animal Models of Huntington Disease
      • Using Transgenic Mice to Study Huntington Disease
      • Transgenic Sheep as an Animal Model of Huntington Disease
    • Cellular and Molecular Approaches to Therapy
      • Stem Cells for Transplantation
      • Identifying Potential Drugs for Therapy
      • Gene Silencing to Reduce mHTT Levels
      • Gene Editing in Huntington Disease
    • The Relationship between HD and Other Neurodegenerative Disorders
      • Box 4 Huntington Disease and Behavior
• Appendix A Selected Readings
• Appendix B Answernto Selected Problems
• Glossary
• Credits
• Index
• Evolving Concept of The Gene
• Back Cover

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